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1、Tech| Chapter 11力以9H专业个生描述To describe means to create a mental picture. The purpose of a technical description is to help the reader form an accurate mental image of what is being described. 描述是使用语言在读者脑海里创建图像的过程，帮助读者加深对事物的理解。A technical description can be a part of a larger piece of writing (such as
2、 a user manual or a research report); it can also be the primary goal of the writing. It usually describes an object (such as an atom), a mechanism (such as an engine), a place (such as a construction site), or a process (such as the operation of a computer). These descriptions often follow a two-pa
3、rt structure:(1) An introduction that includes either an overview of the description or a statement of the focus of the description.对所描述事物进行概括叙述的引言。(2) A part-by-part description of what is being described,对所描述事物进行逐个部分的描述。Introduction Section of Technical DescriptionThe introduction of technical des
4、cription provides any information the reader might need in order to understand the description. Most readers will need some or all of the following information: Definition of the object to be describedOverview of the description including functions, uses, special features, etc. 对描述的概述， 包括 功能、用法、特性等等
5、。 Purpose (of a mechanism)Location (of a place) The physical characteristics (of an object) including size, shape, weight, color, material,etc.Figurel 1-1 Example of an Introduction of Technical DescriptionA microscope is an instrument used for viewing small objects, especially objects that are too
6、small to be seen with the naked eye. 2It is an important tool of science because it is widely used in examining small specimens such as bacteria, cells and crystals in metals, etc. 3Microscopes can be generally classified into three categories: optical or light microscopes 光学显微镜，electron microscopes
7、 电子显微镜，and scanning probe microscopes 扫描显微.This article mainly discusses optical microscopes.HHH J j J j j Technical Writing TechniquesClips弹簧夹Objectives 物镜 o o nglishfor Technical Communication 专业信息交流英语教程Figure 11-6 Drawings of a MicroscopeEyepiece 目镜Coarse adjustment knob粗调用Eyepiece lenses目镜透镜Ligh
8、t path *各Fine adjustrrent knob细周钮In Figi adjusts th“s follows wtirawiiuJ.microscope. I he drawings make it much simpler and easier f understand the working principles of the instrument.I 3. Diaqrams 结构图Diagrams （flowcharts, electronic schematics, structural blueprints, etc.流程图、电子图表、结构设计图等）can be ado
9、pted when you want to emphasize the relationship among objects rather than their appearance.The advantage of a diagram is that it allows the writer to show the abstract relationship among the parts of the mechanism or the place. However, since it tends to be abstract, the diagram is neither represen
10、tational nor proportional; thus, the reader can not get a sense of distance, size, or shape of theobjectbeingdescribed.结构图的优点是它可以显示一个场所或机械装置各部分之间的抽象关系。不过，由于它表 现的是抽象关系，它与实物的外形和比例是不同的，因此读者从结构图上看不出所描述物Technical Writing TechniauesL LULL k 4 8 口 Of nglishfor Technical Communication jt专,业信息交流英语教程体的形状、大小和距
11、离（如Figure 11）。Part Three LULL fv IT Technical Writing Techniques LLLLL L2J L2JJ LZ1 077 nglish for Technical Communiccition 七/专业信息交流英语教程Capillary tubeEvaporator heat from foodFigure 11-7 Diagram Showing How a Refrigerator WorksHigh-pressure liquidSource: Yuan, X., & Yang, R. (2004). Progressive Writ
12、ing and Translation. Beijing: China Renmin University Press.屈可General Guidelines for Technical DescriptionClarify the audience and the purpose. These two basic considerations determine the extent and the kind of details given and the manner in which they are given. 明确 目的和 读者对象。这两个基本问题确定了描写的范围、具体内容和描
13、写方法。 Give an introduction in the beginning. Provide any information the reader might need to understand the description. Choose the right methods of organization: the functional, the spatial or the chronological. They can be used either separately or in combination. Use accurate terminology and defi
14、nitions to make your description precise and clear. Use necessary transitions 彳钉接词，such as and, first, next, at last, etc., to make the description coherent in meaning, especially when describing objects using chronological organization. Use proper graphics, if necessary, to enhance your description
15、, such as photographs, drawings, and diagrams.Part Three LULL 用用甲Technical Writing Techniques LLLLL LUI L-Lll L!J 口口口 O O77 nglish for Technical Communication 七/专业信息交流英语教程Key to Exercises1. Review the chapter and form a complete description of the microscope that includes the introductiony part-by-p
16、art description, and necessary illustration. Then arrange it into a well-designed document.Example WritingMicroscopeIntroductionA microscope is an instrument used for viewing small objects, especially objects that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. It is an important science tool because i
17、t is widely used in examining small specimens such as bacteria, cells and crystals in metals, etc. Microscopes can be generally classified into three categories: optical or light microscopes,electron microscopes scanning probe microscopesThis article mainly discusses optical microscopes.How a Micros
18、cope WorksThe optical microscope (often referred to as the light microscope), is the oldest and simplest of the microscopes. The simplest optical microscope is a magnifying glass, a convex lens that bends or refracts the light rays from the object to produce an enlarged image. A compound microscope
19、consists mainly of two lenses, an objective lens and an eyepiece (also called the ocular lens). The objective lens is a high-powered magnifying glass, a lens with a very short focal length. It can be brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes is focus
20、ed inside the microscope tube. This creates an enlarged image of the subject. The ocular lens then magnifies this image, producing an even larger image.Construction of a MicroscopeOptical microscopes generally consist of three parts: the tube, the arm and the foot. The foot is the base on which the
21、arm stands. The arm is the upright support that holds the tube. The tube contains the lenses for magnification.The arm is hinged to the U-shaped foot so that it may be tilted to allow the viewing angle to be adjusted. The arm consists of a stage, a mirror and two adjustment knobs. The stage is a pla
22、tform on which the specimen is placed. The mirror, fixed under the stage, reflects light through an opening in the stage to illuminate the specimen. On the upper part of the arm is a course-adjustment knob, which is used to focus the microscope by moving the tube within the arm. On the lower part of
23、 the arm is a fine-adjustment knob, which moves the tube a small distance for final focusing of a high-power lens.Part Three LLLL 用用甲Technical Writing Techniques LLLLL LUI L-Lll L!J 口 口 077 nglish for Technical Communiccition 七/专业信息交流英语教程The tube is mainly composed of two parts: the upper part and t
24、he lower part. The upper end of the tube holds the eyepiece (or ocular lens). The lower part of the tube holds the objective lens. In most cases, two or more objective lenses of different power are mounted on a revolving nosepiece that can be rotated to bring the desired lens into place.Figure 11-6
25、Drawings of a MicroscopeHow to Use a MicroscopeA microscope is an expensive and delicate instrument that should be handled with care.To prepare a microscope for use, turn the nosepiece so that the objective lens with the lowest power is in the viewing position. Next, lower the tube by turning the co
26、arse-adjustment knob until the objective lens is just above the opening in the stage. Finally, look through the eyepiece and adjust the mirror so that a bright circle of light appears in the eyepiece. The microscope is now ready for use.To prepare specimens for viewing, make sure that the specimens
27、are transparent, or have been made transparent, so that light can shine through them. Place the specimen on a glass slide that measures 76 mm long and 25 mm wide.To view a slide, place it on the stage with the specimen directly over the opening. Hold the slide in place with the clips on the stage. L
28、ook through the eyepiece and turn the coarse-adjustment knob to raise the lens up from the slide until the specimen comes into focus.To view more details of the specimen, turn the nosepiece to an objective lens with a higher resolution, and then focus the objective lens with the fine-adjustment knob
29、. You can also move the slide on the stage to bring different parts of the specimen into view.Technical Writing TechniquesL LULL QEIH口 口 077 nglish for Technical Communiccition 七/专业信息交流英语教程II. Sort the sentences below into three general groups under the following three headings: Functions, Physical
30、Characteristicsy and Parts. Write the numbers of the sentences under the appropriate headings.Functions: b, e, c, j, g,Physical Characteristics: h, a, i, dParts: f,The jaws are made of cast iron and have removable faces of hardened steel.a) The machinist uses a small stationary holding device called
31、 the machinists bench vise to grip the work securely when performing bench operations.b) For a firm grip on heavy work, serrated faces are usually inserted.c) In addition to the typical bench vise described here, there are many other varieties and sizes.d) It is essential for holding work pieces whe
32、n filing, sawing, and clipping.f)A vise consists of a fixed jaw, a movable jaw, a screw, a nut fastened in the fixed jaw, and the handle by which the screw is turned to position the movable jaw.g) To protect soft metal or finished surfaces from dents and scratches, false lining jaws are often set ov
33、er the regular jaws.h) This holding device is about the size of a small grinding wheel and is fastened to the workbench in a similar manner.i) These lining jaws can be made from paper, leather, wood, brass, copper or lead.j) A smooth face is inserted to prevent marring the surface of certain work pi
34、eces.IH. After sorting the sentences above into groups, arrange them to form a logical paragraph of description. The following sequence gives you a hint on how to organize the sentences.Sentence: e , b ., f, _a_ , c , J_ , g- L , dIt is essential for holding work pieces when filing, sawing, and clip
35、ping. The machinist uses a small stationary holding device called the machinists bench vise to grip the work securely when performing bench operations. This holding device is about the size of a small grinding wheel and is fastened to the workbench in a similar manner. A vise consists of a fixed jaw
36、, a movable jaw, a screw, a nut fastened in the fixed jaw, and the handle by which the screw is turned to position the movable jaw. The jaws are made of cast iron and have removable faces of hardened steel. For a firm grip on heavy work, serrated faces are usually inserted. A smooth face is inserted
37、 to prevent marring the surface of certain work pieces. To protect soft metal or finished surfaces from dents and scratches, false lining jaws are often set over the regular jaws. These lining jaws can be made from paper, leather, wood, brass, copper or lead. In addition to the typical bench vise de
38、scribed here, there are many other varieties and sizes. 译文：在对上件进行牡、锯和剪切时，对工件进行固定是重要的。工人在工作台上进行操作时，使 用一个小的固定的夹持装置来牢固地卡住工件，这个装置叫做操作工台虎钳。这个夹持装置 和一个小砂轮的大小差不多，以同样的方式固定在工作台上。夹钳包括一个固定颗板、一个 移动颗板、一个螺钉、一个嵌入固定颗板的螺母、和一个旋转螺钉以调节移动颗板位置的p Part Three LLLLTechnical Writing Techniques LLLLL LU L2J LU 077 nglish for Te
39、chnical Communiccition 七/专业信息交流英语教程柄。颗口由铸铁制成，并带有可拆装的硬化钢面。为夹牢重工件，通常要插入锯齿面。为防 止损坏某些工件的表面，需要插入平滑的表面。为保护软金属面或已加工而不出现凹痕或划 伤，常常在固定钳口表面加装假衬砌口。这些假衬砌口可以是由纸、皮革、木材、黄铜、红 铜或铅制成的。除了这里描述的典型台虎钳外，还有其他多种类型和大小的台钳。IV. Write a description for one of the following mechanisms y or one in your major field.1. A fax machine,
40、 telephone answering machine, photocopier, or other office machineA flashlight, wristwatch, camera, calculator, stapler, or other common mechanism2. A compact disc player, modem, cell phone, or other electronic mechanismA disk drive, monitor, keyboard, or other computer component3. A human heart, ha
41、nd, ear or other body partA washing machine, refrigerator, microwave oven, air conditioner, or other appliance4. A lie detector, pair of handcuffs, service revolver, or other law enforcement articlesA vaccinating needle, autoclave, stethoscope, incubator, or other health-related mechanismExample One
42、: A CameraA camera is a machine for taking photos. A potable camera is about the size of a soap box and weighs less than half a kilo. It can be manual controlled or automatic, controlled by a computer.A camera mainly consists of a focusing lens, an aperture, a shutter, a viewfinder and a film compar
43、tment. The focusing lens is fixed at the front of the camera and is connected to the aperture. The aperture, in turn, is controlled by the shutter, which is fixed on the top of the camera. Inside the compartment is the light sensitive film. At the front top of the camera is a small window called vie
44、wfinder.The light reflected from an object enters the focusing lens, which can be adjusted to form a clear picture in the viewfinder. The aperture is then adjusted to let right amount of light enter the camera, and the shutter is adjusted to set the right time span for the light to enter the camera.
45、 At last, the shutter is released to let light enter the compartment and a negative image is formed on the light sensitive film.path of light rays from siWhen you take a picture with your camera, you should first take off the lens cover, then hold the camera in front of your eyes and look through th
46、e viewfinder. You aim the camera at the object to be taken and adjust the lens to form a clear picture in the viewfinder. Next you adjust the aperture for the right amount of light to enter the camera and the shutter to set the time. At last you press the shutter release to form an image on the nega
47、tive. After taking a photograph, you wind the film by turning the film winder until a new number appears in the film counter and now a new picture is ready to be takenPart Three LLLL 用用甲Technical Writing Techniques LLLLL LUI L-Lll L!J口 O O77 nglish for Technical Communication 七/专业信息交流英语教程Example Two
48、: A RefrigeratorA refrigerator is a machine that provides a cooling space for storing food and other substances at a low temperature. It is normally made of metal sheet outside and plastics inside. Refrigerators are various in size, which may as small as a box, or as large as a room.A refrigerator consists of a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator and a number of tubes. The compressor is connected by a tube to the condenser, which is connected by a capillary tube to an evaporator. The evaporator, in turn, links the com