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1、2022年GRE考试模拟卷三（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为!80分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名:考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1. （BllSet 6 Biology Cardiac Muse Ie /BWhy does the professor say this:A. To introduce the topic of cardiac muscleB. To find out how much the students already knowC. To tell the stud
2、ents what will be on the next testD. To point out a question that has no clear answer2. BllSet 5/BTHE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS1 The domestication of wi Id species led directly to denser human popuI at i ons by yielding more food than the hunter-gatherer I ifestyle could provide. In societies that po
3、ssessed domestic animals, Iivestock he I ped to feed more peop I e by providing meat, mi Ik, and ferti I izer, and by pulling plows. Large domestic animals became the societies1 main source of animal protein, replacing wiId game, and they also Ufurnished/U woolv leather, and land transport. Humans h
4、ave domesticated only a few species of large animals, with Hlarge defined as those weighing over 100 pounds (45 ki lograms). Fourteen such species were domest icated before the twent ieth century, al I of them terrestr ial mamma I s and herb i vores. The f i ve most important of these are sheep, goa
5、ts, pigs, horses, and cattIe or oxen.2 Smal I animals such as ducks, geese, rabbits, dogs, cats, mink, bees, and siIkworms have also been domesticated. Many of these smalI animals provided food, cIothing, or warmth. However, none of them pul led plows or wagons, none carried riders, and none except
6、dogs pul led sleds. Furthermore, no smalI domestic animals have been as important for food as have large domestic animals.3 Early herding societies quickly domesticated al I large mammal species that were suitable for domestication. There is archaeological evidence that these species were domesticat
7、ed between 10,000 and 4, 500 years ago, within the first few thousand years of the origins of farming-herding societies after the last Ice Age. The continent of Eurasia has been the primary site of large mamma I domestication. Hav i ng the most species of wiId mamma Is to begin with, and losing the
8、fewest to extinetion in the last 40, 000 years, Eurasia has generated the most candidates for domestication.4 Domestication involves transforming wiId animals into something more useful to humans. Truly domesticated animals differ in many ways from thei r wi Id ancestors. These differences result fr
9、om two processes: human seIection of individual animals that are more useful to humans than other individuals of the same species, and evolutionary responses of animals to the forces of natural seIect i on operating in human environments rather than in wild environments.5 To be domesticated, a wi Id
10、 species must possess several characteristics. UA candidate for domestication must be primarily a herbivore because it takes less plant biomass to feed a plant eater than it does to feed a carnivore that consumes plant eaters/U. No carnivorous mammal has ever been domesticated for food simply becaus
11、e it would be too costly. A candidate must not only weigh an average of over 100 pounds but a I so grow quick I y. That e I imi nates U gor i I las and elephants/U, even though they are herbivores. Moreover, candidates for domestication must be able to breed successfully in captivity.6 Since almost
12、any sufficiently large mammal species is capable of killing a human, certa i n qua I ities U d i squaIi fy /U a wild animal for domestication. The animal cannot have a disposition that is nasty, dangerous, or unpredictable - characteristics that eliminate bears, Afr ican buffaloes, and some species
13、of wiId horses. The animal cannot be so nervous that it Upanics/U around humans. Large herbivorous mamma I spec i es react to danger from predators or humans in di fferent ways. Some species are nervous, fast, and programmed for instant fIight when they perceive danger. Others are less nervous, seek
14、 protection in herds, and do not run untiI necessary. Most species of deer and ante I ope are of the former type, while sheep and goats are of the latter.7 AI most al I domest i cated large mamma Is are species whose wi Id ancestors share three soc i a I character i stics: Iiving in a herd, maintain
15、ing a dominance hierarchy in the herd, and having herds that occupy over I app i ng home ranges i nstead of mutua I I y exc lusi ve terri tor i es. Humans have taken advantage of these characteristics in keeping domestic animals together with others of their species and in close proximity to other s
16、pecies of domestic animals.Glossary:terrestrial: Iiving on land rather than in water herbivores: animals that feed mainly on plantsThe word disquaIify in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA. identifyB. displayC. reject D. punish3. BUSet 2/BPOLITICAL SYSTEMS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY1 Monarchy is a
17、form of government in which authority is held by a single person, a monarch, whose right to rule i s generally hereditary and I ifeIong. At the start of the twentieth century, monarchs ruled over most of the world, but by the middle of the century, only a handfuI rema ined. A ser i es of revo I ut i
18、 ons i n the preced i ng centur i es had weakened the European monarchies, and while monarchs remained symbo I s of nat i ona I unity, real power had passed to constitutional assemblies. Monarchy survived as a form in Europe only where the king or queen functioned as the symbo I i c head of a par I
19、iamentary state, as in Britain, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. It lasted longer in the few smal I states of Asia and Africa that had never come under di rect colonial rule. By the 1960s, autocratic monarchy had become an outdated form of government. Throughout most of the world, peopIe were con
20、sidered citizens, not subjects, and the totality of the peopIe were seen as constituting the state.2 In most states where monarchical authority was removed, some form of I iberal democracy took its place. A I iberal democracy is a state where political authority rests in the peopIe acting through eI
21、ected representatives and where an eIected executive is responsible to the wi I I of the peopIe as a whole. UThe term/U applies to a broad group of states with a par Iiamentary or representative poI i t i caI tradition.LiberaI democracies differ from the communist states known as UpeopIe s democraci
22、es/U, in which the Communist party holds the u11imate author ity. Genera Ily, IiberaI democracies fol low the par Iiamentary Upattern/U, with the executi ve power vested in a cabinet responsible to the par Iiament and drawn from the majority party or combination of parties. In the United States, an
23、independentIy eIected executive, the president, functions separately from the legislative authority, the congress.3 The doctrine that al I of the peopIe had effective authority, or sovereignty, became the basis for the functioning of democratic states. Th i s doctr i ne of popu I ar sovere i gnty be
24、came al l-inclusi ve as cit i zensh i p rights were extended to classes formerly excIuded and to women. The Iiberal democratic state claimed the right to control every aspect of human I ife according to the wi I I of the people, except where I imits on state control were di rectly stated in a bill o
25、f r i ghts in a democratic constitution and recognized in practice.4 Al I democratic states, both par I i amentary and pres i dent i a I, changed in form during the twentieth century. To meet the needs of an urban industrial society, states generally enlarged their scope of activity to control econo
26、mic power and to provide common services to the people. The expansion of state activity and extension of state services invoIved a new view of legislation and its role in society. The passing of laws came to be seen as a way to promote the we 11 being of the people. With this new concept of legislat
27、ion, the number of new laws increased immensely, part i cu I ar I y in the areas of soc i a I we I fare, education, health and safety, and economic development.5 The trend toward I iberal democracy continued throughout the century, but at various times there was also a tendency toward a revival of a
28、uthoritarian rule. In a number of states, democratic governments could not cope with the crises of the time. UIn these cases, some form of totalitarian dictatorship emerged, replacing popular sovereignty with the total power of the state. /U In some instances, monarchy gave way di rectly to dictator
29、ship. In others, d i ctator i a I regimes took over democratically organized states, notab Iy in Eastern Europe in the years between the two wor Id wars, in new states of Asia and Afr ica in the 1950s, and sporadically in Central and South America.6 Author itar ian governments showed three principle
30、 character i sties. Fi rst, there was a head of state or leader with exceptional powers, with a party to support him. Second, the legislative body was eIected by a system that prohibited parties opposed to the regime, and third, there was a bureaucratic administration that was in no way subject to p
31、opular control. The most extreme position on these points was taken by Hitler s totalitar ian Nat i onaI Soc i a Ii st State in the 1930s.Glossary:autocratic: character ized by uniimited powerautocrat i c: character ized by comp lete obed i ence to author i ty, I ack i ng individual freedomWhich sen
32、tence below best expresses the essential information in the highIighted sentence in paragraph 5 Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Dictatorships were more popular in countries where the majority of people wanted the state to have total power.
33、B. In a totalitarian dictatorship, the government replaced authoritarian rule with popular sovereignty.C. Totalitarian dictatorships took over some democracies with the idea that the state, not the people, held all power.D. Some dictatorships gave the state total authority to rule, while others main
34、tained the concept of popular sovereignty.4.READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe Reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. You wi11 read five passages and answer questions about them. Answer a 11 questions based on what i s stated or i mpIi ed in the passages.Most qu
35、estions are worth one point. The last question in each set is worth more than one point. For this question, the di rect ions will i nd i cate how many points you can receive.Some passages have one or more words in bold type. For these bolded words, you wi I I see a definition in a glossary at the en
36、d of the passage.AI I ow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You may now begin the first passage.BSet 1(/B)NORTH AMERICAN GRASSLANDS1 In North America, native grasslands occur primarily in the Great Plains in the middle of the continent. The North American prairie biom
37、e is one of the most extensive grasslands in the world, extending from the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the west to the deciduous forest in the east, and from northern Mexico in the south to Canada in the north. Average annual rainfalI ranges from about 40 cm (16 inches) in the west to 80 cm (31 i
38、nches) in the east. Average annual temperatures range between 10 degrees and 20 degrees Celsius (50 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit). In the moist regions of the North American grasslands, especially in the northern Great Plai ns, ra i nfa 11 is d i st i net I y seasona I, and temperatures can vary widely
39、from very hot in summer to bitter cold in winter.2 One hundred years ago, the Great Plains grasslands were one vast, unbroken pra i r ie. Much of the pra i r ie i s now farm I and, the most product i ve agricultural region in the world, dominated by BmonocuItures/B of cereal grains. Wheat, barley, s
40、oybeans, corn, and sunflowers occupy the land that was once prairie. In areas given over to grazing lands for cattIe and sheep, virtually al I the major native grasses have been rep I aced by 11 a I i en /U spec i es.3 An important feature of the northern Great Plains grasslands is the presence of m
41、 i I I i ons of g I ac i a I depress i ons that are now sma I I ponds known as prairie potholes. They were formed during the most recent Ice Age, when streams fI owed in tunnels beneath glacially formed sandy ridges. When the Ice Age ended around 12, 000 years ago, the retreating glaciers created ab
42、out 25 million depressions across a 300,000-square-mi Ie landscape-about 83 potholes per square mi Ie. As the ice blocks melted, much of the water was left behind, forming wetlands ranging in size from a tenth of an acre to several acres. The wet Iands were soon surrounded by flutter ing waves of gr
43、asses: shortgrass, mixed grass, and tai I grass.4 U Today these sma I I wet I ands still cover the prairies, althoughmuch of the landscape- including both native grasses and potholes- has been transformed to cropland and grassland for grazing. /U What does remain of the wetlands, however, still serv
44、es as an important breeding area for more than 300 bird species, including large numbers of migrating shorebi rds and waterfowl. The potholes fill up with water during spring rains and usually dry out by late summer. Every spring, bi rds arrive in great numbers-northern pintai Is, ma I lards, coots,
45、 and p i ed-b i I I ed grebes-4 to 6 million strong, to mate in the seasona I wetlands that dot portions of Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, Montana, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Pra i r ie pothoIe country produces half of North America1 s 35 to 40 mi I I ion ducks and is renowned wo
46、rldwide as a M Uduck factory /U.5 Recent ly biologists have di scovered that the prai r ie pothoIe region i s potent i a I Iy a vast carbon sink: a natural sponge that absorbs carbon dioxide emissions from cars, factories, and power plants. Carbon dioxide is the most common of al I the pol lutants a
47、cting as greenhouse gases that heat up the atmosphere. Fortunately, however, carbon dioxide is captured naturally and stored in trees, soil, and plants. Scientists have termed Uthis/U Mcarbon sequestration. M They have determined that prairie potholes hold an average of 2. 5 tons of carbon per acre
48、per year when not being farmed. This means that if the enti re pothoIe region in the United States and Canada were to stop being farmed, the region would store about 400 million tons of carbon over 10 years-the equivalent of taking almost 4 mi I I ion cars off the road. Thus, preserving the potholes could be a way to Uoffset/U greenhouse gas emissions that are warming the planet.Glossary:biome: one of the world1 s major natural communities, classified by predominant vegetationmonoculture: cultivation of large land areas with a single plant variety THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY1 In the