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1、2022年天津大学英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）BHTEXT AH/BA paraphrase is a restatement of a text using different words.It isoften used to clarify the mean i ng.You can paraphrase key po i nts fromyour textbook or from y
2、our lecture notes.Rewriting the ideas in yourown words wi I I help you remember them.You wi I I also have to paraphraseon essay exams and in research papers.It is extremely important to remember that whenever you cite someoneelse5 s words or describe someone else s ideas,you must give creditto the o
3、riginal source.If you don t tel I where you got the information,you are plagiarizing.This is a very ser ious offence in Americanuniversities.Always cite your source.Here is an examp Ie:Culture enables us to make sense of our surroundings.n(original)According to Samovar and Porter in Communication Be
4、tween Cultures,culture helps us to understand our envi ronment.(paraphrase)The clause that introduces the source of your citation can be writtenin any number of ways.Just be sure to give the author and the title.When you paraphrase,i ncIude a I I the i nformation in the original excerpt.Leave nothin
5、g out.In addition to using synonyms,you can make a varietyof grammatical changes in the sentence.These suggestions wi I I help youdo the paraphrasing exercises:1.Use synonyms.Examp Ie:Understanding other cultures is a comp I ex matter.B Understand i ng other cu I tures i s a comp I i cated matter./B
6、2.Use different word forms(noun-+verb,adverb-4adjective,etc.).Besure to make the necessary grammatical changes in the sentence.Examp Ie:Culture i s our teacher.B Culture teaches us./B3.Change active to passive,or vice versa.Examp Ie:Culture i s learned.B PeopIe learn about thei r culture./B4.Change
7、negative to affirm ative,or vice versa.Examp Ie:Not one part of our existence i s unaffected by culture.B Every part of our existence is affected by culture./B5.Do not incIude your opinion or additionaI information as part of theparaphrase.6.Do not attempt to change vocabulary in the areas of techno
8、logy(computer,microchip),sc i ence(caIc i um,test tube),government(congress,electoral co I Iege),educat i on(grade-point average,doctorate),fie ld of study(Anthropology,Linguistics)r geography(Europe,mountain),Ianguage(noun,sentence),people(Indians,SouthAmericans),brand names(Macintosh,Honda),or for
9、 everyday words thathave no synonyms(dictionary,vitamins,culture).7.Do not use quotat i on marks.8.Cite your source as comp IeteIy as you can(author+title).9.You do not need to give credit to a source if the information is commonknowledge.That is,if you heard something on the evening news that wasbr
10、oadcast across the country and was in al I the newspapers,you dont have to cite where you heard about th is major event.Which of the fol lowing statements about Samovar and Porter andCommunication Between Cultures is trueA.They are the writers of the book.B.They are the subject matters of the book.C
11、-They write in the book：”Culture helps us to understand ourenvironment.,fD.They paraphrase culture helps us to understand our environment1 1 inthe book.2.B TEXT C(/B)Despite its many useful properties,the use of alcohol has producedsome d iffic u lt personal and soc i a I problems.In fact,a I coho I
12、 i sm is oneof our most troublesome pub I ic health situations.It has been estimatedthat six of every ten adults in the United States use a I coho I ic beverages,and that one of every f ifteen persons who dr ink becomes an alcoholic.What is it that impeIs some individuals to drink excessively to bec
13、omean alcoholicThe term Ma I coho I ism is not easy to define.It is general ly used tocover a whole range of individual and soc i a I problems connected with theuse of a I coho I ic beverages.Peop I e whose drinking causes them to becomeenmeshed in these problems are called alcoholicsM.Modern psychi
14、atric opinion suggests a significant reason for the useand misuse of a I coho I.Man has often used alcohol to help him cope withthe problems and crises growing out of his continuing struggle to adjustto the demands of his envi ronment.Wherever man I i ves he is subject tostresses from his physical a
15、nd soc i a I surroundings.He must adjust tochanges within himseIf-growing upr getting old,the effects of disease.He must adjust to changes in his I iving pattern-to moves from onelocal ity to another,to job changes,to marriage,to the death of lovedones.He must adjust to his soc i a I surroundings,to
16、 other peopIe-hisfamily,friends,business associates,and neighbors.When he findshimself confronted with overwhelming difficulty in adjusting,he may taketo drinking as a way out of his problems.Some scientists have tried to define the Ha I coho I ic personal ity”-todiscover,if possible,what characteri
17、stics are common to alcoholics.This might help to identify peopIe who are I ikeIy to become alcohol ics.So far,no accurate description of a“typical alcoholicn has emerged.The peopIe who are studied are found to have some traits in common-e,g.,emot i onaI immaturity,preoccupation with self,insecur it
18、y,andguilt-but whether these traits existed before they became alcoholicsis not known.Moreover,it is possible for peopIe to have any or al I ofthese traits and still not be a I coho Iics.Some scientists be Iieve thata I coho I i sm may have a physical or biological cause-a defect in the bodychemistr
19、y or some nutritional deficiency.Another theory is that thecraving for a I coho I i s brought on by its effect on the adrenal glands,which regulate the production of chemical energy in the body.Stud i es of dr inki ng and att i tudes toward drinking in var i ous cu I turesi nd i cate that there are
20、s i gn i f i cant soc i a I factors i nvo I ved in al coho I i sm.Some studies suggest that the rate of a I coho I i sm is likely to be low inany group in which customs and attitudes toward drinking are we I Iestab Iished.In summary,no cone I us i ve evidence i s yet avai I able on the causes ofalco
21、holi sm.This is a med i caI-soc i a I problem far too comp Ii cated forsimple answers.No one area of research can be expected to y i e I d comp I etei nformat ion.It wi I I take the comb i ned efforts of phys icalf psycho logical,and soc i a I sc i ent i sts to develop the know I edge necessary to d
22、eaI withthis problem.In their efforts to def i ne the a I coho I ic personal ity,some scientistsA.have identified typical alcoholicsB.have identified preoccupation with self as a cause of alcoholismC.have found that alcoholics have some characteristics in commonD.have produced an accurate descriptio
23、n of a typical alcoholic3.B1JTEXT D/B11 takes about$400 worth of equ i pment to c I imb a tree-arbor i st ropes,helmet,climbing saddle,metal loops cal led carabiners.But when youre 100 feet up or so and your perch is swaying in the wind,you 11 beglad you came prepared.Mr.Teitelbaum is part of a smaI
24、 I but growing community of adults whocal I themselves recreational tree cl imbers.He has even found a businessin it,teaching others through his company,Tree Climbing Colorado.Although data about the participants are difficult to come by,NewTribe,an Oregon company that sells equipment for recreation
25、al treeclimbing,says i t has sold al most 1,500 tree-c I i mb i ng sadd les this year,up 34 percent from 2004.Some ground dwellers might consider these climbers sIightIy lessevo I ved than monkeys(Mr.Teitelbaum s father has ha I f-teas i ng I y askedhis son to change his last name to save the fami I
26、y embarrassment);butMr.Teitelbaum and his col leagues happily spend thei r leisure hoursclimbing,and even sometimes campingt in trees.Using ropes and other cl imbing gear,they sway from branches for hours,talking to the tree,hugging it,gett ing a unique perspect i ve on the wor Id.Everyday worries s
27、eem to disappear,they say.Mr.Teitelbaum does notconsider himself an extreme-sports kind of guy.He just I ikes being inthe trees.For safety and camarader ie,Mr.Teitelbaum prefers climbing withsomeone else,although he can5 t always find a partner.He has never beenstranded,but he carries a cel I phone
28、just in case.His wife does notclimb very much.This time,he had agreed to take along a reporterinterested in finding out how tree climbing feels firsthand.Mr.Teitelbaum looked things over,something I ike a pi Iot looking overa plane.He did a three-point check-the ground,the trunk and thecanopy-lookin
29、g for damaged or exposed roots,fungus,glass,nails,powerlines,hoi lows or missing bark,trunk splits,insects,animals,dead ordying growth,tree lean or anything else that might pose a danger.Wear i ng a c I i mb i ng he I met over h i s gray hair,he repeated I y emphas i zedsafety,saying,We don t want p
30、eopIe killing themselves.1 1 He is agraduate of a recreational tree-climbing certification program run byTree Cl i mb i ng International,an At I anta-based umbrel la organization forrecreational tree cl imbers.In his own$400 course,he trains peopIe overa weekend,ending in a written test and a climbi
31、ng test.Mr.Teitelbaum,s three-point check involves al I of the fol lowing EXCEPTA.the groundB.the trunk of a treeC.the helmetD.the branches and leaves of a tree4.B TEXTOxford University scientists wiI I experiment on hundreds of peopIein a hid to understand how the brain works during states of consc
32、iousnessand to see whether faith eases pain.One aspect of the two-year study wi I I i nvoI ve fol lowers of re I igiousand secular faiths being burnt.This wiI I test whether they can handlemore pain than others.Some volunteers wi I I be shown re I igious symbo I s such as images of theVirgin Mary in
33、 the Bible during the torture.Researchers be I ieve the study may improve understanding of faith-howstrong it is and how easily it can be removed.The team from the newly-formed Center for Science of the Mind alsowant to incIude peopIe with survival techniques.That may help specialforces easily ident
34、ify peopIe with high pain thresholds.Another part of the research uses anesthetic on the participants.Thats to see what painki I lers have on the bra in.It also tests why some peop I eneed higher doses of pain to make them unconscious.Baroness Greenfield,di rector of the center,said 20 years ago sci
35、entists had shied away fromstudying the brain in such a way but that was now changing.We want to find out how it i s working when we are having fee Ii ngsand most importantly of al I when we are conscious,r she said.Al ison Gray,a spokeswoman for the Royal Co I I ege of Psych iatr ists inBritain,sai
36、d:The experience of pain depends on bioIogicaI factors suchas the amount of tissue damage and the release of the natural painki I lersendorphin,in the brain.nPeopIe know that re Iigious be Iievers can tolerate great pain whenthere is a specific purpose.Sc i ent i sts specuI ate that this would opera
37、te via endorphin release.Rei igious practices such as prayer and meditation release endorphins andwould in theory increase the pain threshold.According to the passage,which of the fol lowing statements aboutreligious be Iievers i s trueA.They can not tolerate great pain under every situation.B.They
38、have a stronger will power than those who do not believe in areligion.C.Prayers and meditation increase their pain threshold.D.They need higher doses of pain to lose consciousness.5.B1JTEXT E/BMy aunt wi I I come down very soon,Mr.Nuttel,r said a very calm younglady of f ifteen years of age,meanwhi
39、Ie you must try to bear my company.MFramton NutteI tried to say something which would please the niecenow present,without annoying the aunt that was about to come.He wassupposed to be going through a cure for his nerves;but he doubted whetherthese polite v isits to a number of total strangers would
40、help much.nIknow how it wiI I be,H his sister had said when he was preparing to goaway into the country;you wi 11 lose yourself down there and not speakto a I iving soul,and your nerves wi I I be worse than ever throughIoneliness.I shalI just give you letters of introduction to al I thepeopIe I know
41、 there.Some of them,as far as I can remember,are quitenice.1 1Framton wondered whether Mrs.Sappieton,the lady to whom he wasbringing one of the letters of introduction,was one of the nice ones.HDo you know many of the peopIe around here asked the niece,whenshe thought that they had sat long enough i
42、n siIence.Hardly one,r,said Framton.My siste r was staying here,you know,about four years ago,and she gave me letters of introduction to someof the peopIe here.”He made the last statement in a sad voice.Then you know almost nothing about my aunt7H continued the calm younglady.Only her name and addre
43、ss,H Framton admitted.He was wonder ingwhether Mrs.Sappieton was married;perhaps she had been married and herhusband was dead.U But there was someth i ng of a man i n the room /U.Her great sorrow came ju st three years a g o,said the child.Thatwould be after your siste r s tim e.”Her sorrow asked Fr
44、amton.Somehow,in th is restful country place,sorrows seemed far away.You may wonder why we keep that window wide open on an Octoberafternoon,n said the niece,pointing to a long window that opened I ikea door on to the grass outside.It is quite warm for the time of the year,n said Framton,but hasthat
45、 window got anything to do with your aunt1 s sorrow”Out through that window,exact Iy three years ago,her husband andher two young brothers went o ff for their day s shooting.They nevercame back.In crossing the country to the shooting-ground,they went al Ithere swal lowed in a bog.It had been that te
46、 rrib le wet summer,you know,and places that were safe in other years became suddenly dangerous.Theirbod i es were never found.That was the worst part of it.Here the ch ild s voice lost its calm sound and became almost human.Before his v is it to Mrs.Sapp I eton,Framton showed h i s the curingeffect
47、 of the v is it.A.disbelief inB.doubt aboutC.suspicion ofD.optimism about6.BTEXT A/BA paraphrase is a restatement of a text using different words.It isoften used to c la rify the meaning.You can paraphrase key points fromyour textbook or from your lecture notes.Rewriting the ideas in yourown words w
48、i 1 1 help you remember them.You wi I I also have to paraphraseon essay exams and in research papers.It is extremely important to remember that whenever you cite someoneelse s words or describe someone else s ideas,you must give creditto the original source.If you don t te l I where you got the info
49、rmation,you are plagiarizing.This is a very ser ious offence in Americanuniversities.Always cite your source.Here is an examp Ie:Culture enables us to make sense of our surroundings.M(original)According to Samovar and Porter in Communication Between Cultures,culture helps us to understand our envi r
50、onment.(paraphrase)The clause that introduces the source of your cita tio n can be wr ittenin any number of ways.Just be sure to give the author and the title.When you paraphrase,i ncIude a I I the information in the original excerpt.Leave nothing out.In addition to using synonyms,you can make a var