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1、高考英语:定语从句学习要点大汇总一、定语从句的概念和特点1.定语从句在复合句中起定语作用,修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词在先行词与定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词代表着先行词并在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。如:A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller, 开店售书的人叫做书商。(who sells books为定语从句,修饰先行词a man)The discussion was on the election which had taken plac
2、e the day before.讨论的内容全是有关前一天选举的事。(which had taken place the day before为定语从句,修饰先行词the election)2. 关系代词和关系副词的用法根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who,whom,which,that,whose等.在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等,关系副词主要有when,where,why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:(1)关系代词的用法:当先行词指人时,若它在从句中作主语,则用who; 若它在从句作宾语,则用whom或who; 若它在从句中作定语,则用
3、whose。如:The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it 你拿了那个女人的伞,她非常生气当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用which;若它在定语从句中作定语用,则用of which或whose。saw something in the paper which might interest you.我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西.(2)关系副词的用法:关系副词主要有wh
4、en,where,why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day; years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后; Where主要放在place, city, town,village, house等地点名词后;why则通常只放在reason后。如:Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the aftermost.星期三下午商店不开门。Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。要特别
5、注意,activity case,point, even, situation, job,organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新热点)。如:L dont want a job where lm chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天, 我们将讨论些英语初学者对英语使用不当的
6、问题。The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治疗将会持持续到病入可以正常且安全地行走。if you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it 你如果掌重要的东西冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。二、定语从句在什么情况下省略关系词(关系代词和关系副词)关系词有时可以省略
7、,但这只限于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,关系词则不可省略。关系词的省略主要限于以下几个方面。如:1.关系代词作宾语时的省略。当关系代词who,whom,which和hat在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时,可以省略。如:Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?2.关系代词作表语时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时,可以省略。如:China is not the cou
8、ntry (that) it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)3.关系代词作宾补时的省略。当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时,可以省略。如:Im not the madman (that) you thought me.我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)4.关系代词作主语时的省略。一般说来,关系代词作主语时是不能省略的,但是在以下两种特殊情况,也可省略:(1)当定语从句为there be 结构时,作主语的that可以省略。如:Ive told you all (that) there is to tell 该告诉的我都告诉你了。(2)当主句为ther
9、e be结构时,在定语从句中作主语的that,which,who有时可省略。如:Theres a gentleman (who) wants to see you.有一位先生要见您。(3)当主句为it is,here is结构时,在定语从句中作主语的that有时可省略。如:Heres a tittle book (that) will tell you how to raise roses.这是一本关于瑰花栽培的小册子。5.关系副词when的省略。用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于day,year,time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:Th
10、at was the year (that) I first went abroad.就是那一年我第一次出国了Ill never forget the day (that) we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天6.关系副词where的省略。用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略,但有一种特殊情况,即用于place,somewhere,anywhere;everywhere,nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如:This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方Have you somewhe
11、re (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时?7. 关系副词why的省略。关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句,且通常可换成hat或for which,均可省略。如:Thats the reason (why, for which, that) he came.这就是他来的原因。三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的理解与用法根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度,定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。从形式上看,限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿,而非限定性定语从句与主句之
12、间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿,从功能上看,限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清,而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。如:People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter,who is n Boston now,is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波顿,下星期回来。若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)另外,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句所修饰的先行词
13、通常也有所不同:限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子。另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。如:Peter drove too fast which was dangerous.彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr Smith,who is our boss,will leave
14、 for Japan next week我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语句修饰)Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望地出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)四、that用作先行词时后接定语从句的用法(that which型)当代词 that 用作先行词后接定语从句时,定语从句通常用关系代词which来引导。如:We have that which we need.我们需要的东西都有了。That which I sa
15、y and do is my own affair.我说什么做什么是我自己的事。The true cost often differs from that which had first been projected.实际成本经常与最初计划的有所不同。What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup?你刚才塞在塑料杯里的是什么东西?They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。但that which 这一说法相当正式,在现代英语中通常改用 what。如:That which (=What) many people say is not always true.很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。顺便说一句,that 后可接定语从句,但 this 后习惯上不接定语从句。学科网(北京)股份有限公司