十大词性讲义-高三英语二轮复习.docx

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1、词性讲解分类I.英语此类分大种:名、动、形、数(量)、代、介、副、连、冠、叹即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词(一)名词的分类名词分为普通名词和专有名词其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词

2、(由若干个体组成的集合体。如family,class,police)。不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它)抽象概念。如work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)专有名词(表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)(二)名词的数(考点)1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。bo

3、okbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为。(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。beachbeaches,brushbrushes,busbuses,boxboxes(es读音为(3)以“辅音字母y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。citycities,familyfamilies,documentarydocumentaries,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries(ies读音为iz)(注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加

4、-s。boys,holidays,days)(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:加es. tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes, heroheroes, negronegroes结尾是两个元音字母的加s,zoozoos,radioradios某些外来词变复数时词尾加s, pianopianos一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,photo(photograph)photos,kilo(kilogram)kiloszero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 es. zeroszeroes(5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。wifewive

5、s leafleaves, halfhalves, knifeknives, thief-thieves(ves读音为vz(注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfsscarves)(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, FrenchmanFrenchmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mousemice(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 Chinese,Japan

6、ese,sheep,deer,fish(8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors另外当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 two men teachers,three women doctors可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 room of students,two

7、boxes of pencils2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。(考点)(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。much money a little bread(2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:twothree+量词复数+of+不可数名词。 a bag of rice two glasses of milk four bottles of water3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。fruit水果fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物

8、foods各种食品;fish鱼fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒a drink一杯一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙sands沙滩; tea茶a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁an orange橘子;glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸a paper试卷、论文;wood木头a wood小森林;room空间、余地a room房间(三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加

9、s。 Mikes watch Womens Day以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加。 teachers office students rooms两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加s。 Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加s。Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构a map of China,the beginning of this game,the door of the

10、 room(3)特殊形式可用s和of短语表示的名词所有格the boys name=the name of the boy (男孩的名字)the dogs legs=the legs of the dog (狗的腿)Chinas population=the population of China (中国的人口)Chinas capital=the capital of China (中国的首都)双重所有格a fiend of my mothers 我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms 汤姆的一张图片二、代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用人称代词 I, you,

11、he, she, it, they, we形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves指示代词 this,that,these,those, such, some疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose, whoever, whichever, whatever关系代词 who,whom,whos

12、e,that,which, as用引导定语从句。不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone, no one,every-thing,something,anything, nothing相互代词 each other,one another(二)代词的用法1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代

13、词、相互代词和指示代词的用法(1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来做动词或介词的宾语等。She gave me a red apple.她给了我一个红苹果(She作主语,me作动词宾语)Kathy is near him. 凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school, his backpack名词性物主代词相当于一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。It isnt my pen. Mine (=my pen) is missing. (作主语)I left my pe

14、n at home. You can use hers(=her pen)(作宾语)of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。a cat of hers她的一条狗 a friend of yours你的一个朋友(3)反身代词反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。A few days later, I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语)She bought herself a new bag. (作动词宾语)Hes not worried about himself. (作介词宾语)带有反身代词的常用短语。teach oneself自学h

15、elp oneself to随便吃些吧say to oneself自言自语.learn.by oneself自学enjoy oneself过得愉快leave one by oneself把某人单独留下hurt oneself伤了自己dress oneself自己穿衣服come to oneself苏醒过来(4)相互代词表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。For years, the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相

16、学习。可以用格表示所有关系:each others one anothers互相的,彼此的They are looking at each others pictures. 他们相互看对方的照片。(5)指示代词指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。These are my friends,and that is my sister. 这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:Steve had a bad cold. ThisThat

17、was why he didnt come to school yesterday2.不定代词的用法(考点,难点)(1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法each每个各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。Two girls came and l gave an apple to each. 来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。Each of them has a nice ring. 她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。every每个各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。Every day is important to us.

18、 每天对我们都很重要。He has read every book(all the books) on the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。Her parents are both doctors. 她父母都是医生。Both of them are doctors. 他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes. 他俩喜欢吃土豆。all“全体大家一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。Thats all for today.今天到此为止。All of us are from China. 我们都来自中国。All the food

19、 is delicious. 所有的食物都很好吃。either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。The two coats are cheap, so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。Neither of the books isare so interesting. 那两本书没一本好看的。no(=not anynot a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。I have no brothers or sisters. 我没有兄弟姐妹.A clock has no mouth,

20、but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。There is no fire without some smoke. 有火就有烟。none“没有一个人物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名司。None of them hashave been to Japan. 他们都没去过日本。I like none of the books. 这些书我全都不喜欢。neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。I dont know all of you. 我不完全认识你们。Not everyone of us kn

21、ow how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。(2)one, ones和no one的用法one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。-Would you please pass me the science book? 给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?-Which one? 哪一本?-The one on my shelf. 我书架上的那本。No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。(3)(a)few,(a)little;ma

22、ny,much;some,any的用法(考点,难点)many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。Many of the students come from England. 那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks, its too much for me. 谢谢,我承受不起。few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多很少”(表否定)。There were few people in the street last night. 昨晚街上没什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finish t

23、he job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。I call see a few cakes and a little bread in the fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多”There are quite a few students over there. 那儿有相当多的学生。some(+复数名词不可数名词),any(+复数名词不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。There are some birds in the tree.

24、树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle. 瓶里有些水。I dont have any brothers of sisters. 我没有Is there any tea in the cup? 杯子里有茶吗?some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。Would you like some beer? 你要不要来点啤酒吗?Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought.) 你怎么没买点糖果?any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句There isnt any wate

25、r left.没有剩下一点水。If you have any questions, put up your hands, please. 如果有问题,请举手。some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。Ill catch up with you some day 有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like. 你哪天来都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。one ,other, others, the others ,another等的

26、用法 1. onethe other表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个” Mr. Smith has two daughters. 0ne is a teacher, the other is a nurse.2. one another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另一个”。 I dont want this one, please give me another.3.one the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。 In our school one of the teachers is American, the others are Chinese.4.some t

27、he others表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.others=other+名词;the othersthe other+名词。Some students like traveling, others(other students) like watching TV at homeanother表示“再又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。He will be able to finish his work in another two hour

28、s. 再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。(4)复合不定代词的用法复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。Someone is knocking at the door. 有人在敲门修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。There is something important on todays newspaper. 今天的报纸有些重要新闻。复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:Something is wrong.(变为否定句)Something isnt wrong.(错误)Nothing is wrong.(正确)Somebody,someone,something一般用于

29、肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。There is something new in the park. 公园里有些新的景点。Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。Is someone coming this afternoon? 今天下午有客人来吗?Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。3.疑

30、问代词的用法。(1)whowhom 谁(指人).作主语 Who wants to go with him?作宾语 WhoWhom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)WhoWhom do you want to meet?(作动词meet的宾语)作表语 WhoWhom are they?(2)whose谁的作定语 Whose pen is this?作表语 Whose is this pen?(3)which哪一个,哪一些作定语 Which girl is Kathy?作表语 Which is the boys ball?(4)what什么作主语 Whats on t

31、he table?作宾语 What are you doing?作表语 What is he?作定语 What class are you in?4.关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另方面又在从句中充当一个成分。This is the man who gave me the book. 这就是给我书的那个人。The money thatwhich is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。

32、三、形容词(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用四、副词(adv.) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子。(一)形容词的用法及位置1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。She has short hair.(作定语)Paul is tall.(作表语)We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。She has something important to tell us.Theres nothing wrong in the sentence.(二)副词的种类、用法及位

33、置1.副词的种类(1)时间副词表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,just now,recently表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes, seldom,never其它作用:already,yet,early,soon,at once,immediately,at first, at last(2)地点副词表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介

34、词):above,below,round,around,down,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near, off, past(3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly(4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)littl

35、e,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite, rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly(5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why(6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why(7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why(8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。2.副词的用法及位置(

36、1)修饰动词作状语多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。The farmers are working hard in the field.She speaks English well.The nurse looks after the babies carefully.频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。He always goes to school on foot.She was often late for school.I have never been to Beijing(2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。He has a very nice watch.T

37、he box is too heavy.(3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。She paints quite well.You speak too fast. I cant understand you.(4)作表语,放在系动词后。Is anybody in?(5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。I saw him out just now.(6)作定语,放在名词之后。There is a man, here on vacation.(7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。Finally,I finished

38、the work.Perhaps hes watching TV at home.(8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。He is old enough to go to school.(三)形容词和副词的比较等级1.比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er或estGreatgreatergreatest, youngyoungeryoungest,slowslowerslowest以e结尾的只加r或stnicenicernicest,largelargerlargest.以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或estHeavyh

39、eavierheaviest, easyeasiereasiest, busybusierbusiest, funnyfunnierfunniest, earlyearlierearliest以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est bigbiggerbiggest, thinthinnerthinnest,fatfatterfattest,fitfitterfittest(2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级carefulmore carefulmost carefulusefulmore usefulmost usefulpo

40、pularmore popularmost popularcarelesslymore carelesslymost carelessly(3)不规则变化的词(见课本)goodwellbetterbestbadillbadlyworseworstmanymuchmoremostlittlelessleastoldolderelderoldest(指年龄大小)eldest(指长幼顺序)farfartherfurtherfarthest(指距离)furthest(指程度)2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法(1)形容词和副词比较级的用法用于两者比较,表示“比更”:“A+系动词+形容词比较级+tha

41、n+B,I am two years older than my little sister.“A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+:She gets to school earlier than the other students.用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“和一样”:“A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,Bill is as funny as his father.“A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.表示甲在某方面不如乙:“A+系动词+not asso+形容词原级+as+B”These books are

42、nt as interesting as those.“A+助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词+asso+B”She didnt sing so well that night as she usually does.表示某个范围内的两者相比:“A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)”Penny is the taller of the two girls. Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。表示“越来越”:“比较级+and+比较级”In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长。表示“越越”:“the+比较

43、级the+比较级”The more you practice using English,the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。Tom is a little taller than Mike. Tom比Mike稍高一点;it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比昨天更冷在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。The weather here is mu

44、ch hotter than that of our hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。(3)形容词和副词最高级的用法对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带ofin短语来说明比较范围:“主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语in短语”She is the youngest of all.“A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语in短语”Linda draws most carefully in her class.五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义冠词分为不定冠词aan和定冠词the,放在名词前、aan用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。1.不定冠词(1)不定冠词的用法泛指一类人或物。This is a pencil case.Shes a doctor.指不具体的某个人或物。I met an old man on my way home.用在序数词前,相当于another。Theres a thi

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