《段平-技术与商务交流英语（第二版）Chapter 19 Oral Presentations 教参.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《段平-技术与商务交流英语（第二版）Chapter 19 Oral Presentations 教参.docx（30页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、 ChairterldOral PresentationsOral presentations are a major melhod for reporting technical information. There may be times when you are required to present things such as committee work, laboratory experiments, or research projects at business meetings or academic conferences. Attracting the audienc
2、es attention and delivering your speech successfully is not easy. This chapter will help you develop your oral presentation skills.口司Organizing Your PresentationThe way you organize your presentation determines its success to some extent. Your listeners must be able to follow your ideas easily. Unde
3、rstanding spoken words is generally more difficult than written words. This is because readers can reread a paragraph if they are confused, whereas listeners do not have that option. Therefore, oral presentations need strong, obvious guideposts and transitions to indicate the organization of movemen
4、t through the presentation. 因止匕， 口 头表达 需要强烈的和明显的指示和衔接词以显示发言的组织过程。Figure 19-1 provides structural and organizational strategies that make your presentation easier for listeners.Figure 19-1 Ways to Organize Presentationi Other Technical Communication TasksStrategy and SuggestionsExamplesGive purpose-a
5、udience statements: State your purpose and audience clearly in the introduction of your presentation.在引言中首先说明报告 的目的与听众。This presentation is to explain to students that seif motivation is most likely to occur when they can successfully deal with the stresses in 肥 /b.该报告向学生说明，当他们能够 成功应对生活压力的时候，个人动力就最有
6、可能激发出 来。Sei the organization: Tell the audience how you arc organizing the information (by chronology, priority, comparison, etc.). 确定 组织形式：告知听众你组织信息的线索(以I will chronologically organize the steps to eliminate water contamination in the area.我将以时间先后来讨论消除水 污染的问题。Rhetorical questionDoes it feel like yo
7、ure being torn in all directions? Like youre getting stressed out? Like everything is coming down on you all at once and youre not sure you can withstand使用修辞 问句引起 听众注意the pressure? Stress depletes both energy and motivation. However, self- motivation is most likely to occur when you can successfully
8、 deal with the stresses in your life.ExampleMrs. Phyllis Anderson is a patient of mine. She has to be confined to the wheelchair and使用实例 引起听众 重视is having increasing difficulty breathing because of serious osteoporosis 骨质疏松 症.Her granddaughter will share the same fate unless we can do a much better j
9、ob of home health education than we are currently doing.口 2, DHiverinq Your Presentation 演讲策略Listening is generally more difficult than reading. People usually do not listen well because it is their short-term memory that works in the process of listening. Typically, short-term memory holds a maximu
10、m of five to seven chunks of information信息组块. This number decreases rapidly as the complexity of the information increases. It also decreases when information is presented orally. Therefore, in your speech, you should endeavor to maximize the effectiveness of the audiences short-term memory. The fol
11、lowing skills and suggestions can help your presentation:听讲要比阅读接受信息更为困难。如前所述，人们在摄取信息时首先是短期记忆在起作用， 短期记忆一次最多可以存储72个信息单元，而在听讲时这一信息量还要降低。因此，在演 讲中，发言者应使听众的短期记忆尽可能充分有效地发挥作用。图表12-3列出在演讲中建 议使用的策略和技巧。Figure 19-3 Sk川s and Suggestions on Delivering a Presentation0 0 回jj j Other Technical Communication TasksSki
12、lls 策略Suggestions 建议Wear appropriate clothing穿着得体 Wear clothes that make you feel good and that you do not have to adjust. 穿戴舒适 合身的、不需要时常整理的服饰。 Avoid clothes and jewelry that would delract listeners from the presentation. 避免 穿戴有可能分散听众注意力的服饰。Behave naturally 要:自然 Gesture naturally as you would in a d
13、iscussion. Do not shove both hands on your pockets, clutch the podium, or gesture wildly. 演讲姿势要自然，不要把两手放在 衣袋里，不要两手紧抓讲台，也不可做出大幅度的狂乱手势。 Try to move naturally and comfortably by focusing on what you are saying, not on how you look.身体移动要舒适自然，把注意力集中在演讲内容而不是个人外表ho Do not rock back and forth.前后摇摆。Make eye
14、contact 眼神交流 Look directly at your audience to establish a harmonious relationship and also give yourself the appearance of confidence. People are unlikely to let their attention wander if you look (even briefly) directly at them.直视听众，这样可以与听众建 立起和谐的关系，同时也使自己展现出有自信心的表情。在你直视听众的情 况下，听众一般不会分散注意力。Use cle
15、ar and direct language Use short-to-medium length sentences to ease the comprehension.使用短句和中等 长度句子，以降低理解难度。使用直接、明确的言 语 Choose words that express the exact shade of meaning.选择适当词语以准确表达意 思的细微差别。 Avoid vague and clumsy modifiers, or distracting subordinate clauses to reduce misunderstanding.避免使用含糊的、冗长的
16、修饰语和容易分散注意力的从句， 以减少误解。 Use a uniform type of sentence structure and similar phraseology in stating the main points.陈述要点时应使用统一的句子结构和相同的词语。 Simplifying long and complex terms for better understanding.对于长而又复杂难懂 的词语进行简化和解释。 Connect new information to the information your audience have already known. 把 新
17、信息与听众的已知信息联系起来，以便于理解。Control your voice and speech rate Speak clearly and loudly, neither too fast nor too slow.讲话应清楚、洪亮，语速不 快不慢。控制语调和语速 Emphasize the key terms with a stress.强调关键词语时应加强语气。 Use pauses to signal changes in your speech, such as the change of topics or main points.使用短暂停顿来引导听众注意演讲中的变化，如改
18、变话题或重点。Adjust to audiences response Watch your audience while speaking and notice their response: fascinated, wondering, bored, confused, or scribbling madly to take notes 在演讲的同时应观察 听众的反应，其表情是感兴趣的、疑惑的、感到无聊的还是迷惑不解的，或者根据听众的反应调整演讲是在匆忙地记笔记。. Make on-the-spot adjustment according to the audiences respons
19、e.根据听众的反应 及时做现场调整。3, Handling Questions应对提问的方式During a presentation, you may be interrupted frequently with questions, so you need to plan how and when to respond. In formal presentations, questions are usually held until the question-and-answer session at the end, particularly with large audiences.
20、 However, if the session ismall and informal and you donot mind interruptions, you may tell the audience that you will respond to questions as they arise.0 0 回jj j Other Technical Communication TasksQuestions raised for you can be extensive and unpredictable; they can be from insiders in the field,
21、from people who are familiar with the content, or even from the fault finders. It is wise to anticipate the questions and make preparations. The following strategies can help you handle questions effectively.在演讲中，你有可能不时地被提问所打断，因此应做好回答问题的准备。对于正式的 大型会议报告，回答问题一般安排在演讲结尾。对于非正式的小型会议，也可以在演讲中 停下来回答问题。听众提出的问
22、题往往很广泛而且不可预测，可能是专业的也可能是外行的，也有可能 是故意挑毛病的。因此，在演讲前最好预测一下听众可能提出的问题并做出相应的准备。回答要面向全体听众，而不是仅对提问者回答。下面的策略有助于有效地应对提问。 If you do not know the answer to a question, simply say, without embarrassment, Tm sorry, I dont know, but if youd like me to find out, contact me after the prcscntation. A speaker is not exp
23、ected to know everything. If you cannot hear the question clearly, ask the questioner to repeat it. If parts of the audience cannot hear a question, you should repeat it so that everyone can hear. Repeating the question has the benefit of affinning that you understand what was asked. If one person d
24、ominates the questioning, you may suggest that the person meet you after the presentation. You may also ask if other people have questions and then select another person. If a person asks a question that you do not understand, it may be too complicated or poorly worded. In this case, you can ask the
25、 questioner to rephrase the question. If you simply ask the person to repeat the question, you might still not understand. If the rephrasing does not help, you can choose not to provide an answer. If a person disagrees with you, you may simply acknowledge the area of disagreement, noting that multip
26、le views or interpretations are possible. You may also focus on the likely cause of the disagreement and specify your case. If someone asks a seemingly ignorant question or a question about something you have already explained, act as if the question is reasonable and provide a straight answer. If a
27、 person is making a statement rather than asking a question, you can express your interest in the persons view and then ask if he or she has any questions._ 1）如果你不知道问题的答案，不必感到为难，应坦白承认。例如说：Tm sorrydont know, but if youd like me-to find out, contact me after the presentation.没有 会期望 一 演讲者知道一切。 一2）如果你没有
28、听清楚问题，应要求提问者重复问题。如果有些听众没有听清楚问题，0 0 回 jj jj j Other Technical Communication Tasks你可以再重复一遍以使大家听清楚。重复问题的好处是可以证实你明白了问题。3）如果有一个人支配了提问，可以建议他在演讲后和你单独会谈，也可以问其他人是 否有问题，把提问转向他人。4）如果有人提出的问题你听不懂，有可能是问题过于复杂，也有可能是提问者言语表 达不清楚。在这种情况下应要求提问者改述问题。如果只是要求提问者重复问题， 你有可能仍然听不懂。如果改述仍然听不懂，你也可以不作答。5）如果有人不同意你的观点，你可以承认有意见分歧是正常的，
29、或指出不同的观点和 解释是可能的。你也可以重点说明分歧可能的原因，或对你的事例做具体说明。6）如果有人提出了似乎愚蠢的问题或者是你已经解释过了的问题，不应有嘲讽或轻蔑 的表示，应该把它当作正常问题并做出直接的回答。7）如果有人提出敏感性的或不友好的问题，一定要冷静对待而不可感情用事。应采取 善意的态度，做出诚恳合理的解释，或采用机智的回答方式以摆脱尴尬。8）如果有人不是在提问，而是在发表自己的意见，应该表达你对其观点的兴趣并问他 是否有问题。 When you answer questions, avoid getting into one-to-one conversations. Main
30、tain eye contact with the entire audience, not just the person who asked the question. Furthermore, avoid ending your answer by looking directly at the questioner. He or she may feel involved to ask another question.LLearning How to Read Formulas and Equations 学习如何读公式和方程式A technical report is often
31、dominated by mathematical language, including symbols, formulas and equations, which are easy to understand, but can be difficult to read aloud in a presentation. This section provides examples of how to read these expressions aloud.专业报告中常含有较多的数学语言，包括符号、公式和方程式等。公式和方程式（formulas and equations）的书面表达形式简
32、便而又容易理解，但是，许多非英语族的演讲者不熟悉其 诵读方式，容易造成演讲中表达困难。该部分对常用的符号、公式和方程式的朗读方式进 行了举例说明。口 1. Mathematical SymbcdgThe figure below lists commonlynscd mathematical symbols and details how to read them aloud.常用的数学符号、意义、使用范例和诵读方式。jj j jPart Five j Other Technical Communication TasksFigure 19-4 Readings of Mathematical
33、 SymbolsSymbolReadingExampleMeaning in Full+plusu + Vu plus VminusV - uv minus uX,-times, multiplym x vm times v (mass multiplied by velocity)+, /divide, over120-40one hundred and twenty divided by forty=equal be equal to1 ton = 1,000kgOne ton equals (is equal to) one thousand kilograms.not equalx w
34、 yX does not equal Y.=be equivalent to1mm vertical = 5NOne millimeter vertical is equivalent to five newtons.cobe identically equal to、ABC - ABCTriangle ABC is identically equal to triangle apostrophe ABC.be approximately equal to60km/h 17m/sSixty kilometers per hour is approximately equal to sevent
35、een meters per second.Index:2 3 4 -4squarecubeto the 4th powerto the minus 4th power224?104104two squaredfour cubedten to the power four; ten to the fourth powerten to the power minus four; ten to the minus fourth powerqsquare root cubic rootthe 4th root754 834the square root of five the cubic root
36、of eight the fourth root of thirty-fourless thanmore than18mmmore than eighteen millimeters40mm70mmmore than or equal to forty millimeters less than or equal to seventy millimetersplus or minus2kgplus or minus two kilograms(open bracket(NH4)2Cr2O7open bracket N H four close bracket twice Cr two O se
37、ven)close bracketEsigma, sum(ZPx)2the square of sigma PxJintegral!b )athe integral from a to bresult in, yieldFe+SFeSFe plus S results in (yields) FeS.doesnt result inFe + S H2OFe plus S doesnt result in (yield) HQ. becausetherefore7abbc.ZB= 90Because AB is perpendicular to BC, therefore angle B is
38、equal to 90 degrees.OCproportionalstress oc strainStress is proportional to strain.0 0 回jj j Other Technical Communication Tasks口 2, Mathematical Formulas数学公式There are various kinds of mathematical formulas and equations in technical reports. Some examples are given here to demonstrate how to read t
39、he basic items of such formulas and equations.(4 + 7 % - 5.88 x 6) + 2 % = -9.462This fonnula is generally read as: four plus seven and five-eighths minus five point eightyeight multiplied by six, all divided by two and a half, equals minus nine point four six two.(a - hy= a3- 3a2b + 3abi-1户Jhis equ
40、ation is generally read as: the cube 立方 of A minus B is equal to A cubed minus three A squared B plus three A B squared minus B cubed.p dr 0 1 +acosxp dr 0 1 +acosx,/WdrThis equation is generally read as: the integral 积分 from zero to pi over two of dx over one plusa times cosine of x, plus the sum f
41、rom r equals zero to r equals n of the quantity n things taken r at a time squared, equals the integral from x equals 0 to h of/of x.0 0 回jj j Other Technical Communication Tasks3. Molecular Formulas分子式Molecular formulas are generally read in a literal manner, according to their written forms. 通常按照其
42、字面书写 形式诵读。H2so晨 H two S O four 氏2。3： Fe two 0 three Ab(SO4)3: Al two open bracket SO four close bracket three times口 4. Chemical and Physical Formulas化学和物理公式There are generally two ways of reading chemical and physical formulas and equations. One way is to read them in a literal manner, according to
43、 their appearances. The other way is to read them in a free manner, according to their meanings, which sounds more practical in oral presentations. See the examples below:2KC1O3 Mn。； 2KC1 + 3O2Literal Manner: Two KC10 three, when heated in the presence of MnO two as a catalyst, result in two KC1 and
44、 release three 0 two.Free Manner: Two potassium chlorate 氯酸钾，when heated in the presence of a manganese dioxide二氧化镒 catalyst催化剂，result in two potassium chloride and three oxygen.两个氯酸钾分 子在二氧化镒催化剂和加热条件下，生成两个氯化钾分子和三个氧分子。6NH4OH + A12(SG4)3 2AL(OH)3+3(NH4)2SO4Literal Manner: Six NH four OH plus Al two op
45、en bracket SO four close bracket three times yield two Al open bracket OH close bracket three times plus three open bracket NH four close bracket twice SO four.Free Manner: When ammonium hydroxide is added to a solution of aluminum sulfate, aluminum hydroxide and ammonium sulfate are formed,氢氧化镂加入硫酸
46、铝溶液中会反应生成氢 氧化铝和硫酸钺。E - meLiteral Manner: E is equal to m c squared.Free Manner: Energy is equal to mass times the velocity of light squared,能量等于质量与光速乘积的平方。 (爱因斯坦质能转换公式)T.T= I彳Literal Manner: 7is equal to To divided by the square root of 1 minus Vsquared divided by C squared.Free Manner: The time uni
47、t of a clock in motion is equal to the time unit of the clock motionless divided by the square root of one minus the velocity of the clock squared divided by the velocity of light squared.运动中的时钟的一个时间单位等于静止时钟的一个时间单位除 以1减去钟速平方除以光速平方的平方根。Part Five LLLL 囱 4Other Technical Communication Tasks lll LL L_JI l_J L_LExplanation: The time unit of a clock in motion is longer than that of the clock motionless, and thus is slower than the motionless clock.运动中的时钟的一个时间单位比静止时钟的个 时间单位要长，因此运动的时钟要比静止的时钟慢。（爱因斯坦时间方程）PartFIveLLLL 25Other Technical Communication Tasks LL_LLL L-J L-J11Ex