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1、3.1 IntroductionDefinition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure,forms and classes of words.un-+-ly unfriendly;unhappily;unkindly;unlonely-fy purify;simplify;falsify;amplify 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第1页/共28页3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
2、 function.tourists:tour;-ist;-stalks;talker;talked;talkingTypes of morpheme:free morpheme and bound morpheme 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第2页/共28页3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.friend,happy,kind,simple,false,tour,talk,etc.Root:the basic el
3、ement of a word that can stand by itself:talk,internationalism,work/shop,black/birdStem:the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme:friends,friendships 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第3页/共28页StemA stem may be:a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme,in which case the root and the stem are
4、 the same:work,talka root plus a derivational affix:workerstwo or more roots:workshops 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第4页/共28页Lexical(open)morphemes vs Functional(close)morphemes Lexical(open)morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns,verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey.Since we can create ne
5、w lexical morphemes for the language rather easily,they are called an open class of words:book,desk,house,love,look,long,happy河南大学外语学院 马应聪第5页/共28页Functional(close)morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions,articles,prepositions and pronouns.As we almost never add
6、new functional morphemes to the language,they are called a closed class of words:and,but,because,if,when,on,above,in,it,the,that 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第6页/共28页3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes,either free or bound,to f
7、orm a word.They are actually affixes,including prefixes and suffixes:-ly,un-,-ist,-s,-er,-ed,-ing.In some languages,there are also infixes.河南大学外语学院 马应聪第7页/共28页Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem.They can change the meaning or function of the word.Impossible,unbelievable,enrichSu
8、ffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem.They can also change the meaning or function of the word.hopeless,kindness 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第8页/共28页Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem.n
9、ess,-less,-ful,-ly;re-,pre-,dis-,co-,im-,un-Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree and case.河南大学外语学院 马应聪第9页/共28页Inflectional morphemes in EnglishEnglish has only eight inflectional morphemes:-s:possessive-s:plural-s:3rd per
10、son present singular-ing:present participle-ed:past tense and past participle-en:past participle-er:comparative-est:superlative 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第10页/共28页Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word,creating an en
11、tirely new word.Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.河南大学外语学院 马应聪第11页/共28页Summary morphemeFree morphemeBound morphemeLexical morphemeFunctional morphemeDerivational morphemeInflectional morpheme河南大学外语学院 马应聪第12页/共28页3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs:the smallest meanin
12、gful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.They are the phonological(spoken)or orthographic(written)forms which realize morphemes.They are minimal carriers of meaning.Allomorph:a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme.Allomorphs are phonological or orthographi
13、c variants of the same morpheme.河南大学外语学院 马应聪第13页/共28页Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.-ed past tense -t:talked -d:stayed -id:created (phonological)-d:changed -ed:worked (orthographic)-s(plurality)-z:meanings -s:maps -iz:watches -ai-:mice -i:-:feet 0:deer 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第14页/共28页3.
14、4 Types of Word Formation Word formation or word building is the creation of new words,which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways.The most important ways are compounding and derivation.河南大学外语学院 马应聪第15页/共28页3.4.1 Compounding Definition:putting two words tog
15、ether.The first element receives the main stress,and the second one determines the new words class.typewriter,workshop,tractor-driver,blackboard 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第16页/共28页Types of compound words a.noun compounds noun+noun:armchair,rainbow verb+noun:pickpocket,washcloth adjective+noun:bluebird,highchairb.
16、verb compounds noun+verb:vacuum-clean,manhandle verb+verb:sleepwalk adjective+verb:dry-cleanc.adjective compounds noun+adjective:color-blind,snow-white verb+adjective:stir-crazy adjective+adjective:dark-blue,pale-yellow 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第17页/共28页3.4.2 Derivation Definition:adding affixes to other words o
17、r morphemesfree morpheme+bound morpheme:unhappy;misunderstand;careful;carelessAffixes can be described by function or meaning:childhood;childlike;childless;childishThe derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form:anti-terrorist;computation;placement;colorful 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第18页/
18、共28页Computer words-ware:software,hardware,shareware,freewarecyber-/e-:cyberspace,cyberchat,e-commerce,e-cashtechno-:technobabble,technostress,technophobia 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第19页/共28页Conversion:zero derivation Hes papering the bedroom walls.nv:elbow;milk;skin;hammer;nurse;e-mailvn:doubt;attempt;must,guess,
19、spyadjv:dry;free;better;down,dirty,emptyadjn:native;short,crazy,nasty 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第20页/共28页Backformation Definition:remove the suffix to get a new wordedit;opt;enthuse;typewriteTlvision(French)televise 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第21页/共28页Clipping Definition:abbreviation of longer wordsfridge;bike;ad;copter;bus;gym
20、;telecom;flu,prof,phone,gas,plane,sitcom河南大学外语学院 马应聪第22页/共28页Blending Definition:combining two separate forms,taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another wordbrunch:breakfast+lunchmotel:motor+hotel;smog:smoke+fog 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第23页/共28页Acronym Definition:forming words fr
21、om the first letters of a series of words,which are pronounced as single words.NATO:North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationUNESCO:United Nations Education,Social and Cultural OrganizationAIDS:acquired immune deficiency syndromeSARS:severe acute respiratory syndrome河南大学外语学院 马应聪第24页/共28页 Initialism Definit
22、ion:forming words from the first letters of a series of words,which are pronounced by saying each letter.CD:compact diskVIP:very important personWTO:World Trade OrganizationCPU:central processing unitID:identification card 河南大学外语学院 马应聪第25页/共28页Summary3.1 Definition3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme(le
23、xical vs functional)3.2.2 Bound morpheme(derivational vs inflectional)3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion,Backformation,Clipping,Blending,Acronym,Initialism)河南大学外语学院 马应聪第26页/共28页Exercise1.Define the following terms.morp
24、hology,morpheme,free morpheme,bound morpheme,morph,allomorph,derivation,clipping,acronym,initialism,blending,root,stem,prefix,suffix2.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.A.discover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverability B.inventor,inventors,inventors,inventors河南大学外语学院 马应聪第27页/共28页河南大学外语学院 马应聪感谢您的观看！第28页/共28页