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1、The Pursuit of Happiness 追求幸福The right to pursue happiness is promised to Americans by the US Constitution,but no oneseems quite sure which way happiness runs.It may be we are issued a hunting license but offeredno game.Jonathan Swift conceived of happiness as the state of being well-deceived,or of
2、beingna fool among idiots”，for Swift saw society as a land of false goals.美国宪法赋予美国人民追求幸福的权利，但是似乎谁也说不清幸福跑到哪里去了。这就好比我们获得了打猎许可却无猎物可打一样。乔纳森斯威夫特认为幸福是“一种大上其当而浑然不觉的状态”，或者是充当”一名白痴中的傻瓜”的 感 觉，因为斯威夫特把社会看作是一片布满虚假目标的土地。It is,of course,un-American to think in terms of false goals.We do,however,seem to bededicated
3、 to the idea of buying our way to happiness.We shall all have made it to Heaven whenwe possess enough.虚假目标的提法当然不是美国式思维。然而，我们似乎执迷于花钱买幸福的理念。当我们拥有足够的财力时，我们就会获得极大的成功。And at the same time the forces of American business are hugely dedicated to making usdeliberately unhappy.Advertising is one of our major
4、 industries,and advertising exists not tosatisfy desires but to create them and to create them faster than anyones budget can satisfythem.For that matter,our whole economy is based on addicting us to greed.We are even told it isour patriotic duty to support the national economy by buying things.与此同时
5、，美国商业势力却大肆渲染，人为地使我们感到不幸福。广告业是我们的主要产业之一，它的存在不是为了满足欲望，而是为了制造欲望，其速度之快为任何人的预算所不及。这 样,来，我们整个的经济就建立在使我们沉溺于贪婪的基础上。甚至有人告诉我们通过购物来支持国家经济是我们的爱国义务。Look at any of the magazines that cater to women.There advertising begins as art and slogansin the front pages and ends as pills and therapy in the back pages.The ar
6、t at the front illustrates thedream of perfect beauty.This is the baby skin that must be hers.This,the perfumed breath shemust breathe out.This,the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty,at fifty,at sixty,andforever.This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to disp
7、lay that perfectfigure.This is the cream that restores skin,these are the tablets that melt away fat around thethighs,and these are the pills of perpetual youth.随便翻开一本迎合妇女口味的杂志，不难发现，开头的几页广告都是艺术和口号，到了结尾的几页就都变成了药丸和疗法。开头几页的艺术包装所展示的是对至尊美丽的渴望。她拥有的是婴儿般的细腻皮肤。她呼出来的是芬芳的气息。无论她40岁、50岁、60岁，还是任何时候，她永远都拥有16岁的身段。这
8、就是母亲为了展示她的优美体形所使用的束带。这是可使人肌肤恢复细嫩的护肤霜，这些是减去大腿脂肪的药片，这些是青春永驻的药丸。Obviously no reasonable person can be completely persuaded either by such art or by suchpills and devices.Yet someone is obviously trying to buy this dream and spending billions everyyear in the attempt.Clearly the happiness-market is not
9、running out of customers,but what is itthey are trying to buy?很明显，任何有理智的人都不会完全被此类广告艺术、药丸或器械所打动。不过确实有人想要花钱买这个梦，不惜为此每年花销数十亿美元。显然，幸福市场不乏顾客，但是他们想要购买的又是什么呢？Defining the meaning of happiness is a perplexing proposition:the best one can do is to tryto set some extremes to the idea and then work towards the
10、 middle.To think of happiness asachieving superiority over others,living in a mansion made of marble,having a wardrobe withhundreds of outfits,will do to set the greedy extreme.To think of happiness as the joy of a holyman of India will do to set the spiritual extreme.He sits completely still,contem
11、plating the natureof reality,free even of his own body.If admirers bring him food,he eats it;if not,he starves.Whybe concerned?What is physical is trivial to him.To contemplate is his joy and he achievescomplete mental focus through an incredibly demanding discipline,the accomplishment of whichis it
12、self a joy to him.给“幸福”下定义是一个令人困惑的问题：最好的办法是先设定两个极端，然后寻求中庸。认为幸福就是高人一等，住的是大理石豪宅，衣柜里有上百套衣服，这可成为贪婪的极端。认为幸福就是印度圣人似的快乐，这将成为精神生活的极端。圣人打坐，冥想着现实的本质，超脱于肉身的拖累。如果有崇敬者给他端上食物，他就吃；如果没人给，他就饿着。何苦为此事烦恼？一切物质的东西对他都微不足道。冥想就是他的快乐。他凭借常人难以想像的自律达到高度的精神集中，对他来说，能够达到如此境界，这本身就是快乐。Is he a happy man?Perhaps his happiness is only
13、another sort of illusion.But who can take itfrom him?And who will dare say it is more false than happiness paid for through an installmentplan?他是一个幸福的人吗？也许他的幸福不过是又一种幻觉罢了。但是，谁能剥夺他的幻觉呢？谁又敢说这种幸福比靠分期付款购买的幸福更虚假呢？Although the holy mans concept of happiness may enjoy considerable prestige in the Orient,Ido
14、ubt the existence of such motionless happiness.What is certain is that his way of happinesswould be torture to almost anyone of Western temperament.Yet these extremes will still serve todefine the area within which all of us must find some sort of balance.Thoreau had his own firmsense of that balanc
15、e:save on the petty in order to spend on the essential.尽管圣人的幸福观在东方享有很高的声誉，但我却怀疑是否真有这样静态的幸福。可以肯定的是，他的幸福方式几乎对于任何具有西方性格的人来说都是一种折磨。但这些极端认识仍将有助于说明幸福的概念，我们每个人都能从中找到某种平衡。梭罗自己的坚定平衡信念是：小事省一省，大事有保证。Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would havebeen Thoreaus idea of
16、the petty.The active discipline of raising ones perception of what is eternalin nature would have been his idea of the essential.Time saved on the petty could be spent on theessential.Thoreau certainly didnt intend to starve,but he would put into feeding himself only asmuch effort as would keep him
17、functioning for more important efforts.为了占有而占有，或是为了与邻里攀比而占有，可能就是梭罗认为的小事。自觉提高自己对自然界中永恒价值的认识能力，应该属于梭罗认识中的大事。从小事上省下来的时间可以花在大事上。梭罗当然不会让自己挨饿，但是他的进食仅仅是为了保持其体能，以便有精力做大事。Effort is the essence of it:there is no happiness except as we take on challenges.Short of theimpossible,the satisfactions we get from a l
18、ifetime depend on how high we place our difficulties.The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it claims to be effortless.努力是幸福的精髓：只有接受了挑战，我们才会有幸福感。除非不可能，我们一生的满足均取决于我们把困难定位到怎样的高度。广告版幸福的致命缺陷在于它声称幸福不需要做出任何努力。We demand difficulty even in our diversions.We demand it beca
19、use without difficulty therecan be no game;a game is a way of making something hard fbr the fun of it.The rules of the gameare an arbitrary addition of difficulty.It is easier to win at chess if you are free to change the rules,but the fun is in winning within the rules.If we could mint our own mone
20、y,even building afortune would become boring.No difficulty,no fun.即使是在娱乐中，我们也希望有点难度。我们想要难度，因为没有难度就没有了游戏乐趣；游戏要靠制造难度来生成乐趣。游戏的规则是人为地增加难度。如果可以自行改变棋赛规则，赢一盘棋将会容易得多。然而，下棋赢棋的乐趣是在规则下赢棋。如果我们自己就能够造钱，那么即使造出一座金山也了然无趣。没有难度，就没有乐趣。Those in advertising seem too often to have lost their sense of the pleasure of diffi
21、culty.Andthe Indian holy man seems dull to us,I suppose,because he seems to be refusing to play anythingat all.The Western weakness may be in the illusion that happiness can be bought.Perhaps theoriental weakness is in the idea that there is such a thing as perfect happiness.广告中推销的东西似乎常常因缺少难度而缺少乐趣。我
22、想，印度圣人在我们看来似乎也提不起兴趣，因为他好像拒绝任何游戏。西方幸福观的弱点可能在于他们幻想幸福是可以买来的。而东方幸福观的弱点或许在于他们相信存在完美的幸福。Happiness is never more than partial.Whatever else happiness may be,it is neither in havingnor in being,but in becoming.What the writers of the Constitution declared for us as an inherentright was not happiness but the
23、 pursuit of happiness.What the early patriots might haveunderlined,could they have foreseen the happiness-market,is the cardinal fact that happiness is inthe pursuit itself,in the pursuit of what is engaging and life-changing,which is to say,in the ideaof becoming.A nation is not measured by what it
24、 possesses or wants to possess,but by what itwants to become.幸福从来就是不圆满的。不管我们对幸福还有什么别的解释，它都既不是拥有，也不是存在，而是过程。美国宪法的制订者为我们公布的天赋人权，不是幸福权，而是对幸福的追求权。如果当年的爱国者能够预见后来的幸福市场，他们或许会强调这样一个基本事实：幸福在于追求本身，在于参与和改变人生，也就是说，在于相信“过程”这一理念。评估一个国家的标准，不是看它已经拥有什么，或者想要拥有什么，而是看它想要成为什么。My Teacher,My Salvation我的老师，我的救星I stepped of
25、f the ship on a gray March day in 1949,a small boy with a new American visashoved in his pocket,a boy who had lost his mother and was emigrating to America to live with afather he did not know.I was very suspicious of the heavy,bald man who embraced my sisters andme at the dock.Still,he was the very
26、 image of American people in his gleaming black shoes,grayovercoat,and new hat.1949年 3 月的一个阴沉的日子，我，一个小男孩，兜里揣着新领的美国签证走下了船。我刚刚失去了母亲，这次移民来美国，准备同素未谋面的父亲一道生活。在码头上，看着这个拥抱我和我的姐妹们的秃顶胖男人，我满怀疑惑。不过，他的皮鞋黑色，穿着灰色大衣，戴着崭新的帽子，是典型的美国人形象。After several years in an elementary school class for those with low IQ there wer
27、e noclasses for non-English-speaking children I made it to junior high school.The first week ofclasses we were told to select a hobby to pursue during club houron Fridays.I decided to followthe prettiest girl in my class,who led me through a door marked Newspaper Club.And there was asharp-tongued,no
28、-nonsense English teacher named Marilyn Burd.Were going to put out anewspaper,she yelled,rapping her desk with a ruler,so if any of you dont want to work,Isuggest you go across the hall to the Theater Club rehearsal now,because youre going to workyour tails off here!由于没有专为不会讲英语的孩子开设的课程，我在低智商孩子班读了几年小
29、学后，升入了初中。第一周的课上，老师通知我们要为周五的“俱乐部活动时间”选择一个自己喜欢的活动项目。我决定随班里最漂亮的女孩去，她带着我进了一道门，门上标着”报刊俱乐部，在那里，我们见到了言辞尖刻、一本正经的英语教师玛丽莲伯德。我们准备出一份报纸，”她用尺子敲着桌子，高声地说，”所以，如果你们不想出力的话，我建议你们现在就到大厅那边去参加戏剧俱乐部的排练，因为在这里你们要玩命地干！”I was soon under the spell of this formidable and eloquent woman.She drilled us on grammarand made me fall
30、in love with literature.I was fascinated by the way she could read a story or apiece of verse,then open it up like a fan,displaying its various facets,colors,and meanings.I hadconsidered stories to be simple adventures,but she showed me they could express feelings as well:pain,frustration,anger,and
31、loss.And she taught me that my motherland was the foundation ofWestern civilization.I began to be proud of my origins.我很快就被这个令人望而生畏、口若悬河的女士所折服。她反复训练我们掌握语法，并使我爱上了文学。她能够读一篇故事或一首诗，然后像打开折扇一样，将它的各个侧面、色彩和含义全部展示出来，这一点强烈地吸引了我。我过去一直认为小说写的只不过是不平凡的生活经历，而她却使我知道小说还可以表达情感：如痛苦、挫折、愤怒和失落。她使我知道我的祖国是西方文明的发源地。我开始对自己的出身
32、感到骄傲。One day she assigned us to compose a concise essay from our own experience.Fixing mewith a stern look,she added,Nick,I want you to write about what happened to your family inyour homeland.一天，她布置了一份作业，让我们根据自己的亲身经历写一篇短文。她用严厉的目光盯着我，接着说：尼克，我要你写你们一家在你家乡的经历。That was the last thing I wanted to write a
33、bout,and so I left the assignment until the lastmoment.Then,on a warm weekend afternoon,I sat in my room with a pad and pencil and staredout the window.The chorus of bird song,the buzz of insects,and the perfume of freshly cut grassdistracted me.Finally I wrote the first sentence:*To many people the
34、 coming of spring means theend of winter,the first birds,thoughts of love.Spring to me has a very different meaning becausethis was when I hugged my mother for the last time.,这可是我最不愿写的东西，所以我把作业拖到了最后时刻。后来，一个周末温暖的下午，我坐在自己的房间里，备好稿纸和铅笔，两眼呆呆地望着窗外。鸟儿的欢唱声、昆虫的唧唧声，以及新剪草地的芳香使我无法集中注意力。最后，我写下了第一句：”对很多人来说，春天的来临意
35、味着冬季的结束，第一批候鸟的出现，以及对爱的思念。而春天对我来说却有着完全不同的意义，因为我最后一次拥抱母亲就是在这个季节。I kept writing,telling how the local guerrillas occupied our village and took our home andfood;how my mother planned our escape when she learned all the children were to be sent toschools in another country for the indefinite future;and h
36、ow she could not come with us becausethe guerrillas sent her to dig an irrigation ditch in a distant village.我不停地写着，讲述当地游击队如何占领我们村庄，强占我们的房屋，夺走我们的食物。写母亲在听说所有的孩子都要被送到外国的学校而前途未卜之后，如何安排让我们逃走，而她自己却被游击队强迫到远处的村庄挖水渠而不能与我们同行。I wrote about how one night we were smuggled down the mountain and into the lines of
37、government soldiers,where a sergeant sent us to a refugee camp.It was there that we learned ofour mothers torture and execution.I wrote that I could still hear the cries of my sisters when wewere told my mother was taken into a cellar and shot by the guerrillas for what they calleddisloyalty the esc
38、ape of her children.我描述了在一天夜里我们是怎样被偷偷地送下山，进入到政府军的地界，然后一位中士把我们送进难民营。正是在难民营里，我们听说了母亲遭受的折磨和被处决的消息。我写道，我依然能够听到姐妹们的哭声，那时，有人告诉我们，母亲因为让孩子们逃走而被认为是对游击队的不忠，所以被带到一个地窖枪杀了。But I did write that I felt very lucky to have started a new life,my mothers dream for us.Iended my narrative by saying that,nevertheless,the
39、 coming of spring always reminded me of thegreen and gold day in 1948 when I last saw my mother.但我也写道，开始了新的生活，我感到很幸运，这也是母亲为我们编织的梦。在故事的结尾，我这样写道：不过，春天的来临总让我想起1948年那个大地返青、阳光灿烂的日子，那天，我最后一次见到母亲。I handed in my essay,hoping that was the end of it,but Miss Burd had it published in theschool paper.I was horr
40、or-struck until I saw that my classmates reacted with sympathy andunderstanding.Without telling me,Miss Burd also entered the essay in a national contest,and itwon a medal.我交上了自己的作文，希望这件事到此为止，但伯德小姐却将它发表在了校刊上。我非常惶恐，直到看见同学们同情和理解的反应心里才塌实了下来。后来伯德小姐没让我知道，又报名让此文参加全国作文竞赛，并获得了一枚奖章。For the first time I began
41、 to understand the power of the written word.Meanwhile,I followedthe literary path Miss Burd had set me on.I managed to finance four years of university tuitionwith scholarships and part-time jobs with newspapers.An article I wrote about a friend who diedin the Philippines one of the first volunteer
42、s to lose his life in the Peace Corps-won anational award.The award was given to me in the White House by the President.When the localpaper ran a picture of me clasping hands with the President,my father clipped it,had it sealed inplastic and carried it in his breast pocket.I found it there on the d
43、ay he died 20 years later我第一次开始理解文字的力量。与此同时，我开始按着伯德小姐为我铺设的文学道路前行。我设法用奖学金和在报社兼职赚的钱筹措了大学4 年的学费。我的一篇关于一个在菲律宾捐躯的朋友（他是和平队第一批志愿者中的牺牲者）的文章获得了国家奖，这个奖是总统在白宫为我颁发的。当地报纸刊登了我与总统握手的照片，我父亲把它剪下塑封起来，放在自己胸前的口袋里。20年后父亲去世的那天，我在他的口袋里发现了这张照片。Miss Burd taught for 41 years.Often her students were from troubled homes,yet sh
44、e wouldalternately bully and charm each one until the spark of potential caught fire.She retired in 1981 atthe age of 62.伯德小姐教了 41年书。她的学生大多来自不幸的家庭，但她总会交替使用逼迫和诱导的方法对待每个学生，直到他们的潜能绽放出火花。1981年，她退休了，时年62岁。Marilyn Burd is still an honored and enthusiastic guest at all our family celebrations.At my50th-bir
45、thday picnic last summer,my sisters and I felt a painful void because my father was notthere to lead the line of dancers,the way he did at every celebration during his 92 years.But MissBurd was there,sipping wine and viewing the scene with quiet satisfaction.Her presence was acomfort.玛丽莲伯德至今仍是我们每次家庭
46、聚会上的一位尊贵而热情的客人。去年夏天我50岁生日野餐聚会，我和姐妹们都感到痛苦和空虚，因为我父亲不在了，不能再像他92年生命中每次喜庆场合那样领舞了。但伯德小姐来了，她一边品啜着葡萄酒，一边平静而满意地看着这一切。她的到来是对我们的一种安慰。Life is full of opportunity,and I would have enjoyed its plenty even if I hadnt walked intoMiss Burds classroom.But she was the one who directed my grief and pain into writing.Sh
47、e wasmy salvation,the one that sent me into writing and indirectly caused all the good things that cameafter.生活充满了机遇，即使我未曾走进伯德小姐的教室，我也会享有大量的机会。但是她指导我把悲伤和痛苦写出来。她是我的救星，是她把我引上了写作道路，随之而来的所有好事也是她间接地带给我的。A few years ago,I answered the telephone and heard her telling me that I was to deliver thespeech at h
48、er funeral.I hope,Miss Burd,that youll accept this tribute instead.几年前，我接到她的电话，要我在她的葬礼上讲话。伯德小姐，我希望您还是接受我以此文向您表达的敬意吧。A Long-Lost History Comes to Light Humans in the Amazon 亚马孙河流域的文明-一段被忘却已久的历史重见光明The Amazon rainforest is one of the most significant and largely intact ecosystems left on theearth.It i
49、s often characterized as an essentially untouched natural environment in which manspresence is merely secondary.However,vast reaches of the rainforest have been lived in andshaped by human hands for thousands of years.亚马孙热带雨林是地球上现存最有意义、大部分保存完好的生态系统之一。它基本上是无人涉足的自然环境。在这里，人类的存在退居第二位。然而，大片大片的热带雨林有人类居住并被
50、人类的双手塑造已经有成千上万年了。The Amazon River Basin boasts the largest river system on Earth and harbors an ecosystemthat is tremendously complex.Early travelers from Renaissance Europe were overwhelmed bytheir first encounters.In 1531,Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Incan empire,removing theemperor from his th