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1、Unit 2MarrakechContents1.Background information2.Type of writing3.Organization structure4.Detailed study5.Exercises 1.Background informationMarrakechAuthor and his worksMorocco(摩洛哥)Moroccoa.Located in North Africa,on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Oceanb.About 2000 B.C.settled by Berber trib
2、es,then invaded by Arabs in the 7th century,bringing with them Islam.c.In 1912,a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into 4 administrative zones-French Morocco,Spanish protectorate (保护国),a southern protectorate and an international zone.d.Gained independence in 1956 and became a constitutional
3、monarchy(君主国)in 1957.Morocco is a member of the United Nations,the League of Arab States,and the Organization of African Unity.e.People:most Muslims;Most(70%)Moroccans are farmers,using camels,donkeys and mules to pull plows,trying to grow their own food.In the South a few tribesmen still wander fro
4、m place to place in the desert.f.Islam:the state religiong.Arabic-the official language,French and Spanish also spoken.National flag of MoroccoMarrakechMarrakech is not only a fantastic city,it is also a symbol of the Morocco that once was,and which still survives here.The streets of the old and pin
5、k city have been too narrow to allow the introduction of cars,and tourists searching for the real Morocco have turned the medieval structures of Marrakech into good business.Itwasfoundedin1062andwasthecapitalofMoroccofromthenuntil1147andagainfrom1550to1660.ItwascapturedbytheFrenchin1912.Ithasextreme
6、lyhotsummerbutmildwinters.Thecityrenownedforleathergoods,isoneoftheprincipalcommercialcentersofMorocco.Themarket1Themarket2MarrakechAuthor and his worksGeorgeOrwell(1903-1950):thepseudonymofEricArthurBlairaBritishnovelistandessayistbetweenthesecondworldwarmuchpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti-c
7、ommunistpointofview.borninIndia,hisfather,asocalledempire-builder-servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad.receivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool“Eden”.traveledwidely(includingMarrakech).Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism.Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafir
8、msupporterofsocialism.joinedSpanishwarandwasseriouslywounded.TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction.Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted.Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed,whichledhimtowardanti-communistattitude.His worksDown and Out in Paris and London1933A Clergymans Daughter1935Keep the Aspi
9、distra Flying1936Coming up for Air1940动物农庄Animal Farm 1945Nineteen Eighty-Four 1949动物农庄Animal Farm 1945asatiricalfantasyattackingcommunismhisreputationasananticommunistwriterAllofhisworks:thesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime,notablywiththeproblemofhumanfreedomHisworksshowsharppowersofobservationandd
10、eepsympathyforsufferingpeople.Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency.TheuseofEnglishisclear,simpleanddirect,withnoformalityofembellishment.(Addition/decoration)hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane.In reading his works,several aspects draw our attention:2.Type of writingDescription-deal
11、swithappearancesandfeelingsNarration-dealswitheventsandexperienceExposition-dealswithprocessesandrelationshipsArgumentation-thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince.Argumentativeessaysshouldhaveadebatablepoint,sufficientevidence,andgoodandclearlogic.2.Type of writingItisanexposition,apoliticalessay.Orw
12、ellleavesnodoubtabouthisfeelingsconcerningcolonialismanditsresults.Hehasshownthereaderhowmillionsofpeoplecanbeignoredandtreatedaslessthanhuman.ExpositionExposition means explaining.Thewriterappealstoareadersunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation,explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssot
13、hatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation.Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying.ExpositionExpositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent,ascientist,oraprofessional.Exposi
14、tion-expoundingexplainingExpositionAnexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Thesis:the central thought or purposeThe thesis may be supported and developed:Comparison and contrast,
15、analogy,classification,illustration,analysis,definition,etc.ExpositionThingscanbeexplainedbyDefinitionListingExamplesClassificationComparison and contrast1.DefinitionThekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness.Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective.2.ListingWemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted
16、.Then,ifpossible,arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance.3.ExamplesItsthesimplest,themostcommon,bestmethod.4.ClassificationWehavetofollowasystemconsistently.Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive.Thereshouldbenooverlapping.Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone.5.Comparisona
17、ndcontrastWeliken(把比作)onethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities(comparison)Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo.(contrast)OrganizationalpatternSect.1(para1-2)Sect.2(para3)Sect.3(para4-7)Sect.4(para8-15)Sect.5(para16-18)Sect.6(para19-21)Sect.7(para22-26)OrganizationalpatternSect.1(para1-2)obje
18、ctivepresentationofExample1Sect.2(para3)thethesis-“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”Sect.3(para4-7)Ex.2TheArabiangovernmentemployeeisaspoorasabeggar.Sect.4(para8-15)Ex.31)thelivingconditionsoftheJews2)thehardworktheJewsdo3)prejudiceagainsttheJewsSect.5(para16-18)Ex.41Thesoilsarepoor.2Everyth
19、ingisdonebyhand.3Thefarmingtoolsarerough.4Thefarminganimalsareweakandthepeasantscalculatecarefully.5Thenaturalconditionsarepoor.Theyhadtodigdeepditches.Sect.6(para19-21)Ex.5themiserablelifeofwomenSect.7(para22-26)conclusion4.Detailed study of the textSect.1(para1-2)objectivepresentationofExample1Ast
20、hecorpsewentpasttheflieslefttherestauranttableinacloudandrushedafterit,buttheycamebackafewminuteslater.went past:morevividthan“wascarriedpast”in a cloud:alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass 那些汽车在滚滚尘埃中启动了。The cars set off in a cloud of dust.Thelittlecrowdofmourners-allmenandboys,nowome
21、n-threadedtheirwayacrossthemarketplacebetweenthepilesofpomegranatesandthetaxisandthecamels,wailingashortchantoverandoveragain.threaded their way-pickedtheirwaythroughthepilesofpomegranates,andtaxisandcamelschant-1.wordsrepeatedinamonotonoustoneofvoice;2.areligiousprayerorsongthatisspokenorsungononly
22、averyfewnotessothatthereisnotmuchvariationinit.allmenandboys,nowomenAccording to Muslim law,Muslims must respect women,and for this reason girls and women used to be kept in the house,where they could be safe.When they went out,they wore the veils to cover their faces.But this law has become a kind
23、of excuse to discriminate against women.“Whatreallyappealstothefliesisthatthecorpseshereareneverputintocoffins,theyaremerelywrappedinapieceofragandcarriedonaroughwoodenbierontheshouldersoffourfriends.”appealstotheflies-thefliesareattractedbythestenchoftheexposeddeadbodyTheburying-groundismerelyahuge
24、wasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.derelict-fromtheLatinwordmeaning“toabandon”Theburyinggroundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.Para.1-2:(Review)HowarepeopleburiedinMarrakech?wailashortcha
25、nthackanoblongholedumpthebodyflingoveritalittleofthedried-upearthThefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall.Sect.2(para3)thethesis“Allcolonialempiresarefoundeduponthisfact”Para.3“ownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin”theragstheystandupin-theragswhichtheywerewearingastheystoodthereTheshabby,much
26、wornragstheyarewearingatthemomentaretheonlyclothestheyown.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings)Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples.A
27、retheyreallythesamefleshasyourself?Dotheyevenhavenames?Oraretheymerelyakindofundifferentiatedbrownstuff,aboutasindividualasbeesorcoral insects?”flesh:-mankind,humanbeingsundifferentiated brown stuff:-sth.brownincolorwithnoindividualcharacteristics.Theyriseoutoftheearth，theysweatandstarveforafewyears
28、,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyardTheyareborn.Thenforafewyears,theywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.“Sometimes,outforawalkasyoubreakyourwaythroughthepricklypear,younoticethatitisratherbumpyunderfoot,andonlyacertainregularityinthebumpstellsyouthat
29、youarewalkingoverskeletons.”-forceyourwayorpickyourwayWhenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear,youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy.Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons.Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern.PricklypearSect.3(para4-7)Ex.2 TheArabiangovernmentemployeei
30、saspoorasabeggar.Para.4Iwasfeedingoneofthegazellesinthepublicgardens.As soon as you look at the hind legs of the gazelles,you will think of the delicious mint sauce that you would want to dip it in when eating it.Pork is delicious meat but the living animal,the pig,doesnt look good to eat.To the aut
31、hor,the only living animal that also looks good to eat is the gazelle.Para.6“AnArabnavvyworkingonthepathnearbyloweredhisheavyhoeandsidledslowlytowardsus.”-abbreviationof“navigator”,anunskilledlaborer,asoncanals,roadsetc.-tomoveslowlysideways,especiallyinashyorstealthymannerPara.7andhestoweditgratefu
32、llyinsomesecretplaceunderhisrags.toput,hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth.somewhere,youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded.=storestowaway=hidePara.9darkfly-infestedboothsthatlooklikecaves.Smallcell-likeroomsthatweredarklikecavesandfullofflies.Para.9“Acarpentersitscrossleggedataprehis
33、toriclathe,turningchairlegsatlightningspeed.”Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.Para.9hisleftlegiswarpedoutofshape.tocausetobend,curve,ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards.Para.10 Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround
34、,therewasafrenziedrushofJews,-(transferredepithet.)theJewswereinafrenzy,notthe“rush”Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.Para.10andeveryoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceoflux
35、urywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.Para.11AgoodjobHitlerwasnthere.(BrE.colloquial)afortunatestateofaffairsThisrestaurantisnotcheap,soitsagoodjobyouvebroughtplentyofmoney.ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace.Ifhehad,theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancoun
36、tries.Para.15“Injustthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.square meal”.-theuseofsorceryormagic;communicationwiththedevil-adecentsubstantialmealJewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepoor
37、oldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft.Sect.5 (para16-18)Ex.4Para.16Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.(synecdoche)However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.chances are:it is likely that;in all probability;probably大概是,很可能是Chances are she
38、s already heard the news.可能她已经知道这消息了。很可能她要来.The chances are that shell be coming.Para.16Inatropicallandscapeoneseyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.-seeorhearwithinterest;paycloseattentiontoEg:Hedidnttakeinwhathereadbecausehismindwasonsomethingelse.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalre
39、gion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.Para.17Whatdoes“this”inthesentence“It is only because of this.tourist resorts.”standfor?Para.17It is only because of this“This”here stands for the fact that people always miss the peasants labouring in the fields because they have the colour of the earth.It is
40、only because of this reason that these poor starved countries are accepted as tourist resorts.Para.17NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressed Areas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas(forthesetripswouldntbeinteresting).WhatdoesMoroccomeantoaFrenchman?O
41、range grovesWhatdoesMoroccomeantoanEnglishman?ToanEnglishman,Moroccoisaromantic,mysteriouscountrywhichhehasreadinnovels.Camels,castles,etc.aretheromanticbitsplantedinhismindbythenovels.Foreign Legion:Frenchvolunteerarmedforcecomposedchiefly,initsenlistedranks,offoreigners.Itsinternationalcharacteran
42、dthetraditionofnotrevealingenlisteesbackgroundshavehelpedtosurroundtheForeignLegionwithanauraofmysteryandromance.“fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendlessback-breakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofansoil.”wring sth from/out of sb:toforceorpersuadesomeonetogiveyousomethingLifeisveryhardf
43、or90%ofthepeople.Theycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoilonlywithhardbackbreakingtoil.Whatkindofpeople,accordingtothewriter,arepartlyinvisible?Whydoeshestressthispoint?Thewhitepeopletaketheirownpresumedsuperioritysomuchforgrantedanditssodeepwithinthemthattheyliterallydontevenseethewretchedpeopleofthet
44、hirdworld.Para.18“mostofMoroccoissodesolate-barren;(ofaplace)inaruinedandneglectedstate1.Ifsthisdesolate,itisemptyofpeopleandlackingincomfort.2.Ifsb.isdesolate,hefeelsverysad,lonelyandwithouthope.Theforestwasleftdesolatebythefire.Afterthewarthetownwasadesolateplace.Shehasbeendesolatesincelosingherjo
45、b.Longlinesofwomen,bentdoublelikeinvertedcapitalLs.Para18Theploughisawretchedwoodenthing,wretched-poorinquality,veryinferiorPara.18This is as much equal toThe animals yoked to the plough had just enough strength to plough the soil to a depth of about four inches.They could not make deeper furrows.ge
46、tatto reach Marrakech is very dry.Even at a depth of 30 or 40 feet there is only but a trickle of water.WhatdoesPara.18describe?Para.18describestheprimitivewayoffarminginMarrakech,anotherpictureofpovertyandbackwardnessoftheplace.Sect.6(para19-21)themiserablelifeofwomenPara.19 Allofthemaremummifiedwi
47、thageandthesun,andallofthemaretiny.mummified-thinandwithered,lookinglikeamummy Yearsofhardlifeandheatofthetropicalsunhavedriedupthewomenhere,sothattheylooklikemummies.Theyshrinktothesizeofchildren.Para.19Istoppedherandputafive-soupiecewhichwaspartlygratitudebutmainlysurprise.Whywastheoldwomansurpris
48、edwhenthewritergaveherafive-soupiece?I suppose that The author gave the old woman a little money.The response was a shrill wail for she was greatly surprised.The old woman was fully accustomed to her miserable existence and to not being taken notice of by any one,so she almost considered the author
49、to be doing something unnatural by giving her the money.Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosayasabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity,thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal.St.Bernarddog圣伯纳犬 alargestrongdog,originallyfromSwitzerland,whereitwast
50、rainedtohelpfindpeoplewhowerelostinthesnowMule para.20 Why does the author expatiate on the miserable fate of the donkeys?To arouse the readers sympathy and anger.Are their any similarities between the donkeys and the old women?What are they?Donkey and WomanBoth are overloaded.Both are willing creat