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1、2022年 GRE考试模拟卷三（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共5 0题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.BSet 6 Biology Cardiac Muse Ie/BWhy does the professor say this:A.To introduce the topic of cardiac muscleB.To find out how much the students already knowC.To tell the stu
2、dents what will be on the next testD.To point out a question that has no clear answer2.BSet 5/BTHE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS1 The domestication of wi Id species led directly to denser humanpopuI at i ons by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer I ifestylecould provide.In societies that possesse
3、d domestic animals,Iivestockhe I ped to feed more peop I e by providing meat,milk,and fert i I izer,andby pulling plows.Large domestic animals became the societies mainsource of animal protein,replacing wiId game,and they alsoUfurnished/U woolv leather,and land transport.Humans havedomesticated only
4、 a few species of large animals,with 1 1 large1 1 def inedas those weighing over 100 pounds(45 kilograms).Fourteen such specieswere domest icated before the twent ieth century,al I of them terrestr ialm am m a I s and herb i vores.The f i ve most important of these are sheep,goats,pigs,horses,and ca
5、ttIe or oxen.2 Smal I animals such as ducks,geese,rabbits,dogs,cats,mink,bees,and siIkworms have a I so been domest icated.Many of these smalI animalsprovided food,cIothing,or warmth.However,none of them pulled plowsor wagons,none carried riders,and none except dogs pul led sleds.Furthermore,no smal
6、I domestic animals have been as important for foodas have large domestic animals.3 Early herding societies quickly domesticated al I large mammalspecies that were suitable for domestication.There is archaeologicalevidence that these species were domesticated between 10r 000 and 4,500years ago,w ithi
7、n the f i rst few thousand years of the origins offarming-herding societies after the last Ice Age.The continent ofEurasia has been the pr imary site of large mammal domest icat ion.Havingthe most species of wiId m am m a Is to begin with,and losing the fewestto extinetion in the last 40,000 years,E
8、urasia has generated the mostcandidates for domestication.4 Domestication involves transforming wiId animals into somethingmore useful to humans.Truly domesticated animals d iffe r in many waysfrom thei r wi Id ancestors.These differences result from two processes:human seIection of individual anima
9、ls that are more useful to humans thanother individuals of the same species,and evolutionary responses ofanimals to the forces of natural seIect i on operating in humanenvi ronments rather than in wiId envi ronments.5 To be domesticated,a wi Id species must possess severalcharacter i sties.UA candid
10、ate for domestication must be prim arilya herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eaterthan it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters/U.Nocarnivorous mamma I has ever been domest i cated for food simply becauseit would be too costly.A candidate must not only weigh
11、an average ofover 100 pounds but a I so grow quick I y.That el imi nates U gor i I las andelephants/U,even though they are herbivores.Moreover,candidatesfor domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity.6 Since a I most any suff i c i ent Iy large mammal species i s capabIe ofkilling
12、 a human,certain qua I ities Ud i squaIi f y/U a wild animalfor domestication.The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty,dangerous,or unpredictable character istics that eIiminate bears,African buffaloes,and some species of wiId horses.The animal cannotbe so nervous that it 11panics/U around
13、 humans.Large herbivorousmamma I spec i es react to danger from predators or humans in di fferent ways.Some species are nervous,fast,and programmed for instant fIight whenthey perceive danger.Others are less nervous,seek protection in herds,and do not run untiI necessary.Most spec i es of deer and a
14、nte I ope areof the former type,while sheep and goats are of the latter.7 AI most al I domest i cated large mamma Is are species whose wi Idancestors share three soc i a I character i stics:Iiving in a herd,maintaining a dominance hierarchy in the herd,and having herds thatoccupy over I app i ng hom
15、e ranges i nstead of mutua I I y exc lusi ve terri tor i es.Humans have taken advantage of these characteristics in keeping domesticanimals together with others of thei r species and in close proximity toother species of domestic animals.Glossary:terrestrial:living on land rather than in waterherbiv
16、ores:animals that feed mainly on plantsThe word disquaIify in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.identifyB.displayC.rejectD.punish3.(BUSet 2/BPOLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY1 Monarchy is a form of government in which authority is held by asingle person,a monarch,whose right to rule i s
17、 generally hereditaryand I ifeIong.At the sta rt of the twentieth century,monarchs ruled overmost of the world,but by the middle of the century,only a handfuIrema i ned.A ser i es of revo I ut i ons i n the preced i ng centur i es had weakenedthe European monarchies,and while monarchs remained symbo
18、 I s of nat i ona Iunity,real power had passed to constitutional assemblies.Monarchysurvived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned asthe symbo I i c head of a par I iamentary state,as in Britain,the LowCountries,and Scandinavia.It lasted longer in the few smal I states ofAsia a
19、nd Afr ica that had never come under di rect colonial rule.By the1960s,autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government.Throughout most of the world,peopIe were considered citizens,notsubjects,and the to ta lity of the peopIe were seen as constituting thestate.2 In most states where mon
20、archical authority was removed,some formof I iberal democracy took its place.A I iberal democracy is a state wherep o litic a l authority rests in the peopIe act i ng through eIectedrepresentatives and where an eIected executive is responsible to the wi I Iof the peopIe as a whole.UThe term/U appIie
21、s to a broad groupof states with a par Iiamentary or representative poIi t i caI tradition.Liberal democracies d iffe r from the communist states known as UpeopIe1s democracies/U,in which the Communist party holds the u11imateauthor i ty.Genera I Iy,IiberaI democracies fol low the par IiamentaryUpat
22、tern/U,with the executive power vested in a cabinetresponsible to the par Iiament and drawn from the m ajority party orcombination of parties.In the United States,an independentIy eIectedexecutive,the president,functions separately from the legislativeauthority,the congress.3 The doctrine that al I
23、of the peopIe had effective authority,orsovereignty,became the basis for the functioning of democratic states.Th i s doctr i ne of popu I ar severe i gnty became al l-in clu si ve as c it i zensh i prights were extended to classes formerly excIuded and to women.TheIiberal democratic state claimed th
24、e right to control every aspect ofhuman I ife according to the wi 1 1 of the people,except where Iim its onstate control were dire ctly stated in a b ill of r i ghts in a democraticconstitution and recognized in practice.4 Al I democratic states,both par I i amentary and pres i dent i a 11 changedin
25、 form during the twentieth century.To meet the needs of an urbanindustrial society,states generally enlarged the ir scope of a c tiv ityto control economic power and to provide common services to the people.The expansion of state a c tiv ity and extension of state services invoIveda new view of legi
26、slation and its role in society.The passing of lawscame to be seen as a way to promote the we I I being of the people.Withth is new concept of legislation,the number of new laws increasedimmensely,part i cu I ar I y in the areas of soc i a I we I fare,education,healthand safety,and economic developm
27、ent.5 The trend toward I iberal democracy continued throughout the century,but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival ofauthor ita r ian rule.In a number of states,democratic governments couldnot cope with the crises of the time.U In these cases,some form ofto ta lita r ian dict
28、atorship emerged,replacing popular sovereignty withthe total power of the state./U In some instances,monarchy gave waydi rectly to dictatorship.In others,dictator ia I regimes took overdemocratically organized states,notab Iy in Eastern Europe in the yearsbetween the two wor Id wars,in new states of
29、 Asia and Afr ica in the 1950s,and sporadically in Central and South America.6 Authoritarian governments showed three principle character i sties.Fi rst,there was a head of state or leader with except ionaI powers,witha party to support him.Second,the legislative body was eIected by asystem that pro
30、hibited parties opposed to the regime,and th i rd,therewas a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to popularcontrol.The most extreme position on these points was taken by H itle r5s to ta lita r ian Nat i onaI Soc i a Ii st State in the 1930s.Glossary:autocratic:character ized by u
31、niimited powerautocrat i c:character i zed by comp I ete obed i ence to author i tyr I ack i ngindividual freedomWhich sentence below best expresses the essential information in thehighIighted sentence in paragraph 5 Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential inform
32、ation.A.Dictatorships were more popular in countries where the majority ofpeople wanted the state to have total power.B.In a totalitarian dictatorship,the government replaced authoritarianrule with popular sovereignty.C.Totalitarian dictatorships took over some democracies with the ideathat the stat
33、e,not the people,held all power.D.Some dictatorships gave the state total authority to rule,while othersmaintained the concept of popular sovereignty.4.READ ING SECT ION DI RECT IONSThe Reading section measures your a b ility to read and understandpassages in English.You wi11 read fiv e passages and
34、 answer questionsabout them.Answer al I questions based on what is stated or im plied inthe passages.Most questions are worth one point.The la st question in each set isworth more than one point.For th is question,the di rect ions w ill i nd i catehow many points you can receive.Some passages have o
35、ne or more words in bold type.For these boldedwords,you wi I I see a d e fin itio n in a glossary at the end o f the passage.AI I ow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions aboutit.You may now begin the f i rs t passage.BlJSet 1/B NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS1 In North America,native g
36、rasslands occur prim ari ly in the GreatP lains in the middle o f the cont i nent.The North American prai r ie biomeis one o f the most extensive grasslands in the world,extending from theedge o f the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous fo re s t in theeast,and from northern Mexico in the s
37、outh to Canada in the north.Averageannual ra in fa lI ranges from about 40 cm(16 inches)in the west to 80cm(31 inches)in the east.Average annual temperatures range between10 degrees and 20 degrees Celsius(50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit).In them oist regions o f the North American grasslands,e spe ciall
38、y in thenorthern Great Plains,ra in fa l I i s d i s t i net I y seasona 11 and temperaturescan vary widely from very hot in summer to b itte r cold in w inter.2 One hundred years ago,the Great P lains grasslands were one vast,unbroken pra i r ie.Much o f the pra i r ie i s now farm I andy the most
39、product i vea g ric u ltu ra l region in the world,dominated by (B)monocuItures/B of cereal grains.Wheat,barley,soybeans,corn,and sunflowers occupythe land that was once prai r ie.In areas given over to grazing lands forcattIe and sheep,vi rtually al I the major nat i ve grasses have beenrep I aced
40、by U a I i en/II spec i es.3 An important feature of the northern Great Plains grasslands is thepresence of m i I I i ons of g I ac i a I depress i ons that are now sma I I ponds knownas prai r ie potholes.They were formed dur ing the most recent Ice Age,when streams fI owed in tunnels beneath glaci
41、ally formed sandy ridges.When the Ice Age ended around 12,000 years ago,the retreating glacierscreated about 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-mi Ielandscape-about 83 pothoIes per square mi Ie.As the ice blocks melted,much of the water was left behind,forming wet I ands ranging in size
42、froma tenth of an acre to several acres.The wet Iands were soon surroundedby fluttering waves of grasses:shortgrass,mixed grass,and tai I grass.4 U Today these sma I I wet I ands still cover the pra i r i es,al thoughmuch of the landscape-including both native grasses and potholes-has been transform
43、ed to cropland and grassland for grazing./U Whatdoes remain of the wetlands,however,still serves as an importantbreeding area for more than 300 bi rd species,including large numbersof migrating shorebi rds and waterfowl.The potholes fill up with waterduring spring rains and usually dry out by late s
44、ummer.Every spring,bi rds arrive in great numbers-northern pintai Is,ma I lards,coots,andp i ed-b i I I ed grebes-4 to 6 million strong,to mate in the seasona Iwetlands that dot portions of Minnesota,Iowa,North and South Dakota,Montana,Alberta,Saskatchewan,and Manitoba.Prairie pothoIe countryproduce
45、s half of North Amer icaJ s 35 to 40 mi I I ion ducks and is renownedworldwide as a n Uduck factory/U.M5 Recent ly biologists have discovered that the prai r ie pothoIe regionis potent ia I Iy a vast carbon sink:a natural sponge that absorbs carbondioxide emissions from carsy factories,and power pla
46、nts.Carbon dioxideis the most common of al I the pol lutants acting as greenhouse gases thatheat up the atmosphere.Fortunately,however,carbon dioxide is capturednaturally and stored in trees,soil,and plants.Scientists have termedUthis/U Mcarbon sequestration.M They have determined thatprai r ie poth
47、oles hold an average of 2.5 tons of carbon per acre per yearwhen not being farmed.This means that if the enti re pothoIe region inthe United States and Canada were to stop being farmed,the region wouldstore about 400 million tons of carbon over 10 years-the equivalent oftaking a I most 4 mi I I ion
48、cars off the road.Thus,preserving the potholescould be a way to Uoffset/U greenhouse gas emissions that arewarming the planet.Glossary:biome:one of the world5 s major natural communities,classified bypredominant vegetationmonoculture:cultivation of large land areas with a single plantvariety THE TRI
49、CKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY1 In the study of mythology,the character known as the trickster isa godr spirit,human,or animal who breaks the ruIes of the gods or nature,somet i mes ma Iiciously but usually with results that are positive.Therule breaking often takes the form of Bmischief/B orBthievery/B
50、.The trickster is usually male but occasionaI Iydisguises himself in femaIe form.He can be cunning or fool ish,or both,and often very humorous.His curiosity leads him into trouble,but herescues himself with his sly wit.UWhen he plays tricks,he performsimportant cultural tasks that benefit humans,and