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1、Unit 1Love and logic:The story of fallacy爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob.That year every guyon campus had a leather jacket,and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being the only football playerwho didnt,so he made a pact that he*d give me his girl in e
2、xchange for my jacket.He wasnt thebrightest guy.Polly wasnt too shrewd,either.在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹 克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。But she was pretty,well-off,didn*t dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup.She hadthe ri
3、ght background to be the girlfriend of a dogged,brilliant lawyer.If I could show the elite lawfirms I applied to that I had a radiant,well-spoken counterpart by my side,I just might edge pastthe competition.但她漂亮而且富有也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而事智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐
4、优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。“Radiant”she was already.I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make hern well-spoken.“光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。After a banner day out,I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off theexpressway.What I had in mind was a little
5、 eccentric.I thought the venue with a perfect view ofthe luminous city would lighten the mood.We stayed in the car,and I turned down the stereo andtook my foot off the brake pedal.What are we going to talk about?she asked.在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿卷的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情
6、变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。Logic.“逻辑学。”Cool,she said over her gum.1“好 酷 啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。“The doctrine of logic,v I said,uis a staple of clear thinking.Failures in logic distort the truth,andsome of them are well known.First lets look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“逻辑学的原理，我 说 道，“即清晰思
7、考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做，绝对判断，的逻辑谬误。”Great,she agreed.好 啊，”她表示同意。HDicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization.For example:Exercise is good.Therefore,everybody should exercise.小绝对判断，是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比 方 说：运动是有益的，所以每个人都应该运动。She nodded in agreement.她点头表示赞同。I could see she was
8、 stumped.Polly,I explained,its too simple a generalization.If you have,say,heart disease or extreme obesity,exercise is bad,not good.Therefore,you must say exerciseis good for most people.”我看得出她没弄明白。“波 莉，”我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有心脏病或者超级肥胖症什么的，运动就变得有害而不是有益。所以你应该说，运动对大多数人来说是有益的。”“Next is Hasty Generaliza
9、tion.Self-explanatory,right?Listen carefully:You canT speak French.Rob cant speak French.Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.*“接下来是，草率结论，。这似乎不言自明，对 吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说 法 语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。”Really?said Polly,amazed.“Nobody?”“是 吗？”波莉吃惊地说。“没有人吗？”“This is also a fallacy,*I said.The gen
10、eralization is reached too hastily.Too few instancessupport such a conclusion.“这也是一种逻辑谬误，”我 说，“这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。”She seemed to have a good time.I could safely say my plan was underway.I took her home andset a dale for another conversation.2她似乎学得很开心，而我也可以放心地说我的计划正在稳步推进中。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日
11、子。Seated under the oak the next evening I said,Our first fallacy tonight is called AdMisericordiam.*第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡树下，我 说：“今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫，文不对题二 ”She nodded with delight.她高兴地点了点头。“Listen closely/I said.A man applies for a job.When the boss asks him what his qualificationsare,he says he has six childre
12、n to feed.“听 好 了，”我 说，“有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”“Oh,this is awful,awful,she whispered in a choked voice.“哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽着轻声说到。“Yes,its awful,I agreed,nbut it*s no argument.The man never answered the bosss question.Instead he appealed to the bosss sympathy-Ad Misericordiam.n“对，是挺可怕的，”我表示
13、赞同地说，“但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情，这就是，文不对题、”She blinked,still trying hard to keep back her tears.她眨着眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼泪。Next/I said carefully,we will discuss False Analogy.An example,students should be allowed tolook at their textbooks during exams,because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during su
14、rgery.“接下来”，我小心地说，“我们来讨论，错误类比，。举 个 例 子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手术时可以看X光片。”UI like that idea,1 she said.“我喜欢这个主意，”她说。Polly,I groaned,dont derail the discussion.The inference is wrong.Doctors arent taking a testto see how much they have learned,but students are.The situations are altogether different.You
15、can*t make an analogy between them.“波 莉，”我 抱 怨 道，“别 打 岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检查他们学到了 多 少，而学生却是。他们的情况完全不同，你不能将他们作类比。”3I still think its a good idea/said Polly.“我仍然认为这是一个好主意，”波莉说。With five nights of diligent work,I actually made a logician out of Polly.She was an analyticalthinker at last.The time had
16、come for the conversion of our relationship from academic toromantic.经过五个夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑行家，她总算能够分析思考了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。“Polly,“I said when next we sat under our oak,tonight we wont discuss fallacies.“波 莉，”当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，“今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”Oh?she said,a little disappointed.“哦？”她 回 答
17、说，有一点失望。Favoring her with a grin,I said,We have now spent five evenings together.We get along prettywell.We make a pretty good couple.我赞许地对她笑了笑，说：“我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。”“Hasty Generalization,said Polly brightly.Or as a normal person might say,thats a littlepremature,dont you think?*!lau
18、ghed with amusement.Shed learned her lessons well,farsurpassing my expectations.Sweetheart,I said,patting her hand in a tolerant manner,five datesis plenty.After all,you dont have to eat a whole cake to know it*s good.1*“草 率 结 论，”波莉伶俐地说，“或者是按一般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为 吗？，我被逗得笑了起来，她功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的预期。“亲
19、 爱 的，”我开口 说，同时宽容地拍了拍她的手，“五次约会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”。“错 误 类 比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩我 又 笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。“波 莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”“文 不 对 题，”她说。4“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，我 说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你 知 道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没
20、有什么联系。”“绝 对 判 断，”她 说 道，“而 且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”我一下跳了起来，怒 火 中 烧：你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”“我 不 愿 意，”她答道。“为 什么？”我追问道。“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣-罗伯和我重归于好了。”我极力地保持着 平 静，说 道 r你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看 着 我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。32“错 误 类 比，”波莉立即回应。“你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”33我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而
21、尝试奉承她的办法。34“波 莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”35“文 不 对 题，”她说。36“你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，“我 说，心里的希望已经开始动摇。“不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你 知 道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系7“绝 对 判 断，”她 说 道，“而 且，你自己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”38我一下跳了起来，怒 火 中 烧，“你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”39 我 不 愿 意，”她答道。40“为什么？”我追问道。41“我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣罗伯和我重归于好了。”42我极力地保持着平静，说 道：“你怎么会甩了我
22、而选择罗伯？看 看 我，一个聪明过人的学5生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理 由，为什么要选择跟他？”43“喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，“波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽剌，“事情的真相是我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克r再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理 由，为什么要选择跟他？”43“喔，这是什么假设啊！为了让像你这样聪明的人能够明白，我这么说吧，波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽剌，“事情的真相是我喜
23、欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克rUnit 2The confusing pursuit of beauty令人困惑的对美的追求If youre a man,at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。You must be careful how you answer this question.The best technique is to form an honest yetsensitive response,then promptly ex
24、cuse yourself for some kind of emergency.Trust me,this isthe easiest way out.No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.对于如何应对这个问题，你一定得小心。最好的对策就是给一个诚实但又谨慎的回答，然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，这是最简单的方法。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少 次，都不会找到正确答案。The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the sam
25、e way women do.Most men form anopinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives.Some men thinktheyre irresistibly desirable,and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald andtheir faces visibly wrinkle as they age.6其原因是，男性和女性对外表的看法截然不同。大多数男性对自己外表的评价
26、在七年级时就形成了，而且终生不变。有些男性认为自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使随着年龄的增长，他们头发掉光了，脸上布满皱纹，他们仍然拒绝改变这种看法。Most men,I believe,are not arrogant about their looks.If the transient thought passes throughtheir minds at all,they like to think of themselves as average-looking.Being average doesntbother them;average is fine.They dont affix
27、much value to their looks,or think of them in termsof aesthetics.Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves,which is essentially thesame care they give to their lawns.If,at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming,a man has managed to wipe most of the shaving cream out
28、 of the strands of his hair and isntbleeding too badly,he feels he*s done all he can.我相信，大多数男性都不会对自己的相貌感到过分自傲。如果他们偶尔想到自己外表的话，他们愿意认为自己样貌中等。长相普通不会使他们有任何烦恼，因为普通就已经是很好了。男性不是特别注重自己的外貌，也不会从美学的角度去审视自己。他们的打扮方式主要就是刮刮胡子，就像打理自家草坪一样。对于一位男性来说，如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。Women do not look
29、 at themselves this way.If I had to guess what most women think about theirappearance,it would be:Not good enough.No matter how attractive a woman may be,herperception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry.She has trouble thinking Im beautiful,Shemagnifies the smallest imperfections in her b
30、ody and imagines them as glaring flaws the wholeworld will notice and ridicule.女性可不是这样看待自己的。如果非要我猜测大多数女性对自己的相貌是如何评价的话，那肯定是：“还不够好。”一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对自己的看法总是由于受美容业的影响而蕨着一层阴影。要她认为“我很漂亮”是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大，并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient?This chronic
31、insecurity isnt inborn,but createdthrough the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors,beginning with thedolls we give them as children.Girls grow up playing with dolls proportioned so that,if they werehuman,they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds,with tiny thighs and
32、 a large upperbody.This is an absurd standard to live up to,especially when you consider the size of the dollswaist,a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve.Contrast thisabsurd standard with that presented to little boys with their action figures.Most of the toys th
33、atyoung boys have played with were weird-looking,like the one called Buzz-Off that was part7human,part flying insect.This guy was not a looker,but he was still extremely self-confident.Youcould not imagine him saying to the others,Is this accessory the right shade of violet for thisoutfit?为什么女性会把自己的
34、外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生俱来的，而是由许多复杂的心理和社会因素的相互作用造成的，从小时候大人们给她们买洋娃娃时就开始了。女孩成长过程中摆弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例还原为真人大小的话，就 会 是 7 英尺 高，6 1 英磅重，大腿纤细，上身丰满。要达到这样的标准是很荒唐的，尤其是当我们想想那种洋娃娃的腰围尺寸，就知道其相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准相比，小男孩们得到的“动作玩偶”却是完全不同的模样。大多数男孩的玩具都样貌古怪，例如那个叫作“蜜蜂侠”的玩偶，一半像人，一半像会飞的昆虫。这个玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象
35、他会问别人说：“这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？”But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers,which for most women is impossible.Nonetheless,the multibillion-dollar beauty industry,complete with its own aisle in the grocery store,is devoted to constant warfare on femaleself-
36、esteem,convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams,bronzingpowders and appliances that promise to stimulate and restore0 their skin.I once saw an OprahShow in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience.Cindyhad all these middle-aged women
37、apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing*products totheir faces;she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines,like applying productsvia the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity.All the women dutifully did this,even though itwas obvious to any rational observer that,no matte
38、r how carefully they applied these products,they would never have Cindy Crawfords face or complexion.然 而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业，在超市化妆品销售专区的配合下，总是在不停地攻击着女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，以及各种美容器具，才能“激发和恢复”肌肤活力。我曾经番过一期 奥普拉脱口秀，在节目中，超级名模辛迪克劳馥和演播室里的观众分享了自己的化妆秘诀。辛迪要求这
39、些中年妇女在脸上敷上黏土面膜和其他去皱产品；她还强调一定要遵守这些方法，例 如：往脸8上涂抹这些产品时，要用指尖，这样可以保护皮肤的弹性。所有这些妇女都非常忠实地按照辛迪说的做了。可是对任何一个理智的旁观者来说，无论她们如何认真地使用这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。Im not saying that men are superior.Im just saying that youre not going to get a group ofmiddle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instructi
40、on of Brad Pitt in hopes oflooking more like him.Men dont face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty,andtheyre encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem.They mightsay to Brad:Oh yeah?Well,what do you know about lawn care,pretty boy?1我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不
41、可能让一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，期望自己能看起来更像布拉德L 与女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社会所关注的唯一焦点。人们会鼓励男性借助其他特征来提升自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：“是吗？那么帅哥，你对草坪维护又知道多少？”Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure frommen.The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume a
42、nd take nonotice of these extra details.I have never once,in more than 40 years of listening to men talkabout women,heard a man say,MShe had gorgeous fingernails!To most men,little things likefingernails are all homogeneous anyway,and one womans flawless pink polish is exactly asinvisible as another
43、s bare nails.当然女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反应。而事实是，大多数男性认为美丽不仅仅来自于口红和香水，而且他们也不会去注意这些额外的细节。四十多年来，我在听男性谈论女性时，从来没有一次听到过哪位男性这样说：“她的指甲真漂亮 啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样小的东西看起来都一样，无论一个女士的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂得完美无瑕，还是光光的毫无修饰，男性都一概视而不见。By participating in this system of extreme conformity,women are actually opening themselves up
44、to the scrutiny of other women,the only ones qualified to judge their efforts.What is the realbenefit of working this hard to appease men who dont notice when it only exposes women toprosecution from other women?女性参与这种极端的从众行为，实际上是把自己置于其他女性的审视之下，因为只有那些女性才有资格评价她们所付出的努力。但 是，如此费力地去取悦男性而他们却根本不会注意，同时又只是招致
45、其他女性的指责，这样做究竟有什么好处呢？9Anyway,to get back to my original point:If youre a man,and a woman asks you how she looks,you cant say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage.But you alsocant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicelybecause sh
46、ell know youre lying.She has spent countless hours worrying about the differencesbetween her looks and Cindy Crawfords.Also,she suspects that youre not qualified to voice asubjective opinion on anybodys appearance.This may be because you have shaving cream in yourhair and inside the folds of your ea
47、rs.不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士问你她看起来怎么样时，你千万不能说她看起来很糟糕，那样肯定会使她立刻迁怒于你，这也是你咎由自取。但 是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之词，赞美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因为她知道你是在说谎。她已经花费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪克劳馥的一样。而 且，也许因为你的头发和耳廓上粘着剃须膏，她会怀疑你根本没有资格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。Unit3Fred Smith and FedEx:The vision that changed the world弗雷德史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想Every night several hund
48、red planes bearing a purple,white,and orange design touch down atMemphis Airport,in Tennessee.What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations allover the United States earlier in the day.Crews unload the planes cargo of more than half amillion parcels and letters.The rectangular packag
49、es and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled andsorted according to address,then loaded onto other aircraft,and flown to their destinations to bedispersed by hand-many within 24 hours of leaving their senders.This is the culmination of adream of Frederick W.Smith,the founder,president,chief executive off
50、icer,and chairman of theboard of the FedEx Coip.-known originally as Federal Express-the largest and most successfulovernight delivery service in the world.Conceived when he was in college and now in its 28thyear of operation,Smiths exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door packa