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1、2022年海南GRE考试模拟卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Most words are lexical words, i.e. nouns signifying things, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only proper nouns have specific and unique referents in the ev
2、eryday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or universals. Anyone who ha
3、s attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as buildings or to concepts
4、like construction.We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of function words or grammatical words, such as only and under which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of s
5、igns other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but in
6、cludes non-existent objects and ideas well.The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; real
7、ity is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in the world . e. g. where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an e
8、xaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to the same thing but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hovel is another persons homeMeanwhile, the s
9、ignified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, reality or the world is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that the real world is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge
10、 the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are abstractions, and there is no direct correspondence between words and things in the world.The author offers all of th
11、e following ideas as proof that there is no direct correspondence between words and things EXCEPT_.ALanguage has other functions than that of reference.BOnce a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence existsbetween it and what it signifies.CMany words refer to objects that do not e
12、xist in the world.DFunction words do not refer to objects.EProper nouns usually refer to unique entities. 2.Feminist criticshave often pondered whether a postmodern language may be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much modernist and some feminist discourse and does not reduce
13、feminism to silences or a purely negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus, political interests, and as a human practice without transcendent justification. The author Dorothy Allison
14、 meets these criteria by focusing on women who have been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and their culpability in her protagonists predicaments, that unlike pure and transcendent heroes, women a
15、re real characters and morally complex. Allison insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own stories, quotidian as they may be, and .while these will never offer the solace of transcendent justification, the constant negotiation between the word and the world avoi
16、ds reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.The passage suggests which of the following about Dorothy Allisons work I. Non-feminist writers have been less successful in producing historically situated narratives.II. Allisons fiction successfully negotiates between essentialist
17、arrogance and a reactionary response.III. Allison is more interested in her female antagonists than male protagonists, as characters.AI onlyBII onlyCI and II onlyDII and III onlyEI, II, and III 3.Most words are lexical words, i.e. nouns signifying things, the majority of which are abstract concepts
18、rather than physical objects in the world; only proper nouns have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is di
19、fferent from all others, effective communication requires general categories or universals. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a langu
20、age exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as buildings or to concepts like construction.We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of function words or grammatical
21、words, such as only and under which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of lingu
22、istic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well.The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely refere
23、ntial function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; reality is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in the world . e. g. where are the boundaries of a cl
24、oud; when does a smile begin. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to the same thing but re
25、flect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hovel is another persons homeMeanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, reality or the world is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not
26、 adopt the radical stance that the real world is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are abstractions
27、, and there is no direct correspondence between words and things in the world.Which of the following best describes the authors statement that an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration (lines 27-28)AAn assumption based on evidence already presentedBA concessio
28、n to the view opposing that of the authorsCA hypothesis concerning a possible problem with the nomenclaturist viewDAn allusion to an argument presented earlier in the passageEAn example of the application of the authors view of language 4.Feminist criticshave often pondered whether a postmodern lang
29、uage may be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much modernist and some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivat
30、ed by values and, thus, political interests, and as a human practice without transcendent justification. The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously reminding the reader, through the wide range o
31、f women that she portrays and their culpability in her protagonists predicaments, that unlike pure and transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own stories, quotidian as they may be, and .
32、while these will never offer the solace of transcendent justification, the constant negotiation between the word and the world avoids reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.The author mentions womens culpability in her protagonists predicamentsmost likely in order to illustra
33、te_.Athe extent to which Allisons characters have been marginalized by totalizingforces and ideasBAllisons gift for rendering the moral complexity of women that allows themto commit both good and evil actsCthe scope and variety of the female characters found in Allisons body of fictionDthe degree to
34、 which Allison embraces the notion of feminist literature as deriving from a tradition of negativity and reactionEthe strength of the political interests Allison expresses through her characters 5.Most words are lexical words, i.e. nouns signifying things, the majority of which are abstract concepts
35、 rather than physical objects in the world; only proper nouns have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is d
36、ifferent from all others, effective communication requires general categories or universals. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a lang
37、uage exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as buildings or to concepts like construction.We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of function words or grammatical
38、 words, such as only and under which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of ling
39、uistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well.The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely refer
40、ential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; reality is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in the world . e. g. where are the boundaries of a c
41、loud; when does a smile begin. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to the same thing but r
42、eflect different evaluations of it. For example, one persons hovel is another persons homeMeanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, reality or the world is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do no
43、t adopt the radical stance that the real world is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are abstraction
44、s, and there is no direct correspondence between words and things in the world.According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the nomenclaturist most likely agree withAThe seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories must be
45、questioned.BThe experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences.CIdeas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them.DLanguage, although capable of developing categories,
46、 can never articulate more than particular instances.EThe meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors. 6.Feminist criticshave often pondered whether a postmodern language may be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much moderni
47、st and some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus, political interests, and as a human practice without tra
48、nscendent justification. The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and their culpability in her protagonists predicaments, that unlike pure and transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning the