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1、New English Words and Expressions:graffito grfi:tu n 涂鸦，乱画graffiti gr fit n(graffito 的复数形式)graffiti-resistant adj 抗涂鸦的vandal vndl n 故意破坏公共财产者property prpti n 特征,特质第1页/共79页be dedicated to 专门用于carry out 执行,贯彻showaround带领某人参观vandalise vndlaiz vt摧残,破坏deface difeis vt 破坏外观,丑化maintenance staff meintinns n
2、 维修人员,维护人员第2页/共79页New English Words and Expressions:automate:tmeit vt 使自动化 output autput n 产量 demand dim:nd n 需求assembly line sembli 生产线,流水线work at full capacity 满负荷工作,以全部力量工作buyers market 买方市场exceed iksi:d vt 超出第3页/共79页loading bay 装卸平台inventory invntri 货物清单stock n 库存,存货defect difekt n 缺点,缺陷eliminat
3、e ilimineit vt 消除,根除 adopt dpt vt 采用,采纳,收养key features 主要特征,特色principle prinspl n 原则,原理 Bolivia blivi n 玻利维亚第4页/共79页departure time 出发时间,起飞时间closed circuit TV s:kit 闭路电视 factory floor 工厂车间financial return 财政收益handmade adj 手工制作的foreign exchange department 国外汇兑部frustrated frstreitid adj 失意的,沮丧的local co
4、uncil 市政委员会 第5页/共79页anti-virus program 反病毒软件bacterium bktirim n 病菌,细菌bacteria bktiri n(bacterium的复数形式)barcode n 条码brainstorm brein.st:m v 头脑风暴,集思广益catastrophe ktstrfi n 大灾难,大灾祸ceramics sirmiks n 陶器compatible kmptbl adj 一致的,兼容的第6页/共79页 plug plg n 插头,插销in-flight service 机上服务optical cell 光学器皿scenario s
5、in:riu n 剧本,情节梗概spray sprei v 喷雾,喷射storage cost 保管费用voicemail n 语音信箱第7页/共79页waiting time 等待时间,停工时间pager peid n 传呼机scanner skn n 扫描仪petrol petrl n 汽油tank tk n 油箱,坦克shipping company 轮船公司lid lid n 盖子testimonial.testimunil n 证明书,推荐书 第8页/共79页Graffiti a problem?Just wash it!It has been described as art by
6、 some people,but to others its an ugly and depressing aspect of modern life.What is it?Graffiti,of course.Look around your city today and you can see graffiti on buildings,walls,doors and even on buses or trains that have stayed in one place for too long.But where modern techology creates a problem,
7、it also finds a solution.Last week,Weekend West was shown around the factory of a small but highly innovative and successful company,Hubdean.第9页/共79页Hubdeans achievement is a series of special paints which are graffiti-resistant.How do they work?It couldnt be simpler.Take any graffiti-covered surfac
8、e.First,a treatment called Agproclear is applied.Thus,using a very hot pressure jet,this treatment is removed and the graffiti disappears at the same time.Now you have a clean wall.But before this clean wall can be painted on by vandals,a new product,Agproshield,is applied.Firstly,spray paint wont s
9、tick to the surface very well,and secondly,the whole surface can be cleaned very easily,just using water.Once the surface is painted,no specialist equipment is needed to keep the area clean and graffiti-free.第10页/共79页Not surprisingly,Hubdeans products are used by both local councils and private camp
10、anies all over the UK,and now orders are being received from around the world.This presents the company with a problem,however.Can they increase production to satisfy the extra demand?Options include building a second factory,dedicated to the most popular products,or licensing a major international
11、company to manufacture their products.The future is looking good for Hubdean!第11页/共79页被动语态复习第12页/共79页一、被动语态的定义：一、被动语态的定义：语态是动词的一种形式，用以表语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。示主语和谓语之间的关系。当主语是谓语动作的执行者，则为主动语态；I often repair the car.当主语是谓语动作的承受者，则为被动语态。The car is often repaired(by me).第13页/共79页 被动语态结构 被动语态由助动词be+过去分
12、词构成，时态通过be表现出来。be+done第14页/共79页1.They make shoes in that factory.三、主动语态变被动语态三、主动语态变被动语态Shoes are made (by them)in that factory.一般现在时的被动语态构成一般现在时的被动语态构成：S(主语）主语）+am/is/are +过去分词过去分词第15页/共79页2.They bought ten computers last term Ten computers were bought (by them)last term.一般过去时：一般过去时：S+was/were+过去分词过
13、去分词第16页/共79页3Ling Feng can take good care of Polly Polly can be taken good care of by Ling Feng .情态动词：情态动词：S+can/may/must/should+be+过去过去分词分词第17页/共79页4.They will finish the work in ten days.The work will be finished(by them)in ten days.一般将来时：一般将来时：S+will+be+过去分词过去分词第18页/共79页5.Some workers are paintin
14、g the rooms nowThe rooms are being painted by some workers now.现在进行时：现在进行时：S+am/is/are+being+过去分词过去分词第19页/共79页7I was doing my homework at 8:00 last night My homework was being done(by me)at 8:00 last night.过去进行时：过去进行时：S+was/were+being+过去分词过去分词第20页/共79页6We have made twenty more keysTwenty more keys h
15、ave been made by us.现在完成时：现在完成时：S+have/has+been+过去分词过去分词第21页/共79页 二、各种时态的被动语态构成二、各种时态的被动语态构成 1）一般现在时：一般现在时：You are required to do this.2）一般过去时：一般过去时：The story was told by her.3）一般将来时：一般将来时：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.第22页/共79页4）现在进行时：）现在进行时：The question is being discussed in the meeting r
16、oom.5）过去进行时：）过去进行时：The new road was being made.6）现在完成时：）现在完成时：The novel has been read.7)情态动词：情态动词：The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.第23页/共79页 四、何时使用被动语态呢？四、何时使用被动语态呢？一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无一、行为主体不明确，不必说出或者无法说出动作的执行者时。例如：法说出动作的执行者时。例如：Football is played all over the world 二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作
17、二、不易找到或根本就不可能找到动作的执行者时。例如：的执行者时。例如：My bike was stolen我的自行车被盗我的自行车被盗了。了。第24页/共79页三、汉语中含有“据说”、“据悉”、“有人说”、“大家说”等时。例如：It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house and It was reported that her mother died of SARS.众所周知 It is well known that 据推测说 It is supposed that 第25页/共79页It is hoped that 人们
18、希望。It is hoped that more and more people will be better off.这个村子越来越多的人有望过上更好的日子It is believed that人们认为。It is believed that our team will win the match.人们相信我们队会赢得这场比赛的胜利。第26页/共79页众所周知 It is well known that It is well known that light travels in straight lines.人们认为月球上没有生命。据推测说 It is supposed that It i
19、s supposed that there is no life on the moon.人们认为月球上没有生命。第27页/共79页四、汉语中含有“被”、“由”等词时。例如：Wei Hua is asked to come by Lin Tao魏华是被林涛叫来的。第28页/共79页五、某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：He was born in October，1989 六、表示礼貌时。例如：You are friendly invited to come to our English party at 8:00 pmtomorrow敬请您明天晚上8：00光临我们的英语晚会。第29页/共79页
20、 五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语五、在什么情况下不能使用被动语态呢？态呢？1.表示状态的动词，如have，cost，fit，last，own,become等往往不能用于被动语态。例如：【正】The shirt fits him very well【误】He is fitted very well by the shirt 第30页/共79页2.祈使句一般没有被动语态。例如：【正】Look at the blackboard，please【误】The blackboard is looked at by you 第31页/共79页3.某些及物动词的宾语表示处所、地点、组织时不能用于被动语态。例如
21、：【正】He joined the League in 1998【误】The League was joined by him in 1998 第32页/共79页4.由“动词名词”构成的英语习语（如make faces，make friends，take place等）一般不可改为被动语态。例如：【正】The boy make faces in class【误】Faces are made by the boy in class Great changes have taken place in Jinan since last year.第33页/共79页5.反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被
22、动语态。例如：【正】You must look after yourself【误】Yourself must be looked after 第34页/共79页Take place,happen,belong toThe accident happened yesterday afternoon.The event took place in 1990.The book belongs to me.第35页/共79页Practice第36页/共79页先将主动句改为被动句，再把被先将主动句改为被动句，再把被动句变为一般疑问句与否定句动句变为一般疑问句与否定句 1People grow wheat
23、 in North China 2They bought ten computers last term 第37页/共79页3Some workers are painting the classrooms now 4We have made twenty more beds 5Ling Feng can take good care of Polly.6I was doing my homework at 8：00 last night 第38页/共79页一、如主动句含间宾和直宾双宾语；或含省略to的不定式作宾补，变被动时有何变化呢？Uncle Li lent us the boat las
24、t week（变被动）We were lent the boat by Uncle Li last week The boat was lent to us by Uncle Li last week（加上了to，有的也加for）第39页/共79页Mum made me a new dress.I was made a new dress by Mum.A new dress was made for me by my mother.第40页/共79页 间宾（人）作被动句的主语，一切依旧；而直宾（物）作主语，则须在间宾前添加to或for。加to的动词多为give，send，bring，teac
25、h，show，pass，write，ask，tell等；加for的动词有make，draw，buy等。第41页/共79页二、My parents made me water all these young trees（变被动）I was made to water all these young trees by my parents（加上了to）第42页/共79页这种主动句中用省to的不定式作宾补，变被动时定要加上to。这种谓语动词有feel，hear，listen to，let，make，have，see，notice，look at，watch（即常言道“一感二听三让四看见”）。第43页
26、/共79页Exercises第44页/共79页1.People use knives for cutting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month.are usedarecleaned(变被动语态）变被动语态）第45页/共79页3.I found the ticket on the floor._ _ _ _ on the floor
27、.4.I told her to return the book in time.She _ _ to return the book in time.The ticket was found was told第46页/共79页5.His doctor made him have only two meals a day.He _ _ _ _ only two meals a day.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now computers _ _ _ to help them.was made to have can be used第
28、47页/共79页7.Did you plant many trees at this time last year?_ _ _ _ at this time last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?Were many trees plantedMust be finished第48页/共79页9.The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.1)_ _ _ some wonderful stamps.2)Some wonderful stamps _ _ _
29、 _.we were given were given to us第49页/共79页10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.Tom _ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work.Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory.was asked is done第50页/共79页12.He can mend the bike in two days.The bike _ _ _ in two da
30、ys.13.You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _ _ three times a day.can be mended must be taken第51页/共79页14.The students in this school study German.German _ _ by the students in this school.15.Do they often talk about this question?_ this question often _ about _ _?is studiedIs
31、 talked by them第52页/共79页16.Someone must help me move away the heavy bag.I must _ _ to move away this heavy bag.17.Was the window broken by Tom?（变为主动语态）（变为主动语态）_ Tom_ the window?be helpedDid break第53页/共79页例.1.As a rule,readers(not allow)_to take dictionaries out of the reading room.(2005-1A)（are not
32、allowed)2.Before the flight takes off,all passengers(ask)_to fasten their seat belts.(2005-6A)(are asked)第54页/共79页3.It is known to everyone that no smoking(permit)_in the library.(2005-6A)(is permitted)4.By the end of last year,nearly a million cars(produce)_in that auto factory.(2005-1A)(had been p
33、roduced)第55页/共79页5.The villagers told us that a new bridge(build)_across the river in a year.(2004-6A)(would be built)6.The father wants to know why his son(question)_by the police last week.(2006-6A)(was questioned)第56页/共79页7.Three new buildings _(complete )on the campus by the end of this year.(20
34、046A)(will have been completed)第57页/共79页8.The policeman(tell)_not to take any action until they received further order.(2006-6A)(were told)第58页/共79页8.Most of the machines in the workshop _next month.(2005-6B)A.are repaired B.have been repaired C.were repairedD.will be repaired(D)第59页/共79页9.The cause
35、 of the accident may never(discover)_in spite of the effort of the police.(be discovered)10.The house with furniture(buy)_for$50,000 last year.(2002-12B)(was bought)第60页/共79页11.The project to clear up the 11.The project to clear up the polluted river_ by the end of polluted river_ by the end of next
36、 year.(2002-6B)next year.(2002-6B)A.Is being completed A.Is being completed B.will have been completedB.will have been completedC.Has been completed C.Has been completed D.will have completed D.will have completed (B)(B)第61页/共79页12.The new machine ought to(test)_before it is put to use.(2006-6B)(be
37、tested)第62页/共79页13.The noise was so loud that it could(hear)_from far away.(2002-6B)(be heard)14.More and more trucks are seen _（travel）between these two towns these days.(2005-1B)(to travel)第63页/共79页将下列句子改为被动语态将下列句子改为被动语态将下列句子改为被动语态将下列句子改为被动语态1 1We sweep the floor every We sweep the floor every day
38、day 2 2He does morning exercises He does morning exercises every morningevery morning 3 3He gave me a book He gave me a book yesterdayyesterday 第64页/共79页4 4The nurses take care of The nurses take care of the sick old manthe sick old man 5 5You can take the book You can take the book out of the readi
39、ng roomout of the reading room 6 6What do the workers use What do the workers use the machine forthe machine for？7 7I made him work two I made him work two hours every dayhours every day 第65页/共79页8 8Class One will help the Class One will help the farmers tomorrowfarmers tomorrow 9 9We have learned t
40、wo We have learned two thousand English wordsthousand English words1010We found many students We found many students playing football on the playing football on the playground.playground.第66页/共79页将下列句子改为主动语态将下列句子改为主动语态将下列句子改为主动语态将下列句子改为主动语态1Was the work finished by 1Was the work finished by him yest
41、erdayhim yesterday？2 2He was given a pen by me He was given a pen by me yesterdayyesterday 3 3Children should be taken Children should be taken good care ofgood care of 第67页/共79页4 4The trees must be put The trees must be put in the hole by themin the hole by them 5 5The car is not being The car is n
42、ot being repaired by her nowrepaired by her now 6.Were the books taken 6.Were the books taken away by the girl?away by the girl?第68页/共79页18.The tractor wasnt driven out of the road.He_ _ the tractor out of the road.19.Doesnt Bob clean the street every day?_ the street _ by Bob every day?didnt driveI
43、snt cleaned第69页/共79页20.What can they do to finish the work on time?_ _ _ _ by them to finish the work?What can be done第70页/共79页21.None of the children were made to try the new medicine by the doctor.The doctor _ _ _ _ the _ _ the new medicine.didnt make any of children try第71页/共79页Just-in-TimeThe Ju
44、st-in-Time(JIT)concept was introduced by the Ford Motor Company in the 1950s,and it was based on a very simple idea:raw materials coming into a factory were not taken to a warehouse,but went directly from th eloading bay to the factory floor.This eliminated the storage costs of keeping a supply of m
45、aterials in the warehouse.Next,the JIT concept was adopted and developed by Dr Shingo and Mr Taiichi Ohno of the Toyota Motor Corporation,and it became known a shte Toyota Production System.Its key features were the elimination of all waste and the continuous improvement of productiivity.第72页/共79页Ju
46、st-in-TimeToday the companies that apply a JIT philosophy have learnt a lot from the American and the Japanese experiences.The concept of JIT can be applied to any business,from making cars to preparing food.Its main objective is to improve quality to achieve the highest standards,in other words to
47、have“zero defects”and to keep costs to a minmum.The principle of JIT may be expressed as:having the right amount of the right material,in the right place,at the right time.第73页/共79页Just-in-TimeThe latest version of JIT is called“lean amnufacturing”,in which seven types of waste have been eliminated.
48、These are:overproduction,excess transportation,excess inventory,waiting time,processing,motion and production defects.When al this waste has been eliminated,the effects can be seen immediately:production is started because there is a demand,products are made and sold,the response time to production
49、is reduced,the financial return is immediate,new stock is ordered when stock reaches the reorder level,the risk of error decreases,and the quality and customer satisfaction improve.第74页/共79页由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生 If you open the door，i will come in.If you ask him,he will help you.If it doesnt r
50、ain tomorrow,we will go to the zoo.If you fail in the exam,you will let him down.另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如:If I were you,I would invite him to the party.如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic.如果没有堵车,我会到的早一点儿。第75页/共