2023中考英语语法详解.pdf

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1、2023中考英语语法详解很全很实用情态动词、系动词一、情态动词情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,要和动词原形一起构成谓语,表说话人的语气和态度。它没有人称和数的变化。常见的情态动词有:1.can表示能力,有“能”“会”的意思;表示可能性,多用在否定或疑问句中;表示请求和许可。如:The parrot can speak three languages.这只鹦鹉能讲三种语言。Can I borrow the book from the library?我可以从图书棺借这本书吗?Shanghai can be very cold in M arch.上海三月份可能会很冷。拓展延伸can还

2、有过去式could可表 能,会,又可以和be ableto替换,而be able to有 更多时态。如:He could swim when he was four.=He was able to swim whenhe was four.他四岁时就会游泳。在一般疑问句中,can/could常用来表示请求或征求对方意见,用could比用can语气更加委婉和客气。类似用法的还有Will/Would you(please)等句型。如:Could you tell me how I can get to the post office?你能告诉我怎样到邮局吗?Would you please tur

3、n up the radio?请你把收音机开大点,好吗?2.may表示 许可 时,相当于can,其否定回答用can t/mustnt;表推测时,常用在肯定句中,表“可能”。如:-M ay I borrow your ruler?我可以借用您的直尺吗?-No,you cant/mustnt.不行。She may be a teacher.她可能是一名教师。拓展延伸may可表示祝愿。如:M ay you succeed!祝你成功!3.must表示“必须;必要”,以“must”开头的一般疑问句其肯定回答用“must”,否定回答用“neednt或 dont have t。”。must表推测时,常用在肯

4、定句中,是“一定”的意思,其否定形式mustn t 表 禁止 的意思。如:-M ust I leave now?现在我必须离开吗?-No,you neednt/you dont have to.没有必要。This book must be Lucys.Look!Her name is on the bookcover.这本书是露西的。看!封面上还有她的名字。You mustnt draw on the wall.你不准在墙上画画。拓展延伸must表示说话人的主观看法,只有一般现在时;have to强调客观要求,有时态、人称和数的变化。如:M y mother is ill.I have to

5、look after her now.妈妈病了,我得去照看她。4.n e e d作情态动词时,常用在否定和疑问句中,表示“需要;要”的意思。如:N e e d w e f i n i s h t h e w o r k n o w?现在我们需要完成这项工作吗?T h e y n e e dn t l o o k a f t e r h i m.他们不需要照顾他了。拓展延伸n e e d还可以用作行为动词,可以用于各种句型。如:D o e s h e n e e d a n y h e l p?他需要帮助吗?T h e de s k n e e ds r e p a i r i n g.这张桌子

6、需要修理。5.s h a l l 用于第一人称,表示说话人征求对方意见,过去式为s h o u l d;w i l l 用手第二人称的疑问句中,表示说话人向对方提出请求和建议,过去式为w o u l d。如:S h a l l I g o s h o p p i n g w i t h y o u?我可以同你去购物吗?I do n t k n o w w h a t I s h o u l d do n e x t.我不知道下一步该干什么。W o u l d y o u p l e a se c o m e a l i t t l e e a rl i e r?请你来早一点好吗?6.情态动词h

7、 a d b e t t e r的.用法(l)h a d b e t t e r后接动词原形,表劝告、建议,意为“最好”。“Yo u d b e t t e r”含有强制命令的语气,对长辈不宜使用。如:Yo u d b e t t e r a sk t h a t p o l i c e m a n o v e r t h e re.你最好问一下那边的那个警察。慎用h a d b e t t e r!注意以下四条:h a d b e t t e r表达的是说话者强硬性的建议,告诫别人(包括自己)如何做。如:G ra n n y,t h e h o sp i t a l i s n o t v

8、e ry n e a r.W e db e t t e r c a t c h a b u s.奶奶,医院不是很近。我们最好坐公共汽车。h a d b e t t e r不用于礼貌的请求或征询,它隐含一种警告或威胁。如:Yo u 1 d b e t t e r f i n i sh t h e w o rk t o d a y a n d b ri n g i tt o m o rro w.你最好今天就把作业完成,明天带来。h a d b e t t e r意思接近sh o u l d,但它除了表示语气强硬以外,还表示马上要去做的事情,比sh o u l d 更紧迫。如:Yo u*d b e

9、t t e r se ea d o c t o r a t o n c e.你最好马上去看医生。h a d b e t t e r不含比较的意思,该结构表示“I t w o u l d b e g o o dt o ”,而不是 I t w o u l d b e b e t t e r t o”。二、系动词系动词有实际意义,但不能单独做谓语,必须与表语一起构成句子的谓语,说明主语的性质、状态或身份等。它分为完全系动词和不完全系动词。1.完全系动词(b e)可接名词、代词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语、句子做表语。如:I m a st u d e n t.我是个学生。(名词)H e i

10、 s f i n e.他很好。(形容词)I t i s m e.是我。(代词)A rey o u t h e re?你在那儿吗?(副词)S h e i s a t sc h o o l.她在学校读书。(介词短语)H e i s t o c o m e so o n.他过会儿该来了。(不定式)My j o bi s t e a c h i n g E n g l i sh.我的工作是教英语。(动词的i n g 形式)Myidea is that we will start now.我的想法是我们现在就开始。(句子)2.不完全系动词(get,turn,feel,smell,look,sound,t

11、aste)一般只接形容词做表语。如:When spring comes,it gets warmerand warmer.春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了。Food may go bad soon ifit is not put into a fridge.食物如果不放进冰箱里就会很快变坏。M y brother became/turned a teacher after his graduation.我哥哥毕业后就当上了老师。(注意become和 turn的用法区别)动词的分类一、动词概述及分类根据其句法功能,动词可以分为四大类,列表如下。+宾语,构成主谓宾句型1、实义动词 及物动词+双宾语,

12、构成主谓双宾句型(行为动词)+复合宾语,构成主位复宾句型不及物动词2、连系动词 be,seem,look,sound,smell,turn,get,become 等+彻 表语,构成主系表句型be+doing,构成进行时+done,构成被动语态have+done,构成完成时态+b e e n d o in g,构成完成进行时态3、助动词 肯定式d o (d o e s,帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一旗 d id);般过去时构成疑问句;帮助行为动词的一般现在时、一否定式:d o n t般过去时构成否定与(d o e s n t,d id n t)w ill,s h a ll,s h o uld,+动

13、词原形构成将来时w o uld4、情态动词 c a n,ma y,mus t,后接动词原形一起构成谓语migh t,c o uld 等二、实义动词及用法实义动词也叫行为动词,是四类动词中唯一能独立作谓语的一类动词。根据其句法功能可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。1、及物动词及物动词本身意义不够完整,需要后接宾语才能使其意思完整。1)动词+宾语,构成主谓宾句型。例 如:C o uld y o u p le a s e c le a n th e b la c kb o a rd?请你擦黑板好吗?W e le a rn E n glis h e ve ry d a y.我们每天学习英语。2)动词+

14、直接宾语+to/fo r+间接宾语/动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,构成主谓双宾句型。有的动词必须在后面带表示人的间接宾语和表示物的直接宾语,即两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。例如:Who teaches you English?谁教你们英语?Please pass me the book.=Please pass the book to me.请把那本书递给我。M y mother bought me a snow globe on my birthday.=M y mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.我过生日时我妈买给我一个雪球。常见的带

15、双宾语的动词有:pass,give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,cook,teach,tell,write,read,return,ask,show等。3)动词+宾语+宾语补足语,构成主谓复宾句型。有的动词必须在宾语后再加上形容词、副词、名词、不定式、-ing形式、介词短语等做宾语补足语,构成复合宾语,句子意思才能够表达完整。例如:Please keep the door open.请让门开着。(形容词open做宾补)I often see the children play in the parko 我经常看见孩子们在公园里玩。(不带to的不定式play做宾补

16、).You can call me M rs Jones.你们可以称呼我琼斯夫人。(名词M rs Jones做宾补)动词 see,hear,watch,make,let,have,notice,find 等经常以动词不定式或-ing形式做宾补。2、不及物动词1)不及物动词自身意思完整,无需再接宾语。例 如:Horses run fasto马儿跑得快。He sings well.他唱得好。2)很多不及物动词也可以用作及物动词,还有的不及物动词后带上某个介词就成了带宾语的及物动词。例如:They are reading.他们在朗读。(read为不及物动词)They are reading Engl

17、ish.他们在朗读英语。(read为及物动词)He is waiting at the bus stop.他在公交车站等。(wait 为不及物动词)He is waiting for me at the bus stop.他在公交车站等我。(wait for为及物动词,带me做宾语)三、连系动词连系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和其后面的表语一起构成合成谓语,说明主语的 性质、特征、状态或身份。常见的连系动词有be,become(变得、成为),get(变得),look(看起来),seem(似乎、好像),turn(变得),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),

18、feel(摸起来)等。除b e以外的连系动词大多数时候是实义动词,他们用作连系动词时多数没有进行时态,也没有被动语态。例如:He is angry.他生气了。He got angry at the news.听到这个消息他生气了。That sounds good.那听起来不错。Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临,树叶转绿。China is getting stronger and stronger.中国正变得越来越强大。四、助动词助动词本身没有词义或意思不完整,不能单独作谓语。它们的主要作用是帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句或否定句等。1、助动词 be(a

19、m,is,are,was,were)1)be+doing(现在分词),构成进行时例 如:They are listening to music.他们在听音乐。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在进行时)They were walking down the street when the U FO landed,(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去进行时)2)be+done(及物动词的过去分词),构成被动语态例如:The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.电灯泡是由托马斯.爱迪生发明的。(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去时的被动语态)The classroom i

20、s cleaned every day.教室每天打扫。(be 的现在时形式帮助构成现在时的被动语态)The problem will be solved next week.这个问题将在下周得到解决。(be的将来时形式帮助构成将来时的被动语态)2、have(has,had)l)have/has/had+done(动词的过去分词),构成完成时态。例如:They have already done their homework.他们已经完成作业。(have+过去分词构成现在完成时)He hasn,t come yet.他还没有回来。(has+过去分词构成现在完成时)The bus had gone

21、 when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站时公交车已经离开。(had+过去分词构成过去完成时)2)have/has/had+been+doing(动词的现在分词),构成完成进行时态。例如:How long have you been collecting shells?你收集贝壳有多长时间了?He has been studying English since five years ago.他从 5年前开始就一直在学习英语。3、助动词 do/does/did助动词do/does/did主要帮助构成疑问句,也可用于倒装句、强调句或代替上文提到过的行为等。他们的否定式don

22、 t/doesnt/didn t 帮助构成否定句。例如:Does he often play sports after school?他经常放学后做运动吗?We don t speak Japanese.我们不说日语。Did they visit the Palace M useum on their last day off?他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗?She didn t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。4、助动词 will,shall,would,should助动词will,shall主要用于构成一般将来时,其中will可用于各人称,而shall

23、一般只用于第一人称。would,should是will,shall的过去式,可以用于构成过去将来时,但很多时候被用作情态动词。例如:There will be more trees and less pollution in thefuture.将来会有更多的树木,更少的污染。(帮助构成一般将来时)Shall we go to the park on the weekend?我们周末去公园好吗?(一般将来时,用于提出建议)They said they would come the next day.他们说他们第二天来。(帮助构成过去将来时)Would you mind my turning d

24、own the radio?你介意我关小收音机吗?(用于礼貌地提出建议)You should lie down and rest.你应该躺下休息。(用于提供建议)5、情态动词 can,may,must,might,could 等情态动词具有一定的词义,用以表达说话人的态度或情感,必须和后面的实义动词一起构成合成谓语。(请详见专题七情态动词)实战演练(2X3 0)计分:1 Good news,boys!There is going to a basketballmatch next week.A.have B.has C.be2 Kangkang hardly has lunch at scho

25、ol on Sunday,?A.does he B.has he C.doesn t he3 You had a good time during the M ay Day holiday,you?A.hadn,t B.didn,t C.haven*t4 She s back from Australia,she?Yes,she came back last night.A.wasn,t B.hasn t C.isn t5 Linda,please these flowers the classroom.A.bring;in B.take;in C.take;to6 Would you min

26、d turning down the T V?-.A.Yes,I would mind B.No,I didn,t C.No,not at all7 How long you this TV set?-For fiveyears.A.did;buy B.have;had C.were;buying8 She has finished her homework,?A.hasn,t she B.does she C.has she9 This week,the w e a t h e r to change every day:One dayis hot,the next is cold.A.se

27、ems B.looks C.sounds10 I told my mother I wasn t worried about my exam.Butin fact,IA.did B.was C.have11-When your mother you that blue dress,M ary?-Sorry,I really can t remember.A.does;buy B has;bought C.did;buy12 You seem to know much about the city.-Thats true.I it three times.A.visited B.had visi

28、ted C.have visited13 Hi,M r.Smith.I didn*t know you were in New York.Howlong here?A.have you come B.were you C.have you been14 Time goes by fast.We must never miss the chance to showlove to our parents and make them how much they mean to us.A.to know B.knowing C.know15 It s a secret between us.Don t

29、 tell anybody!-S u r e,.A I,do B I,won t C I will16 Excuse me.You shouldn t smoke here.Look at thesign“NO SM OKING HER E”.-Sorry,I it.A.doesn,t see B.haven t seen C.didn t see17 There a lot of changes here since 1980.A.h av e b e e n B.h av e h ad C.w i l l b e1 8 T h e c a r d o e s n,t w o r k.W h

30、 a t w e?A.d o;d o B.a r e;d o i n g C.s h a l l;d o1 9 I l o v e t o g o t o t h e s e a s i d e i n s u m m e r.I t g o o dt o l i e i n t h e s u n o r s w i m i n t h e w a t e r.A.d o e s B.f e e l s C.g e t s2 0 H e t o l d m e h e c a r e o f m y c h i l d w h i l e Ia w a y.A.w i l l t a k e

31、;a m B.t o o k;w a s C.w o u l d t a k e;w a s2 1 J e a n w a n t s t o g o t o C h i n a b u t s h e m o n e y.A.d o e s n,t h a v e B.d o e s n,t h a v e n o C.d o e s h a v e2 2 I n o u r s c h o o l l i b r a r y t h e r e a n u m b e r o f b o o k so n s c i e n c e a n d t h e n u m b e r o f

32、t h e m g r o w i n g l a r g e r a n dl a r g e r.A.i s;a r e B.a r e;i s C.h a s;i s2 3 W i l l y o u p l e a s e m e y o u r m a t h b o o k t h i s a f t e r n o o n?A.l e n d i n g B.l e n d C.t o l e n d2 4 -D o y o u p l a n t t r e e s i n s p r i n g?-Y e s.M a n y t r e e si n o u r c i t

33、y e v e r y y e a r.A.a r e p l a n t i n g B.a r e p l a n t e d C.w e r e p l a n t e d2 5 N o w C h i n e s e i s b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e p o p u l a r.I ti n m a n y s c h o o l s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d.A.teaches B.is teaching C.is taught26-Do you know the Winter Olympic Games

34、?-Sure.Once the Winter Olympics the WhiteOlympics.A.call B.called C.was called27 Children should not to break the traffic rules.A.tell B.be telling C.be told28-What s wrong with you,Sandy?You look so worried.-M y pet cat by a car this afternoon.And it isin hospital now.A.is hit B.was hit C.hit29-M u

35、m,can I go skating now?-Well,you may go afteryour h o m e w o r k.A.has finished B.will finish C.is finished3 0 We are often told at people who are in trouble.A.not to smile B.to smile C.not to laugh1-5 CABBC 6-10 CBAAB 11-15 CCCCB 16-20 CACBC形容词、副 词一、形容词1、形容词概述形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。大部分形容词直接说明事物的性质或特

36、征,有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot热的,beautiful美丽的。有的形容词只能作表语,没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。例如:afraid害怕的,asleep睡着的。2、形容词的用法1)作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前面。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为词尾的词语即复合不定代词时,要放在这些词之后。例如:What an interesting movie it is!多有趣的 一部电影啊!There is nothing interesting in today s newspaper.今天的报纸没有什么有趣的内容。2)作表语放在系动词后面。例如

37、:The food smells delicious.食物闻起来很香。3)位于宾语后做宾语补足语。例如:You must keep your classroom clean and tidy.你们必须保持教室干净整洁。4)少数形容词只能作表语,如:afraid,asleep,awake,alone,alive,well(健康的),ill,sorry,glad,sure,pleased 等。例如:He is alone in the classroom.他独自在教室。She has been asleep for three hours.她睡了 三个小时了。5)某些形容词之前加上冠词the表示一

38、类人,如 the rich,thepoor,the young,the old,the deaf,the blind,the living,thedead,the hungry 等。例如:The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。The young should be polite to the old.年轻人对老年人应该有礼貌。二、副词1、副词概述副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,其他副词或句子。2、副词的分类和用法1)时间副词:如 now,today,yesterday,soon等,在句子中担任时间状语,是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。例如:There is

39、going to be a class meeting tomorrow.明天将有一个班会。They visited the aquarium yesterday,他们昨天参观了水族馆。2)频度副词:如 sometimes,often,always,usually 等,在句子中担任时间状语,是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。例如:They have never seen each other before.他们以前从未见过面。What do you usually do on weekends?你们周末通常做什么?3)地点副词:如 here,there,home,somewhere,anywher

40、e,outside等,在句子中担任地点状语。例如:I have looked for my pen everywhere,but I can,tfind it anywhere.我到处找了我的钢笔,但哪儿都没看见。4)方式副词:如 slowly,quickly,fast,luckily,easily等,在句子中担任方式状语。这类副词大都由“形容词+ly”构成。例如:Please speak more slowly so that we can hear youclearly.请慢点说以便我们能够听清楚你说的内容。5)程度副词:如 very,quite,rather,too,much,so 等,

41、在句子中修饰形容词或其他副词,作状语。例如:It s much too hot in Changsha these days.这些天长沙太热了。The little boy can play the guitar very well.这小男孩吉他弹得非常好。6)疑问副词:如 when,where,why,how,how long,how soon,how often,how far,how old等,放在句首构成特殊疑问句。例如:How soon will your father be back home?你爸过多久回到家?How often do you go to the movie?你们

42、隔多久看一次电影?7)关系副词:如when,where,why,how等,用来引导相关从句。例如:What were you doing when the U FO landed?U FO 着陆时你在干什么?I d like to go somewhere where people are friendly.我想去人们友好的地方。3、副词的位置总的来说,很多副词的位置比较灵活,在句子开头、中间、结尾都可以。但是请注意下面几点:1)频度副词作状语时放在b e动词、助动词、情态动词之后,行为动词之前。例如:He i s n e v e r l a t e f o r s c h o o l.他上学

43、从不迟到。He u s u a l l y g o e s t o s e e h i s g r a n d p a r e n t s o n S a t u r d a y.他通常周六去看望爷爷奶奶。2)e n o u g h修饰形容词或副词时要放在被修饰词的后面。例如:T h e l i t t l e b o y i s n,t o l d e n o u g h t o g o t o s c h o o l.小男孩没到上学的年龄。He r a n f a s t e n o u g h t o c a t c h t h e t h i e f.他跑得够快,抓住了小偷。三、形容词

44、和副词的比较等级1、形容词和副词比较等级的构成绝大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:原级(原形)、比较级和最高级,他们的构成规则大致相同。列表如下:表一:规则变化构成方法原级比较级最高级一般直接在词尾加t a l lt a l l e rt a l l e s t-e r,-e s ts h o r ts h o r t e rs h o r t e s t以不发音的e结尾n i c en i c e rn i c e s t的加一e r,-s tl a r g el a r g e rl a r g e s tb a d,i l l,单音以辅音字母加y结h e a v yh e a v i e r

45、h e a v i e s t节 尾的,先改y为i,e a r l ye a r l i e re a r l i e s t词和再加-e r,-e s t少 以重读闭音节结数 双 尾、且词尾只有一t h i nt h i n n e rt h i n n e s t音 个辅音字母的,先b i gb i g g e rb i g g e s t节词双写该辅音字母,再加-e r,-e s t多音节词和部分双音节词(尤i n t e r e s t i n gm o r em o s t其是带词 在原级前加i m p o r t a n ti n t e r e s t i n gi n t e

46、r e s t i n g缀的双音m o r e,m o s tq u i c k l ym o r em o s t节词)i m p o r t a n ti m p o r t a n tm o r em o s tq u i c k l yq u i c k l y表二:不规则变化原级 比较级最高级g o o d,w e l l b e t t e rb e s tm a n y,m u c h m o r em o s tw o r s ew o r s tbadlylittle less leastfar farther较 远(字面意义)farthest最 远(字面意义)furthe

47、r进一步(引申意义)furthest最大限度(引申意义)old older年纪较大的(用于比较 oldest年纪最大的(用于最级)高级)elder较年长的(只用作定 eldest最年长的(只用作定语)语)2、形容词、副词比较级和最高级的用法1)两者之间进行比较用比较级。其常见句子结构为:A+谓语动词+比较级+than+B。例如:This tree is taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树高。Lily has more friends than I.莉莉比我朋友多。Tom runs faster than Jim.汤姆比吉姆跑得快。注:可以用程度副词 a little,a

48、lot,a bit,much,even,still,far等修饰比较级,表示比较的程度差异。例如:It is much hotter in Changsha than that in Beijingin summer.长沙的夏天比北京的夏天热得多。He studies English a lot harder than the other studentsin his class.他学英语比班上其他同学努力得多。2)在三者或三者以上的人或物之间进行比较时用最高级,形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,副词最高级前the可加可不加,句子中常有in或 of短语来表示比较的范围。其常见句子结构为:A+谓

49、语动词+the+最高级+比较范围。例如:Changjiang is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。R ruce runs fastest of the three.布鲁斯是三个人中跑得最快的。3)表示A 和 B 在某一方面相同或不及时用同级比较。其常见句型为:A+谓语动词+as+原级+as+B。其否定结构为:A+谓语动词(not)+as/so+原级+as+B。例如:English is as important as Chinese.英语和语文一样重要。M ath is not as interesting as History.数学不如历史有趣味

50、。He speaks English as well as Chinese.他英语和汉语说得一样好。She doesn,t do her homework as carefully as her brother.她做作业不如她哥哥细心。4)选择疑问句比较级和最高级的句型分别为:“疑问词+谓语动词+比较级,A or B?”和“疑问词+谓语动词+最高级,A,B or C?”例如:Which is bigger,the sun or the earth?太阳或地球,哪个更大?Which is the biggest,the sun,the earth or the moon?太阳、地球或月亮,哪个最

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