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1、3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体第1页/共26页We saw that some words can be analyzed into smaller components.Ex.chairman chair,mantownhall town,hallboys boy,-schecking check,-ingdisappointment dis-,appoint,-ment第2页/共26页1
2、、Morphemes 语素Definition:The smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning,a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步划分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变其词汇意义或语法意义。such as:chair,dog,cup and so o
3、n.第3页/共26页2.Morphology 形态学Morphology:The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics.形态学是语言学的一个分支。It studies the internal structure of words,and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。第4页/共26页E.G.purify pur(e),-ifyamplify(放大)simplify(简单化)electrify(充电)falsify(伪造)A new verb can
4、 be created by adding-ify to an adjective.第5页/共26页3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体第6页/共26页1、Free morpheme and Bound morpheme 自由语素和黏着语素A.Freemorphemes:Those that may occur alone,those which may make up words by them
5、selves.(可以单独出现，独自构成单词。)E.g.dog,nation,close mono-morphemic words（单语素词）.All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes.第7页/共26页Compounds（复合词）:there are poly morphemic words(多语素词),which consist wholly of free morphemes.e.g.paymaster,moonwalk,babysit,godfather,sunflower.第8页/共26页B.Bound morphemes(黏着语素):The
6、y cannot occur alone.(不能单独出现)They must appear with at least one different morpheme.（至少有一个不同的语素）e.g.dogs,national,disclose.distempered dis temper -ed bound morphemes free morphemes第9页/共26页2.Root,affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干A.Root（词根）:the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroyi
7、ng its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.(词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再作进一步分析而不破坏其意义。也就是说，把一个词的所有词缀去掉之后的部分就是词根。)eg:friend as in unfriendliness.All words contain a root morpheme.所有的词都至少包含一个词根词素。Roots may be Free（自由语素）:those that can stand by themselves
8、,eg:black in blackboard,blackbird;Bound（黏着语素）:those that cannot stand by themselves eg:-ceive in receive,perceive,conceive.第10页/共26页B.Affix（词缀）:is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。Normall
9、y divided into:prefix(dis-,un-)前缀 dislike undosuffix(-ize,-tion)后缀 colonize revolution Infix（-ee-）中缀 feet第11页/共26页A wordrootprefixsuffixdetermineThe meaning of a wordchangeThe meaning of a worddetermineThe characteristic of a word第12页/共26页C.Stem 词干 any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an
10、 inflectional affix can be added.词干是指能够附加上屈折词缀的语素或语素组合friendsfriendfriendshipsfriendship请看课本54图第13页/共26页3、Inflectional affix and derivational affix 屈折词缀和派生词缀A.Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem.屈折词缀常常在词干后面添加一个微小的或微妙的语法意义。例如：toys,walks,Jonhs,
11、Derivational affixes often change the lexical meaning.派生词缀常常改变词汇意义.B.Inflectional affixes do not change the Word class they attach to.屈折词缀不改变词类。Derivational affixes might change the word class派生词缀可能改变词类第14页/共26页C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word
12、 they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语或句子之内。Eg.The boy likes to Likes就是由句子的主语决定的。Derivational affixes are more often based on simple meaning distinctions.派生词缀更多是根据简单的意义区别。例如，clever和cleverness之间的选择依赖于我们要谈论性质“clever”还是要谈论处于聪明的状态“cleverness”D.Inflecti
13、onal affixes are mostly suffixes.屈折词缀绝大部分是后缀。如：drums,walks,Marys Derivational affixes can be prefixes or suffixes.派生词缀可以是前缀也可以是后缀。E.g.depart,online,teacher,workable第15页/共26页3.1.1 Morpheme and Morphology 语素和形态学3.1.2 Types of Morphemes 语素的类型3.1.3 Morphological change and Allomorph 形态学的变化和词素变体第16页/共26页
14、AllomorphAn allomorph(词素变体)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.同一语素在不同环境中出现时的不同表现形式。第17页/共26页Allomorphs in prefixes morpheme negative morpheme in-morph1:im morph2:ir morph3:il impossible irregular illegalA morpheme may take various shapes or forms
15、.allomorphsallomorphs第18页/共26页Allomorphs in suffix morpheme noun morpheme-ionmorph1:tion morph2:ation morph3:sion description modernization decision describe modernize decide-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.allomorphsallomorphs第19页/共26页Other instances are such a
16、s the variation of plural forms（复数形式）of nouns:e.g.s,-es,-en,-ee-,and so on cat dog horsess zz izizmorphememorphmorphmorphallomorphsallomorphsPLURALPLURAL第20页/共26页 Morphological change形态变化研究当代词汇与古词汇的不同inflectional changes in affix屈折词缀的不同e.g.第三人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式 ancient form present form -eth -s,-esdo d
17、o(e)th doesgo goeth goesfind findeth finds第21页/共26页The change of verb form and plural form of noun名词复数形式的变化seedes/wayes seeds/waysThou,ye,yee you Thy your第22页/共26页第二人称单数做主语一般现在时动词形式 ancient form present form -est 原形 do do(e)st 原形play playest 原形hear hearest 原形第23页/共26页the possessive case 所有格变化古词汇中多用名词加-s表示，现在我们通常用：“of phrase”表示无生命物体的所有格。但现在也有趋势重新使用以前的表达方法。如：universitys campus or Chinas modernization.the Queen of Englands crown这种表达也不再算语法错误。古时候的表达为the Queens crown of England.第24页/共26页 Thank You!第25页/共26页感谢您的观看！第26页/共26页