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1、初中英语语法知识精讲:常考动词用法归纳(5)pay的用法与搭配1.用作动词,表示付钱给(某人),其宾语通常是人或钱,或以这两者为双宾语。如:I paid him.我给他付了钱。I paid 100 dollars.我付了100美元。I paid him 100 dollars.=I paid 100 dollars to him.我给他付了100美元。注意,bill(账),debt(债),fine(罚款),rent(租金),tax(税),wage(工资),school fees(学费)等也属于钱的范畴,所以也用pay。如:Have you paid the electricity bill y
2、et?你付电费了吗?2.表示“因而付钱”,一般后接介词for。如:How much did you pay for your new car?你花多少钱买的新车?We pay 200 dollars a week to our landlord.我们每个星期付给房东200美元。pay for有时可引申指为某种过失而付出代价。如:John paid dearly for his mistake.约翰为自己的错误付出了很大的代价。3.表示付钱叫某人做某事,可用于pay sb(some money)to do sth。如:Ill pay you$10 to clean the car.我将给你10美
3、元来清洗我的车。4.有时用作不及物动词,表示“有利可图”“有好处”“有利益”等。如:The shop closed because it didnt pay.该店因不赚钱而关闭。Crime doesnt pay.犯罪是得不偿失的。5.用于以下习语:(1)pay back偿还(借款);报复Have you paid(me)back the money you owe me yet?你向我借的钱还(给我)了吗?He paid me back by not coming.他以不来向我报复。(2)pay off还清(债务等);获得成功。如:He expects to pay all his debts
4、 off shortly.他预计不久就能还清全部欠债。His hard work paid off when he got the promotion.他得到了提升,他努力工作没有白费。vary搭配说明1.注意它与不同介词的搭配。如 :It varies from the original.它与原作不同。Stars vary in brightness. 星星的光亮度不同。Opinions vary on this point. 对这一点看法各异。Prices vary with the seasons.物价随季节而变动。The temperature varied throughout th
5、e day. 气温一整天都在变化着。Courses vary according to the needs of the students.课程根据学生的需要而有所不同。2.尤其要注意 vary fromto这类表达。如:The weather varies from day to day. 天气一天天变化。Levels of unemployment vary from region to region. 失业情形各地不同。The charge varies from 5 yuan to 10 yuan.费用从5元到10元不等。Office hours vary from company t
6、o company and country to country因公司、国家不同,办公时间也有所不同。observe后接动词作宾补用什么形式表示“注意到”,通常是指无意中注意到,其后可接带不定式(不带to)或现在分词的复合结构。如:Everyone observed him leaveleavingthe room.大家都注意到了他离开屋子。I observed her enterenteringthe bank at 9:30.我注意到她9点半进了银行。以上结构用现在分词或不带to的不定式的区别为:用现在分词可指动作正在进行(未完成)或动词作的全过程(已完成),而用不带to的不定式通常只指动
7、作的全过程(即动词已完成)。但是,若observe为被动语态,则其后的不定式要带to。如:She was observed to enter the bank at 9:30.用于以上词义时,还可后接从句。如:I observed that several students were asleep.我注意到有几个学生睡着了。manage与非谓语动词和情态动词的搭配1.表示能够做某事或成功地做某事,其后可接不定式,但不接动名词。如:I managed to put the fire out.我终于把火扑灭了。They managed to get what they wanted.他们设法得到了
8、他们要的东西。有时用作反语,意为“竟做了某事”。如:He managed to break at least six windows.他竟至少打破了6扇窗户。2.表示能对付、能做到、拿得动、吃得下等义,通常与情态动词can, could连用。如:Its heavy, but I can manage(to carry it).它很重,不过我可以拿得动。We have very little, but we can manage.我们没什么钱,但我们可以维持。Yes, dear, Ill manage somehow.是的,亲爱的,我会有办法的。A:I cant manage tomorrow
9、evening.明天晚上我做不到。B:Why not?为什么做不到?make的语法与搭配(要点归纳)1.用作使役动词,表示“使”,后接不定式的复合结构作室语时,不定式不能带to;但是,若make为被动语态,则不定式必须带to。如:Though he had often made his little sister cry today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然他曾经常把他小妹妹弄哭,但今天他被他小妹妹弄哭了。注意,若make不表示“使”,而表示其他意思则情况不同,比如下面两句,make后的不定式不是宾语补足语,而是目的状语:We mak
10、e candles to give light. 我们做蜡烛照明。He made a box to put his money in. 他做了个盒子来装钱。2.其后除可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语外,还可以接以下成分:(1)接过去分词作宾语补足语。如:He tried to make his ideas known,他设法让别人知道他的想法。She had to shout to make herself heard.她必须大声喊才能让人听见她说话。注意,其后通常不接现在分词作宾语补足语。如:他让司机在外面等他。误: He made the driver waiting for him ou
11、tside.正: He had the driver waiting for him outside.(2)接形容词作宾语补足语。如:Have I made myself clear? 我的意思说清楚了吗?Well do our best to make you happy. 我们会尽一切努力使你幸福。(3)接介词短语作宾语补足语。如:Sit down and make yoursel fat home.请坐,不要拘束。3.有时可用作连系动词,表示“成为”“变成”等。如:She would have made an excellent teacher她本可以成为杰出的教师。That will
12、make a good ending to the book,那就成了这本书很好的结尾。4.以下各表达中的 make 在译成中文较灵活,需注意:make tea(泡茶),make money(赚钱),make the train(赶上火车) , make the party(参加聚会),make 20 miles in an hour(一小时走20英里),等。5.用于“be made+介词”:(1) 比较 be made of 与be made from:两者均表示“由制成”,但前者通常表示在制成品中还看得出原材料,而后者则通常表示在制成品中看不出原材料。如:The chair is made
13、 of wood.这椅子是用木头做的。let用法三注意注意一:用作使役动词,表示“让”,其后接不定式的复合结构时,不定式不带to。如:Let me have a try. 我来试一试。Let me pay for myself.让我自己来付我的那份钱。If you want help. let me know.will you?如果你需要帮助,告诉我,好吗?注意二:用作宾语补足语的动词与副词连用时,若意思明确,往往省略动词而只保留副词。如:Let him (come)in.让他进来。Let her (pass)by.让她过去。注意三:let很少用于被动语态。在被动语态中可改用 allow或其他
14、表达。如:After questioning he was allowed to go home.经过问讯后,他得到允许,可以回家。leave的三个意思与三类搭配1.表示“离开”,注意以下用法:(1)表示离开某地,leave为及物动词,后面可直接跟表示地点的名词,不要按汉语习惯在其后用from或off。如:他离开这个国家已经两年了。误:It is two years since he left from the country: It is two years since he left the country另外,汉语说“离开”,英语用leave就行了,不要将其直译为leave away。(
15、2)表示离开去某地,其后一般接介词for(通常不用to),表示方向。如:They are leaving for Paris.他们要去巴黎了。The plane leaves Heath row for Orly at 12.35.飞机于12点35分离开希思罗机场飞往奥利。2.表示“留下”,注意带双宾语的用法:(1)表示给某人留下某物,此时若双宾语交换位置,用介词 for引出间接宾语。如:The left me no food.=They left no food for me. 他们没有给我留下食物。Someone left you this note.=Someone left this
16、note for you.有人给你留下了这张条子。(2)表示某人死后留下某物,此时若双宾语交换位置,用介词to引出间接宾语。如:My aunt left me a large fortune.=My aunt left a large fortune to me.我姑妈死后给我留下一大笔财产。3.表示“交给”“留给”“让(处于某种状态)”等,注意以下句型:(1)用于 leave sth to withsb,意为“把某物交给(委托给)某人”。如:Youd better leave the matter to with me.你最好把这事交给我办。Ill leave everything to w
17、ith you then.那么我就把一切都交给你了。(2) 用于 leave sb to do sth, 意为“让某人去做某事”。如:He left me to wash the clothes.他让我去洗衣服。She left me to take care of her baby. 她托我照看她的婴儿。(3)用于 leave sb doing sth,意为“让某人做某事(处于做某事的状态中)”。如:His letter left me feeling pretty bad.他的信让我感到很难受。They walked off and left me sitting there all by myself. 他们走开了,让我孤零零一个人坐在那儿。学科网(北京)股份有限公司