《段平-技术与商务交流英语（第二版）Chapter 3 Writing Process 教参.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《段平-技术与商务交流英语（第二版）Chapter 3 Writing Process 教参.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Chapter 3Technical Writing ProcessThe technical writing process can be thought of as a problem-solving taska series of questions to be considered and answered. Writing a technical document is not an isolated process. You need to work with other people for many reasons: to get the necessary informati
2、on, to verify your approach, to confirm technical accuracy, and to check readers9 reactions. Initially, you can talk with others to evaluate what you know about the subject and identify your purpose and audience. You can then select content and begin to organize the material. At various stages in th
3、e process, you can use feedback from othersreviewers as well as actual readers-to consider necessary changes.技术写作过程可以看作是一个解决问题的任务，即一系列需要考虑和回答的问题。编写技术 文档不是一个孤立的过程，而需要与他人合作，原因有很多：为了获得必要的信息，为了验 证你的方法，为了确认技术的准确性，为了检验读者的反应。起初，你可以通过与他人交谈 来评估你对这个主题的了解，并确定目的和受众；然后可以选择内容并组织材料；在这个过 程中的不同阶段，可以基于评论家和真实读者的反馈进行必要
4、的更改。The following list provides the elements of a process that you might use. Experienced writers of technical documents typically use these elements in their process, although they may change the specific elements to suit their individual approach and the requirements of a particular project.下面列表提供
5、了技术写作过程中可能使用到的元素。经验丰富的技术文件作者通常在写 作过程中使用这些元素，尽管他们可能会更改某个元素以适应其个人方式和特定需求。(1) Exploring and inventing 探索与构思(2) Planning and organizing 计划与组织(3) Drafting 打草稿(4) Revising 修改(5) Editing 编辑L Exploring and Inventing 探索与构思Exploring and inventing means searching information and creating ideas. In searching re
6、levant information, you may assess your knowledge, read and review available background references, ask questions and discuss ideas, make observations, conduct experiments, and take notes. You may also explore writing problems related to a particular document. After recognizing and defining a proble
7、m, you need ways to formulate possible solutions, that is, to create new ideas. There are usually four possible problem-solving strategies. Brainstorming 开动脑筋 Synectics共同研讨法 FiveW plusH： 5W+H问题分析法(人、事、时间、地点、原因、方法) Cause-and-effect analysis 因果分析法1.Brainstorming头脑风暴Brainstorming is a problem-solving t
8、echnique that encourages you to suggest as many ideas as possible about a given problem without making any judgments until after a number of ideas have8. What are the benefits and limitations of the spelling and grammar checkers in a word processing software?参考答案：参见 V. 5 Spelling, Grammar and Style
9、Checkers. Spelling, grammar and style checkers in the word processing software can make you more aware of your spelling and grammar mistakes and of your writing style. They will flag sentences in the passive voice, long sentences, wordy phrases, double words, unpaired quotation marks, subject-verb a
10、greement problems, and other problems. However, such tools cannot guarantee that a document will be error-free. You should never depend on software tools to identify all the errors in a document.II. Choose a topic, such as air pollution in big cities, and brainstorm it by listing ideas coming into y
11、our mind. Follow the four steps of brainstorming outlined in the text.Example for reference：The following is an example of the listing technique in the brainstorming process. The topic is the culture shock experienced by international students in the United States.1) Write down the general topic at
12、the top of your paper.Culture Shock (General Topic)2) Then make a list of every idea that comes into your mind about that topic. Keep the ideas flowing. Try to stay on the general topic; however, if you write down information that is completely off the topic, dont worry about it because you can cros
13、s it out later.3) Use words, phrases, or sentences, and dont worry about spelling or grammar, communicationhomeless people shocking sight poor verbal skillsAmerican studentschildren disrespectful classroom environment new language unclear expressions American family life public transportation is not
14、 good families seldom eat together need a car lack vocabularyuse first names with teachers show affection in public college professors wear jeans Americans talk too fast students ask questions they are friendly no formal dress code people are always in a hurry no one takes time to cook good mealsuse
15、 slang and idiomsprofessor5 rolefamilies dont spend time together on weekends and holidays children spend more time with friends than with parents children are “kings”use incomplete sentenceslack confidencepoor pronunciationAmerican food is unhealthyAmericans difficult to understandeveryone eats fas
16、t foodstudents can challenge professorsRewrite the list, group similar ideas together and cross out items that dont belong or that are duplications.Group AGroup BGroup Ccommunication problems poor verbal skills new language lack vocabulary show affection in public Americans talk too fast they-cnrHri
17、rrrdly peupte-are-a+waysTrra-hurry use slang and idioms poor pronunciation American difficult to understandunclear expressionscommunication problems poor verbal skills new language lack vocabulary show affection in public Americans talk too fast they-cnrHrirrrdly peupte-are-a+waysTrra-hurry use slan
18、g and idioms poor pronunciation American difficult to understandunclear expressionshomeless people shocking sightAmerican students classioom envi】onment public transportation is-not good need-a-car- use first names withteacherscollege professors wear jeansstudents ask questions no formal dress code
19、no one takes time to cookAmerican family life families seldom eat together families dont spend time together on weekends and holidays children are kings” children disrespectful children spend more time with friends than with parents American food is unhealthy everyone cuts fnst food-good mcnls profe
20、ssor role students can challenge professorsNow there are three lists, each of which has a focus. The focus in each new list is underlined: communication problems, classroom environment, and American family life. The writer can choose one list to be the basis for a paragraph.III. Select a document th
21、at you have written and that still needs careful editing. Then go to your school computer lab and select one of the software packages that do this kind of editing. Run the software program to identify problems in style, mechanics, and usage. Make the corrections that you believe will improve your do
22、cument. Then, write a review to evaluate the effectiveness of the software.实验题，答案略。IV. Design a chart to show the typical proportion of time you spend on each stage of your writing process. Explain in which stage youre most effective, in which youre the weakest, and in what way you can improve your
23、process.实验题，答案略。V. Choose a technical topic you can write about with little research, such as a topic on instructing high school students in some laboratory technique, or explaining some technical concept to someone who doesnt understand it. Follow the steps below:1. Decide on a purpose and audience
24、 for writing about that topic.2. Analyze your audience.3. Brainstorm your topic with your purpose and audience in mind.4. After the brainstorming, examine and evaluate what you have.5. Reexamine your topic and purpose to see whether information you have thought of during the brainstorming has change
25、d them.6. Keeping your specific topic, purpose and audience in mind, arrange your brainstorming notes into a rough outline.7. Write a rough draft of the report based on your outline.8. Allow several classmates to read it and comment on it.9. Revise and edit the rough draft into a final, well-written
26、 and well-typed draft.10. Submit all your outlines and drafts to your instructor.Example Writing: The following is the final copy for the essay Communication Problems based on the results of the brainstorm in Exercises II.Communication ProblemsOne kind of culture shock faced by international student
27、s in the United States is difficulty communicating with Americans. They have problems both in expressing themselves and in understand the Americans.When international students first amve in the United States, they soon realize that their verbal skills are poor. First of all, they lack vocabulary, an
28、d they have poor pronunciation, so American people dont understand them. As a newly coming Chinese student in the United States, I have my personal experience as examples. A few days ago, I asked an American student how to get to the library, but because I had trouble pronouncing rs and 1s, the Amer
29、ican student didnt understand me. I finally had to write it on a piece of paper. International students also speak too softly because they are shy.Furthermore, it is difficult for foreign students to understand Americans. Americans use incomplete sentences, such as “Later“ to mean TH see you later,
30、and “Coming?” to mean “Are you coming? also, Americans talk too fast, so it is often impossible to understand them. In addition, Americans also use a lot of slang and idioms whose meanings nonnative speakers do not know. For example, the other day someone said to me, “That drives me up the wall,“ an
31、d I could not imagine what the meant. I had a picture in my mind of him driving his car up a wall. It didnt make sense to me.In short, communication is probably the first problem that international students face in theUnited States. After a while, however, their ears get used to the American way of
32、speaking, and their own verbal abilities improve.been produced. In brainstorming you uncritically write down every idea about a subject that comes to mind without thought of organization. The key to successful brainstorming is that you do not attempt to evaluate or arrange your ideas. Evaluation or
33、arrangement at this stage may cause you to discard an idea that could prove valuable later on. The process of brainstorming follows these steps. 头脑风暴是一种解决问题的技巧，鼓励对给定的问题提出尽可能多的想法，不做判断，直到 产生许多想法。在头脑风暴过程中，你只需不加批判地写下进入脑海的关于该主题的每一个 想法，无需考虑组织或布局问题。头脑风暴的关键是不要试图评估或整理你的想法，因为这 可能会让你放弃一个日后可能被证明有价值的想法。头脑风暴的过程遵循
34、以下步骤。(1) Write down the general topic at the top of your paper.(2) Then make a list of every idea that comes to mind about that topic and keep the ideas flowing. Even if you write down some idea that is completely off the topic, dont worry about it because you can cross it out later.(3) Use words, p
35、hrases, or sentences, and dont worry about spelling or grammar.(4) Rewrite the list, group similar ideas together and cross out items that dont belong or that are duplications.准备一张纸，在顶部写下大致主题；然后把你能想到的关于该话题的每一个想法都列出 来，让想法保持流动。即便写下了一些与主题完全无关的想法，也不要担心，因为你可以在 以后划掉它；使用单词、短语或句子，不用担心拼写或语法问题；重写清单，把相似的想法 放在一
36、起，划掉无关或重复的条目。Brainstorming is an effective process in exploring and creating ideas. It can help you find out a good deal more information than you ever thought you possessed. It can quickly reveal gaps in your knowledge, which can be filled with information you gather later.2. Synectics共同研讨法Synectic
37、s means bringing together different people and different ideas. This method encourages professionals of different expertise to work together and combine unrelated ideas as a means of analyzing a particular problem, which can often provoke creative thinking and result in new ideas and new solutions.
38、This strategy is often used in business and government think tanks.共同研讨是指把不同的人和不同的想法结合起来。这种方法鼓励具有不同专业知识的专 业人员一起工作，并将不相关的想法结合起来，作为分析特定问题的一种方法，这往往会激 发创造性思维，产生新的想法和解决方案。这种策略经常在商业和政府智囊团中使用。Synectics requires that you first define a particularly difficult problem. Then you put yourself into the problem b
39、y creating a metaphor or an analogy or by acting out a component of the problem. Synectics encourages analogies of the following kinds.共同研讨要求首先定义一个特别困难的问题。然后，通过创造一个比喻或类比，或将问题的 一个组成部分付诸行动，把自己置于问题之中。共同研讨鼓励进行以下类型的类比。 Fantasy analogies 幻想类比：searching for the ideal solution Personal analogies 个人类比：imagin
40、ing you are the subject Direct analogies 直接类比:comparing the subject to something concrete Symbolic analogies 象征类比：comparing the subject to something abstractFive W与plus H： 5W+H问题分析法Five Ws plus H is a problem-analysis strategy that requires clear statements on the person, thing,time, place, reason,
41、and method involved. It is a formula frequently associated with journalism. The strategy begins by asking and answering the following questions.5W+H问题分析法是一种问题分析策略，要求对所涉及的人、事、时间、地点、原因和方法作 出清晰的陈述。这是一个经常与新闻工作联系在一起的公式。 WHO: Who is involved? Who should be involved? WHAT: What is involved? What is to be c
42、hanged? What should remain the same? WHEN: When should it be done? When is the most appropriate time? WHERE: Where should it be done? Where is the most convenient place? WHY: Why should it be done? HOW: How should it be done?These questions concern the major factors involved in almost all kinds of p
43、roblems. By examining these questions you get better understanding of the problem and thus may produce the most appropriate solution.3. Cause-and-Effect Analysis 因果分析法Cause-and-Effect Analysis is a strategy commonly used by quality control circles-small groups of people meeting regularly to identify
44、, analyze, and solve problems connected to the work they do. It focuses on the causes of a particular problem. The initial causes are separated into four categories: machine, employee, material, and method. Any of these four possible causes can be further analyzed through deeper causes.因果分析是质量控制小组经常
45、使用的一种策略，小组成员定期开会，以确定、分析和解决与 他们所做工作相关的问题。它关注特定问题的原因，原因起初分为四类：机器、员工、材料 和方法。这四个原因中的任何一个都可以通过更深层次的原因进一步分析。IL Document Planning文件布局与组织When you plan a document, you need to make decisions about a variety of elements: context, purpose, audience, content, organization, and design. You should first identify
46、the context-the situation or background for the document. Then, you should examine the documents objectives and analyze the intended audience. Thirdly, you should define the content and determine the document9s scope. You should also test your decisions in outlines to determine if the selection and
47、sequence of material are logical, suitable for the audience, and faithful to the purposes of the document. The following questions reflect the most important aspects of each element.文件布局时，需要对各种元素做出决定：语境、目的、受众、内容、组织和设计。首先需确 定文件的语境即情况或背景。然后应该检查文件的目标，并分析预期受众。第三，应该定义 文件内容并确定其范围。此外，还应该在大纲中检测这些决策，以确定材料的选择
48、和顺序安 排是否符合逻辑、是否适合读者、是否忠实于文件目的。下面的问题反映了每个元素最重要 的方面。Figure 3-1 Planning Elements and Reviewing Questions 计划元素 与审查问题Planning ElementsPlanning ElementsQuestionsContextPurposeWhat is the situation that makes the document necessary? How does this situation influence your planning?Do you want to inform or
49、persuade? What arguments are you making?What is the best way to accomplish your purpose?AudienceWho are the readers of your document?What are the characteristics and needs of these readers?How will the readers use the document?Content and scopeWhat do you already know?What do you need to learn to produce this docu