《语言学教程Chapter学习.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语言学教程Chapter学习.pptx（77页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、1.Language and Culture第1页/共77页What is culture?Broadly speaking,it means the total way of life of a people,including the patterns of belief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language.In a narrow sense,it refers to local or specific practice,beliefs or customs.第2页/共77页1.1 The relationship be
2、tween L&CTo sum up,the relation of L to C is that of part to whole,for L is part of C.The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a peoples culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L.第3页/共77页Anthropological study of linguistics:study of language in a socio-cultural context.Bronislaw Malinowsk
3、i:1.The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context.2.Language functions as a link in human activity,a mode of action.第4页/共77页Anthropological study of linguistics:J.R.Firth:theory of context of situation1.The relevant features of the participants,persons,personalities.2.
4、The relevant objects.3.The effects of the verbal action.“who speaks what to whom and when and to what end”第5页/共77页Hymes:Ethnography of communication 1.Speech situation.2.Situation,event,and act.3.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,act sequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,and genres第6页/共77页Sapir-Wh
5、orf HypothesisLinguistic determinism:L may determine our thinking patterns.Linguistic relativity:different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.第7页/共77页Time in Hopi language-a“timeless language”An example from the Dani language:evolutionary stages of basic color words
6、第8页/共77页English:horseshoeFrench:fer a cheval iron for horseGerman:hufeisen hoof ironThe Eskimos have countless words for snow.The Arabs,for camels.第9页/共77页Linguistic evidence of cultural differencesTerms of addressGreetingsThanks and complimentsPrivacy and taboosColor words第10页/共77页1.2 Culture-loade
7、d words烫手的山芋 vs.hot potato 雨后春笋 vs.spring like mushroom 大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友 meat and potatoes,meat and drink to someone第11页/共77页kill the goose that lays the golden eggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵”Cold words vs.冷言冷语Constant dropping wears the stone.滴水穿石Diamond cut diamond.棋逢对手Kill a man when he is down.落井下石第12页/共77页1.3 Cul
8、tural overlap and diffusionThrough communication,some elements of culture A enter culture B and becomes part of culture B.Loan words in Japanese,Chinese,English.第13页/共77页Loan words肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、耐克、因特网、KTV、E-MAILTyphoon,gongfu,etc.第14页/共77页netspeak顶(支持)555(呜呜呜)ding(顶)mm/MM(妹妹)LZ(楼主)DD/dd(弟弟)88(拜拜)
9、偶(我)马甲ID斑主(版主)恩(嗯)汗或寒(敬畏)晕(非常惊异)ps/PS(photoshop的简称)灌水(发帖子)ddd(顶顶顶)bs/BS(鄙视)楼猪(楼主)滴(的、地)第15页/共77页“2006年中国主流报纸十大流行语”和谐社会、社会主义新农村、青藏铁路、自主创新、社会主义荣辱观（八荣八耻）、中非合作论坛、长征精神、消费税、非物质文化遗产、倒扁文博会、文化创意产业、孔子、原生态、百家讲坛、于丹、潜规则、易中天、草根文化、恶搞第16页/共77页“2005年中国主流报纸十大流行语”保持共产党员先进性教育、“十一五”规划、神舟六号(神六)、节约型社会、和平发展、一篮子货币、油价上涨、同一个世
10、界同一个梦想、连宋大陆行、取消农业税。第17页/共77页2004年春夏季中国主流报纸十大流行语（综合类）中国市场经济地位、欧锦赛、虐俘（虐囚）、科学发展观、高致病性禽流感、释法、劣质奶粉（问题奶粉）、电荒、和平崛起、审计风暴。第18页/共77页2.Language and SocietyLanguage is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed,but rather it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function to maint
11、ain social relationship between people.第19页/共77页Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently.What each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background.When we speak we cannot avoid giving our listeners clues about our origin and our background.第20页/共77页The social
12、 environment can also be reflected in language,and can often have an effect on the structure of the vocabulary.For example,a societys kinship system is generally reflected in its kinship vocabulary.第21页/共77页2.1 SociolinguisticsThe sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between L and soci
13、ety,between the uses of L and the the social structures in which the users of L live.Micro-studiesMacro-studies第22页/共77页Micro-studies:To look at society from the point of view of an individual member within it,or a worms-eye view of L in use.Macro-studies:To look at society as a whole and consider h
14、ow L functions in it and how it reflects the social differentiations,a birds eye view of the language used in society.第23页/共77页people who claim to be users of the same language do not speak the language in the same manner.Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects and varieties rel
15、ated to use as registers.第24页/共77页Regional dialects are linguistic varieties used by people living in different regions.Regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains,rivers,or swamps.第25页/共77页 English:Scottish:It needs washingIt needs washed第26页/共77页Social-c
16、lass dialect,or socioect,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.第27页/共77页The upper class:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,looking glass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,
17、scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writing paper第28页/共77页The lower class:the States,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff,ill,settee,notepaper,glasses第29页/共77页Speaker A Speaker B I did it yesterday.I done it yesterday.He hasnt got it.He aint got it.It was s
18、he that said it.It was her what said it.When we look at the language used by two speakers A and B,we can estimate roughly their relative social status.第30页/共77页In Britain,accent marker of statusRP:a non-localized form of pronunciation,refers to the particular way of pronouncing standard English,an i
19、ndicator of a public school education and thus a high social status on the part of the speaker.第31页/共77页American Black EnglishCharacterictics of black English:1.Phonological level:simplification of consonant clusters at the end of a word,e.g.“passed”is pronounced as pa:s.-th is often pronounced as/d
20、/,e.g.the-/d/,-ng as/n/,e.g.thinking-/ikin/2.Syntactical level:(1)the deletion of the link verb“be”,e.g.“They mine”.(the use of double negation,e.g.“He dont know nothing.”第32页/共77页 The evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.To a linguist,all languages are equally good as far as they can
21、fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill.Black English is just another non-standard variety of English,which differs from standard English in ways similar to those in which other non-standard varieties of English differ from the standard variety.第33页/共77页Language and Gender1.
22、Compared with men,women tend to use such adverbs：horridly,abominably,immensely,excessively,amazingly,so,most,etc.The overuse of these words imply that the users are sentimental,shallow and not objective enough.第34页/共77页(1)An example from“Pride and Prejudice”:Oh!My dear Mr.Bennet,we have had a most e
23、xcellent ball.Jane was so admired.Every body said how well she looked.Mr.Bingley thought her quite beautiful,I was so vexed to see him stand up with her.I am quite delighted with him.He is so excessively handsome!第35页/共77页(2)Wife:You always leave your papers about dear!Husband:Really?Didnt I put the
24、m in place yesterday?In a sense,the overuse of the words of absoluteness or extremity may cause changes in the meaning of a word at least in the eye of a man.第36页/共77页2.Women have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects:females:so good,such fun,exquisite,lovely,divine,precious,adorable,
25、darling,fantastic.neutral:great,terrific,cool,neat第37页/共77页3.Aside from specific lexical items,there are differences between the speech of women and that of men in the use of particles that grammarians often describe as“meaningless”.Male:Shit,damn,darn it,the hellFemale:Oh dear,dear me,goodness me,m
26、y goodness,第38页/共77页4.Women use more tag questions.5.Women use more statement questions with a rising intonation at the end.6.Womens linguistic behavior is more indirect and more polite.第39页/共77页Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social,
27、gender,and age variations.第40页/共77页Standard dialect:Socially prestigious dialect.By the government,mass media,schools.Any member can possibly use.Based on a selected variety.Not acquired naturally,superimposed.第41页/共77页普通话的定义是：以北京语音为标准音,以北方话为基础方言,以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代汉民族共同语。第42页/共77页Halliday:RegisterL
28、 varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations.The type of L which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.第43页/共77页Field of discourse:what is going on,purpose and subject-matter of communication.,why,whatTechnical vs.non-technical第44页/共77页Tenor of discou
29、rse:the role of relationship in the situation,who,to whomThe level of formality第45页/共77页Mode of discourse:the means of communication,howA lecture on biology第46页/共77页Martin Joos:Degree of formalityVisitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.(frozen)Visitors should
30、 go up the stairs at once.(formal)第47页/共77页Would you mind going upstairs please?(consultative)Time you all went upstairs now.(casual)Up you go,Chaps!(intimate)第48页/共77页2.2 Sociolinguistic study of societyTo know more about a given society by examining the linguistic behavior of its members.Diglossia
31、Bilingualism&MultilingualismCode-switching第49页/共77页Monolingual:Speakers of a single language control different varieties of that language.Bilingual:People develop some ability in a second language.How to describe?1.to identify each of the languages.第50页/共77页2.the way each language was acquired.“X is
32、 a native speaker of Cantonese and learned English in school.”3.mastery of skills:reading,writing,speaking.4.function or domain:for each of the domains,a bilingual tends to prefer a certain language.第51页/共77页Monolingual speech communities are rare;monolingual countries are even rarer.Bilingualism th
33、e two languages are in contact.This contact may lead to interference.Pidgin,Creole,diglossia第52页/共77页Pidgin:It is the mixture of two or more languages and not a native language of anyone.It is learned informally in contact and used especially as trade language.e.g.Nigerian Pidgin English;Vietnamese
34、Pidgin French;New Guinea Pidgin German,etc.第53页/共77页上海话中的洋泾浜英语“蹩脚”（BILGE，船底污水，引申为肮脏的、下三滥的、劣质的）“大兴”（DASHY，浮华的，华而不实的，引申为假的、冒牌的、劣质的）肮三（ON SALE，二手货贱卖，引申为垃圾货、形容人的品质低劣）第54页/共77页“瘪三”（BEG SIR，乞丐先生，用来形容叫花子、难民、逃荒者等各式穷人，后引申为最广泛的骂人用语之一：赤佬是英语CHEAT（欺骗）和中文佬的混生词语，一个鲁迅时代最流行的洋泾浜俚语（隐语）；第55页/共77页From pidgin to CreoleAs
35、 a result of intermarriage,the pidgin is spoken at home and learned by children as a mother tongue.Pidgin is not just a contact language with limited social functions,but can deal with more.第56页/共77页When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community,and is acquired by the children o
36、f that speech community as their mother tongue,it is said to have become a Creole.e.g.French-based Haitian Creole,Hawaiian Creole English第57页/共77页Diglossia:Two distinct varieties of the same language are used,side by side,for two different sets of functions.Switzerland:High German as the standard(pu
37、blic,official)Swiss German as the vernacular(informal,daily)第58页/共77页Code-Switching:Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in the middle of a conversation.Metaphorical switching:the purpose of communicationSituational switching:role-relationshipMixed code:words from new languages are us
38、ed in old languages.e.g.New Zealand English第59页/共77页“Hi，你好呀！Thismorning，我们对你的case进行了discuss，我们发现，这对我们没什么benefit。所以我们不得不遗憾地告诉你：与这件事相关的所有Project都将被cancel掉。”“事实证明，Download已经不吃香了，Portal也正在逐渐没落。ISP与ICP都没有什么很Power的招数了。MyGod，我们的前途究竟在哪里？Pageview、Impression，我们真正缺乏的是如何让访问者Onceagain的内容与形式。”第60页/共77页1.“我是beast那
39、你呢”“我比你少一个A,所以我是Best。”2.辛楣吃晚饭回来,问鸿渐道:“你在英国到过牛津、剑桥没有?他们的tutorial system 是怎么一回事?”3.这种同情比笑骂还难受,鸿渐咬牙来个中西合璧的咒骂:“To Hell 滚你妈的蛋!”第61页/共77页什么年代吹着什么样的风我拿我的麦克风唱出old school showyall ready to roll 70的年代复古我最highdisco fever从来不肯say goodbye 歌曲：快乐崇拜 歌手：潘玮柏vs张韶涵 第62页/共77页下面的这首诗歌是介绍澳门的。莲归凌空俯瞰那“泉通十字门宝聚三巴寺”汉夷杂居之地澳门如一朵莲花
40、悬浮海上莲茎与香洲、关闸一脉相连大桥如弓射出辉煌澳门海堤相接路环岛更加葱茏CASINO 的轮盘滚动任君去赢得开心输得高兴(羊城晚报,1999 年12 月08 日B2 版)第63页/共77页2.3 Code-Switching为顺应社会规约交际者通过语码转换可以避免社会性的尴尬Social Embarrassment(Two flies are copulating in front of a boy and his mother)Child:Do you know what these two flies are doing?Mother:No.Child:Ils font Lamour 法语
41、意为 They are making love.Mother:Ok,Ok.Child:You know,if Id said this in Arabic,you would have left the room immediately.第64页/共77页顺应社会规约的另外一个重要内容是文化(三位研究生在他们坐火车去国内某地开会的途中)A 去澳大利亚都看了些什么B 啊看到的东西太多了比如美丽的城市清净的乡村对了黄金海岸的沙滩和海水太美了C 有没有去看StripperB Frankly speaking,yes.It was really a different experience.And t
42、he performers have excellent figures.Oh,amazing 第65页/共77页交际者可以利用语码转换实现趋吉避讳、创造幽默、标志身份等种种心理动机(C 请Y替她去监考)C:星期天你要不要监考?Y:监考?监什么考?C:自学考试。我星期天上午正好有课,所以想请你帮个忙。Y:Sorry,I canpt help you,because I have an appointment.C:Thats OK。Y:那你再问问其他专业的研究生,看怎么样。C:好吧,谢谢你!第66页/共77页方便功能e.g.辛楣吃晚饭回来,问鸿渐道:“你在英国到过牛津、剑桥没有?他们的tutor
43、ial system 是怎么一回事?”引用功能e.g.今天是作文的日子,孙小姐进课堂就瞧见黑板上写着:“Beat down Miss S.Miss S.is Japanese enemy!”第67页/共77页强调功能e.g.哲学家碰见问题,第一步研究问题:这成不成问题,不成问题的是假问题Pseudo2question,不用解决,也不可解决。回避功能e.g.柔嘉不耐烦道:“没有结!要穿,你自己去买。我没见过像你这样nasty的人!”第68页/共77页社会地位标志功能e.g.鸿渐拿了几件,看都是“成化”、“宣德”、“康熙”,也不识真假,只好说:“这东西很值钱罢?”“Sure!值不少钱呢,Plent
44、y of dough。并且这东西不比书画。买书画买了假的,一文不值,只等于waste paper。瓷器假的,至少可以盛菜盛饭。我有时请外国friends 吃饭,就用那个康熙窑油底蓝五彩大盘做Salad dish,他们都觉得古香古色,菜的味道也有点old-time。”第69页/共77页汉语规范受到英语和方言的冲击趋洋的非常心态1.你中午call我,一齐去食lunch,点啊?2.你个computer如果肯贴上写少money，换一个mon就搞掂。3.请每天早上6点半给我一个morning call。4.做秀、派对、克力架、芝士第70页/共77页Unhealthy expressionsCode-mi
45、xing expressions生抽XOAA制消费OK,本店黄金确实OK。我这单生意OK了。酒楼OK，住户不OK了。你体重OK吗？第71页/共77页Newly-invented words and expressions空嫂男阿姨港男克隆火暴第72页/共77页Four-character phrases with certain effects人民供仆咳不容缓白收起家天尝地酒勤捞致富随心所浴色交活动默默无蚊攻官小姐有杯无患检查宴收以帽取人第73页/共77页3.Cross-cultural communicationRogers model1)try to look at things from
46、 other persons point of view2)try to sense their feeling to a given issue3)try to understand their way of knowing the world 第74页/共77页Other ideas:1)successful communication occurs when the hearer can see,feel,and understand issues from the speakers view2)successful communication occurs when the speak
47、er and the hearer know each others intention3)successful communication occurs when the two parties adopt a dynamic dialogue pattern第75页/共77页1)When in Rome do as the Romans do2)Put yourself in others shoes3)One cultures meat is anothers cultures poison4)Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding第76页/共77页感谢您的观看！第77页/共77页