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1、2023中考英语语法详解很全很实用情态动词、系动词一、情态动词情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，要和动词原形 一起构成谓语，表说话人的语气和态度。它没有人称和数的变化。常 见的情态动词有：1. can表示能力，有“能” “会”的意思；表示可能性，多用在 否认或疑问句中;表示请求和许可。如：The parrot can speak three languages.这只鹦鹉能讲 三种语言。Can I borrow the book from the library?我可以从图书棺借 这本书吗？Shanghai can be very cold in March.上海三月份可能会很 冷。拓
2、展延伸can还有过去式could可表“能，会”,又可以和be able to替换，而be able to有 更多时态。如：He could swim when he was four. =He was able to swim when he was four.他四岁时就会游泳。在一般疑问句中，can/could常 用来表示请求或征求对方意见，用could比用can语气更加委婉和 客气。类似用法的还有Will /Would you (please)等句型。例如：They have already done their homework.他们已经完 成作业。（have+过去分词构成现在完成时）H
3、e hasn, t come yet.他还没有回来。（has+过去分词构成现在 完成时）The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站 时公交车已经离开。（had+过去分词构成过去完成时）2）have/has/had+been+doing（动词的现在分词），构成完成进行 时态。例如：How long have you been collecting shells?你收集贝 壳有多长时间了？He has been studying English since five years ago他从 5年前开始就一直在学习英语。3、助动词 do/ do
4、es/ did助动词do/ does/ did主要帮助构成疑问句，也可用于倒装句、 强调句或代替上文提到过的行为等。他们的否认式don t/ doesn t/ didn, t帮助构成否认句。例如：Does he often play sports after school?他经常放学 后做运动吗？We don t speak Japanese.我们不说日语。Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off?他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗?She didn t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。4、助动
5、词 will, shall, would, should助动词win, shall主要用于构成一般将来时，其中win可用 于各人称，而shall 一般只用于第一人称。would, should是will, shall的过去式，可以用于构成过去将来时，但很多时候被用作情态 动词。例如：There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.将来会有更多的树木，更少的污染。（帮助构成一般将来时）Shall we go to the park on the weekend?我们周末去公园好吗？（一般将来时，用于提出建议）They said
6、they would come the next day.他们说他们第二天来。（帮助构成过去将来时）Would you mind my turning down the radio?你介意我关小收音机吗？（用于礼貌地提出建议）You should lie down and rest.你应该躺下休息。（用于提供建议）5、情态动词 can, may, must, might, could 等 情态动词具有一定的词义，用以表达说话人的态度或情感，必须面的实义动词一起构成合成谓语。（请详见专题七情态动词）实战演练（2X30）计分：1 Good news, boys! There is going to
7、 a basketball match next week.A. have B. has C. be2 Kangkang hardly has lunch at school on Sunday, ?A. does he B. has he C. doesn t he3 You had a good time during the May Day holiday, you?A. hadn t B. didn t C. haven t4She s back from Australia, she?Yes,she came back last night.A. wasn t B. hasn t C
8、. isn tLinda, please these flowers the classroom.A. bring； in B. take； in C. take； toWould you mind turning down the TV?.A. Yes, I would mind B. No, I didn t C. No, not at allHow long you this TV set?For fiveyears.A. did； buy B. have； had C. were； buyingShe has finished her homework, ?A. hasn, t she
9、 B. does she C. has she5 This week, the weather to change every day： One day is hot, the next is cold.A. seems B. looks C. sounds6 I told my mother I wasn t worried about my exam. But in fact, I A. did B. was C. haveWhen your mother you that blue dress ,Mary?Sorry , I really can t remember.A. does；
10、buy B has； bought C. did； buyYou seem to know much about the city.Thats true .I it three times .A. visited B. had visited C. have visited12 Hi, Mr. Smith I didn t know you were in New York. How long here ?A. have you come B. were you C. have you been13 Time goes by fast. We must never miss the chanc
11、e to show love to our parents and make them how much they mean to us.A. to know B. knowing C. knowIt s a secret between us . Don t tell anybody !Sure,A I, do B I, won t C I will14 Excuse me. You shouldn t smoke here. Look at thesign “NO SMOKING HERE” .Sorry, I it.A. doesn t see B. haven t seen C. di
12、dn t seeThere a lot of changes here since 1980.A. have been B. have had C. will be15 The car doesn t work. What we ?A. do； do B. are； doing C. shall； doI love to go to the seaside in summer. It goodto lie in the sun or swim in the water.A. does B. feels C. gets16 He told me he care of my child while
13、 I away.A. will take； am B. took； was C. would take； wasJean wants to go to China but she money.A. doesn t have B. doesn t have no C. does have17 In our school library there a number of books on science and the number of them growing larger and larger.A. is； are B. are； is C. has； isWill you please
14、me your math book this afternoon?A. lending B. lend C. to lendDo you plant trees in spring?Yes. Many trees in our city every year.A. are planting B. are planted C. were plantedNow Chinese is becoming more and more popular. Itin many schools around the world.A. teaches B. is teaching C. is taught18 D
15、o you know the Winter Olympic Games?Sure. Once the Winter Olympics the White Olympics.A. call B. called C. was calledChildren should not to break the traffic rules.A. tell B. be telling C. be toldWhat s wrong with you, Sandy? You look so worried.My pet cat by a car this afternoon. And it is in hospi
16、tal now.A. is hit B. was hit C. hitMum, can I go skating now?Well, you may go afteryour homework.A. has finished B. will finish C. is finishedWe are often told at people who are in trouble.A. not to smile B. to smile C. not to laugh 1-5 CABBC 6-10 CBAAB 11-15 CCCCB 16-20 CACBC形容词、副词一、形容词1、形容词概述形容词修饰
17、名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。大局部形容词直接说明事物的性质或特征，有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot热的，beautiful美丽的。有 的形容词只能作表语，没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如: afraid害怕的,asleep睡着的。2、形容词的用法1）作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前面。但是如果形容词修饰 以-thing为词尾的词语即复合不定代词时，要放在这些词之后。例如：What an interesting movie it is!多有趣的一部电 影啊！There is nothing interesting in today s news
18、paper.今天 的报纸没有什么有趣的内容。2）作表语放在系动词后面。例如：The food smells delicious.食物闻起来很香。3）位于宾语后做宾语补足语。例如：You must keep your classroom clean and tidy.你们 必须保持教室干净整洁。4）少数形容词只能作表语，如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, well （健康的），ill, sorry, glad, sure, pleased 等。例如：He is alone in the classroom.他单独在教室。She has been asle
19、ep for three hours.她睡了 三个小时了。5）某些形容词之前加上冠词the表示一类人，如the rich, thepoor, the young, the old, the deaf, the blind, the living, the dead, the hungry 等。例如：The rich should help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。The young should be polite to the old.年轻人对老年人应该有礼貌。二、副词1、副词概述副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，其他副词或句子。2、副词的分类和用法1）时间副词：如now, toda
20、y, yesterday, soon等，在句子中 担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。例如：There is going to be a class meeting tomorrow.明 天将有一个班会。They visited the aquarium yesterday.他们昨天参观了水族 馆。2）频度副词：如 sometimes, often, always, usually 等，在 句子中担任时间状语，是决定动词时态的主要依据之一。例如:They have never seen each other before.他们以前从 未见过面。What do you usually d
21、o on weekends?你们周末通常做什么？3） 地点副词： 如 here, there, home, somewhere, anywhere, outside等，在句子中担任地点状语。例如：I have looked for my pen everywhere, but I can tfind it anywhere.我到处找了我的钢笔，但哪儿都没看见。4）方式副词：如 slowly, quickly, fast, luckily, easily 等，在句子中担任方式状语。这类副词大都由“形容词+ly”构成。例如：Please speak more slowly so that we c
22、an hear you clearly.请慢点说以便我们能够听清楚你说的内容。5）程度副词：如 very, quite, rather, too, much, so 等， 在句子中修饰形容词或其他副词，作状语。例如：It s much too hot in Changsha these days.这些天 长沙太热了。The little boy can play the guitar very well.这小男孩吉 他弹得非常好。6）疑问副词：如 when, where, why, how, how long, how soon, how often, how far, how old等，放在
23、句首构成特殊疑问句。例如：How soon will your father be back home?你爸过多 久回到家？How often do you go to the movie?你们隔多久看一次电影?7）关系副词：如when, where, why, how等，用来引导相关从 句。例如：What were you doing when the UFO landed? UFO 着陆 时你在干什么？I d like to go somewhere where people are friendly. 我 想去人们友好的地方。3、副词的位置总的来说，很多副词的位置比拟灵活，在句子开头、中
24、间、结尾 都可以。但是请注意下面几点：1）频度副词作状语时放在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行 为动词之前。例如：He is never late for school.他上学从不迟到。He usually goes to see his grandparents on Saturday. 他 通常周六去看望爷爷奶奶。2）enough修饰形容词或副词时要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：The little boy isn, t old enough to go to school. 小男孩没到上学的年龄。He ran fast enough to catch the thief.他跑得够快，抓住
25、了小偷。三、形容词和副词的比拟等级1、形容词和副词比拟等级的构成绝大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：原级（原形）、比拟级和最高 级，他们的构成规那么大致相同。列表如下：表一：规那么变化构成方法原级比拟级.最高级一般直接在词尾加talltallertallest-er, -estshortshortershortest以不发音的e结尾nicenicernicest的加一er, -stlargelargerlargest如：Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? 你能告诉我怎样到邮局吗？ Would you please turn up
26、the radio?请你把收音机开大点，好吗?2. may表示“许可”时，相当于can,其否认回答用can t/mustn t；表推测时，常用在肯定句中，表“可能”。如：-May I borrow your ruler?我可以借用您的直尺吗?-No, you can11 /mustnt. 不行。She may be a teacher.她可能是一名教师。拓展延伸may可表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!祝你成功!3. must表示“必须;必要”,以“must”开头的一般疑问句其肯定回答用“must” ,否认回答用“neednt”或“dont have to”。 must表推测时，常
27、用在肯定句中，是“一定”的意思，其否认形式 mustn t表禁止”的意思。如：-Must I leave now?现在我必须离开吗？-No, you needn11 /you dont have to. 没有必要。This book must be Lucyf s . Look! Her name is on the book cover.这本书是露西的。看！封面上还有她的名字。You mustnt draw on the wall.你不准在墙上画画。拓展延伸must表示说话人的主观看法，只有一般现在时;have to 强调客观要求，有时态、人称和数的变化。如：My mother is ill
28、.I have to look after her now.妈妈病了，我得去照看她。单音以辅音字母加y结heavy节尾的，先改y为i, early词和再加一er, -est少以重读闭音节结数双 尾、且词尾只有一thin音 个辅音字母的，先big节词双写该辅音字母，再加-er, -est多音节词heavier earlierthinner biggerheaviest earliestthinnest biggest音节词（尤interestingmore其是带词在原级前加缓的双音more, most节词）important interestingquicklymoreimportantmore
29、quicklymost interestingmostimportantmostquickly表二：不规那么变化原级 比拟级good, well bettermany, much more最高级bestmostbad,ill,worseworst和局部双badlybadlylittlelessleastfarfarther较远（字面意义）farthest最远（字面意义）further进一步（引申意义）furthest最大限度（引申意old级）elder较年长的（只用作定eldest最年长的（只用作定义）older年纪较大的（用于比拟oldest年纪最大的（用于最高级）语）语）.2、形容词、副词
30、比拟级和最高级的用法1）两者之间进行比拟用比拟级。其常见句子结构为：A +谓语动词+比拟级+t han+B。例如：This tree is taller than that one.这棵树比那棵树 高。Lily has more friends than I.莉莉比我朋友多。Tom runs faster than Jim.汤姆比吉姆跑得快。注：可以用程度副词 a little, a lot, a bit, much, even, still, far等修饰比拟级，表示比拟的程度差异。例如：It is much hotter in Changsha than that in Beijing i
31、n summer.长沙的夏天比北京的夏天热得多。.He studies English a lot harder than the other studentsin his class.他学英语比班上其他同学努力得多。2）在三者或三者以上的人或物之间进行比拟时用最高级,形容词 最高级前必须加定冠词the,副词最高级前the可加可不加，句子中 常有in或of短语来表示比拟的范围。其常见句子结构为：A+谓语动 词+the+最高级+比拟范围。例如：Changjiang is the longest river in China.长江是中 国最长的河流。Rruce runs fastest of th
32、e three.布鲁斯是三个人中跑得最 快的。3）表示A和B在某一方面相同或不及时用同级比拟。其常见句型 为：A+谓语动词+as+原级+as+B。其否认结构为：A+谓语动词 （not） +as/so+原级+as+B。例如：English is as important as Chinese.英语和语文一样 重要。Math is not as interesting as History.数学不如历史有趣 味。He speaks English as well as Chinese.他英语和汉语说得 一样好。.She doesn, t do her homework as carefully a
33、s her brother. 她做作业不如她哥哥细心。4）选择疑问句比拟级和最高级的句型分别为：“疑问词+谓语动词+比拟级，A or B?”和“疑问词+谓语动词+最高级，A, B or C?”例如：Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?太阳或地球， 哪个更大？Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth or the moon? 太 阳、地球或月亮，哪个最大？Who plays soccer better, David or Martin?戴维或马丁，谁 足球踢得更好？Who plays soccer best, Dav
34、id, Martin or Bill?戴维、马丁 或比尔，谁足球踢得最好？5）表示“越就越”时,其句型为“the +比拟级,the+ 比拟级”。例如：The more trees, the better.树木越多越好。The harder you study, the better grades you will get. 学 习越努力，成绩就越好。6）表示“越来越”时,用比拟级的叠加形式，即：比拟级+ and+ 比拟级。例如：It s getting hotter and hotter.天气越来越热了。The city is becoming more and more beautiful.
35、 城市越来 越漂亮了。21-25 ABBBC 26-30 CCBCC代词、代词概述宾格 me us you you him her itthem代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。二、代词分类英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用主要分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词。1、人称代词及其用法1）人称代词主格和宾格人称单、复数主格第一人称单数I复数we第二人称单数you复数youhe第三人称单数sheit复数they2）人称代词的用法 人称代词主格在句子中担任主语。例如：She likes watching movies.她喜欢看电影。Th
36、ey have been to America twice.他们到过美国两次。人称代词宾格在句子中担任动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。例如：We listen to them and they help us.我们听他们,他们帮我们。Who is knocking at the door? -It s me. 一谁在敲门?一是我。2、物主代词及其用法1）形容词性和名词性物主代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单、复数单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性my ouryour your his her its their名词性 mineoursyours yours his hers its theirs词义
37、我的 我们的 你的 你们的 他的 她的 它的他们的.2）物主代词的用法 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句子中担任定语修饰名 词，一般不单独使用。例如：This is my book. Your book is over there.这是我的 书。你的书在那里。They are our new friends.他们是我们的新朋友。名词性物主代词语法上相当于名词，意义上相当于“形容词性 物主代词+名词”，经常用其来防止和前面提到的名词重复。例如：This is my dictionary. Where is yours (=yourdictionary）?这是我的词典。你的（词典）在哪里？My
38、idea is just the same as his（=his idea）.我的想法正如 他的（想法）。3、反身代词及其用法1）反身代词的构成人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单、复数单数复数单数复数单数复数词形 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves词义 我自己 我们自己 你自己 你们自己 他自己 她自己 它自己他们自己2）反身代词的用法 反身代词在句子中担任动词宾语或介词宾语。例如：The boy is too young to look after himself.这男孩太小了无法照顾自己
39、。They did the job all by themselves.这件工作他们完全是自己做的。反身代词常用词组例如：teach oneself 自学 learn by oneself 自学 enjoyoneself玩得愉快hurt oneself 伤 了自己 help oneself to 自便 come to oneself 苏醒by oneself单独；亲自4、指示代词及其用法1）指示代词：单数this （这）、that （那）；复数these （这些），those （那些）2）指示代词的用法this/these用于指代近距离的人或事物。例如：This is my friend an
40、d these are his new books.这 是我的朋友。这些是他的新书。that/those用于指代远距离的人或事物。例如：Look!That girl in red is Kate.瞧!那个穿红衣服的女 孩是凯特。 打 时用this介绍自己，用that询问对方。例如：This is Mar speaking. Is that Mrs Jones?我是玛丽，您是琼斯夫人吗?介词、连词一.介词1 .介词概述：介词表示它与后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分 的关系。介词是虚词，不能单独做句子成分。介词在英语中用法很活, 也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些 和动词的
41、特殊搭配。2 .常用介词的意义和用法。3 1）时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时，in表示在一段时间里（在将来时句子中那么表示在一 段时间之后），on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等，at表示 在某个时刻或者瞬间；表示地点时，in表示在某个范围之内，on表示在某个平面上或 与一个面相接触,at那么表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：He was born on the night of May 10th.I usually get up at 7： 00 in the morning.His glasses are on the desk.My brother is at t
42、he bus stop.（2） after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+（具体时刻/从句）” 表示“在时刻之后”常用于一般过去时态；“in+（一段时间）”表示 “在（多久）之后”，常用于将来时杰。如：He said that he would come back after 6： 00.My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.since与for表示时间的用法区别：since+（具体时刻/that-从句）”表示“自从起一直到现在”，“for +（一段时间）” 表示“持续一段时间“，都常用于完成时态;如:My fat
43、her has worked in this factory since 1970.My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.（4） by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、 手段”，但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以方式”， 在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in表示“使用”某种语言/文 字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：We write with our hands and walk with our feet.Please speak in English.Let s go to
44、the zoo by bus.It was invented by Adison.about与on的用法区别：都可以表示“有关”，但是about 的意义比拟广，而on主要表示“有关（专题/课程）。如：Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.They are talking about the English test.（6） through与across over的用法区别：through指“穿过 （门洞/人群/树林）；across和over可以指“跨越（街道/河流）”, 可互换，但是表示“翻过”时只能用over.如：Just
45、 then a kangaroo （鼠）ran across the road.（就在刃B 时一只袋鼠跑过路面）4. need作情态动词时，常用在否认和疑问句中，表示“需要；要” 的意思。如：Need we finish the work now?现在我们需要完成这项工 作吗？They needn t look after him.他们不需要照顾他了。拓展延伸need还可以用作行为动词，可以用于各种句型。如：Does he need any help?他需要帮助吗？The desk needs repairing.这张桌子需要修理。5. shall用于第一人称，表示说话人征求对方意见，过去式为
46、 should；will用手第二人称的疑问句中，表示说话人向对方提出请求 和建议，过去式为would。如：Shall I go shopping with you?我可以同你去购物吗？I dont know what I should do next.我不知道下一步该干 什么。Would you please come a little earlier?请你来早一点好吗？6. 情态动词had better的.用法(l)had better后接动词原形，表劝告、建议，意为“最好”。“Youd better”含有强制命令的语气，对长辈不宜使用。如：Youd better ask that poli
47、ceman over there. 你最好 问一下那边的那个警察。(2)慎用had better!注意以下四条:There is a bridge across/over the river.（河上有座桥）They climbed over the mountain and arrived there （他们 翻过大山到达了那里）/The visitors went through a big gate into another park.（参 观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园）（7）as与like的区别：两个词都表示“像”，但是as译为 “作为”，表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实，而like译为“像 一样“，表示外表，不是事实。如：