《电子商务和供应链管理22692.pptx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《电子商务和供应链管理22692.pptx（44页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Chapter 4 E-Commerce and Supply Chain Management第4章 電子商務和供應鏈管理Operations ManagementbyR.Dan Reid&Nada R.Sanders3rd Edition Wiley 2005PowerPoint Presentation by R.B.Clough UNH M.E.Henrie-UAA1 2007 WileyLearning Objectives 學習目標nDescribe the structure of supply chainsn說明供應鏈的架構nDescribe the bullwhip effe
2、ctn說明長鞭效應nDescribe the issues affecting supply chain managementn說明影響供應鏈管理的議題nDescribe B2B and B2C electronic commercen說明B2B和B2C電子商務nDescribe global issues in supply chain managementn說明在供應鏈管理的全球議題2 2007 WileyLearning Objectives(continued)nDescribe the role of purchasing in supply chain managementn說明在
3、供應鏈管理中採購的角色nDescribe the ethics of supplier managementn說明供應商管理的道德nDescribe sourcing issuesn說明商源議題nDescribe strategic purchasing partnershipsn說明策略採購夥伴nDescribe supply chain distributionn說明供應鏈分佈3 2007 WileyLearning Objectives(continued)nDescribe integrated supply chain managementn說明整合供應鏈管理nDescribe su
4、pply chain performance measuresn說明供應鏈績效衡量nDescribe trends in supply chain managementn說明供應鏈管理趨勢4 2007 WileySupply Chains&SCM供應鏈和供應鏈管理nA supply chain is the network of all the activities involved in delivering a finished product/service to the customer供應鏈是將已完成的產品/服務遞送到顧客得所有活動的網路nSourcing of:raw materi
5、als,assembly,warehousing,order entry,distribution,delivery n商源:原材料、組裝件、倉儲、訂單項目、分佈、遞送nSupply Chain Management is the vital business function that coordinates all of the network linksn供應鏈管理是協調所有網路連結的關鍵企業功能nCoordinates movement of goods through supply chain from suppliers to manufacturers to distributo
6、rsn協調透過供應鏈從供應者到製造者到批發商的物品移動nPromotes information sharing along chain like forecasts,sales data,&promotionsn促進延著供應鏈中如預測、銷售資料、和促銷等資訊分享5 2007 WileyComponents of a Supply Chain供應鏈的元素nExternal Suppliers source of raw materialn外部供應商原料的來源nTier one supplier supplies directly to the processorn第一層供應商直接供應給製造者n
7、Tier two supplier supplies directly to tier onen第二層供應商直接供應給第一層供應商nTier three supplier supplies directly to tier twon第三層供應商直接供應給第二層供應商nInternal Functions include processing functionsn內部功能包括處理製造功能nProcessing,purchasing,planning,quality,shippingn處理製造、採購、規劃、品質、運輸nExternal Distributors transport finished
8、 products to appropriate locationsn外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點nLogistics managers are responsible for traffic management and distribution management n後勤經理負責運輸管理和通路管理6 2007 WileySupply Chain Illustration7 2007 WileyComponents of a Supply Chain供應鏈的元素nExternal Distributors transport finished products to appropr
9、iate locations 外部經銷商運送已完成產品到適當的地點nLogistics managers are responsible for managing the movement of products between locations.Includes;後勤經理負責產品和地點之間貨物移動管理ntraffic management arranging the method of shipment for both incoming and outgoing products or materialn運輸管理安排將材料運入或產品運出的運送方法ndistribution managem
10、ent movement of material from manufacturer to the customern通路管理從製造者到消費者間的貨品移動8 2007 WileyA Basic Supply Chain一個基本供應鏈9 2007 WileyThe Bullwhip Effect 長鞭效應nBullwhip effect-the inaccurate or distorted demand information created in the supply chainn長鞭效應供應鏈中所創造出來的不正確或扭曲的需求資訊nCauses are generated by:產生原因為：
11、ndemand forecasting updating,需求預測更新norder batching,訂單整批作業nprice fluctuations,價格變動nrationing and 配額供應(當需求大於供給時)和ngaming 賭注(因配額所造成浮報需求)10 2007 WileyThe Bullwhip Effect 牛鞭效應nCounteracting the Effect:反制效應反制效應nChange the way suppliers forecast product demand by making this information available at all le
12、vels of the supply chainn以供應鏈各階層都可獲得需求資訊取代供應者預測產品需求nShare real demand information(POS terminals)n分享實際需求資訊(銷售點終端機)(POS,point on sale)nEliminate order batching 消除訂單整批作業nStabilize pricing 穩定價格nEliminate gaming 消除賭注(依據過去銷售記錄決定配額數量)11 2007 WileyIssues Affecting Supply Chain Management 影響供應鏈管理的議題nInformat
13、ion technology enablers include the Internet,Web,EDI,intranets and extranets,bar code scanners,and point-of-sales demand information n資訊科技賦予能力者包括網際網路、網路、EDI(電子資料交換)、內部網路和外部網路、讀條碼機、銷售點需求資訊nE-commerce and e-business uses internet and web to transact businessn電子商務和電子化企業使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易12 2007 Wiley Type
14、s of E-Commerce 電子商務種類nE-commerce is defined as the use of the Internet and the Web to transact businessn電子商務的定義是使用網際網路和網路執行企業交易nTwo types of e-commerce are電子商務電子商務兩種類型兩種類型nBusiness-to-business(B2B)and 企業對企業nBusiness-to-consumer(B2C)企業對消費者13 2007 Wiley Types of E-Commerce電子商電子商務的類型務的類型nBusiness-to-B
15、usiness(B2B)Evolution:nB2B的演進的演進nAutomated order entry systems started in 1970sn起始於1970年代的自動化訂單輸入系統nElectronic Data Interchange(EDI)started in the 1970sn起始於1970年代的電子資料交換nElectronic Storefronts emerged in the 1990sn1990年代電子商店nNet Marketplaces emerged in the late 1990sn1990年代網路市場nBenefits of B2B E-Com
16、merce B2B電子商務的好處電子商務的好處nLower procurement administrative costs,減低採購管理成本nLow-cost access to global suppliers 低成本接觸全球供應商nLower inventory investment due to price transparency/reduced response time 由於價格透明/回應時間縮短而導致低存貨投資nBetter product quality because of increased cooperation between buyers and sellers,e
17、specially during the product design and development 因為購買者和銷售者漸增的合作尤其在產品設計和開發階段，提供更家產品品質14 2007 Wiley Types of E-Commerce電子商電子商務的類型務的類型nBusiness-to-Consumer(B2C):企業對個人企業對個人nOn-line businesses try to reach individual consumersn線上企業嘗試可以到達個人消費者nB2C revenue model sources B2C獲利模式來源獲利模式來源nAdvertising Web s
18、ite offers providers and opportunity to advertisen廣告網站給予提供者和廣告機會nSubscription Web site charges a subscription fee for access to the site n訂閱網站收取進入網站者訂閱費nTransaction company receives a fee for executing a transactionn交易每執行一筆交易公司收取一比費用 nSales a means of selling goods,information,or service directly to
19、 customersn銷售直接販賣物品、資訊、或服務給消費者nAffiliate companies receive a referral fee for directing business to an affiliaten推薦費公司收取一筆推薦費用因引導企業成為某某會員15 2007 WileySCM Factors SCM因素nSCM must consider the following trends,improved capabilities,&realities:SCM必須考慮下列趨勢、改善能力、和實際。nConsumer Expectations and Competition
20、power has shifted to the consumern消費者期望和競爭力量已轉移到消費者nGlobalization capitalize on emerging marketsn全球化資金投注於新興市場nGovernment Regulations and E-Commerce issues of Internet government regulationsn政府法規和電子商務政府網際網路法規的議題nEnvironment Implications of E-Commerce recycling,sustainable eco-efficiency,and waste min
21、imizationn電子商務環保意涵回收、一定水準的環保效率、和最少浪費16 2007 WileyGlobal SCM Factors 全球SCM因素nManaging extensive global supply chains introduces many complications 管理擴張全球供應鏈引進許多複雜議管理擴張全球供應鏈引進許多複雜議題題nGeographically dispersed members-increase replenishment transit times and inventory investmentn不同地點的會員增加補貨轉運時間和存貨投資nFor
22、ecasting accuracy complicated by longer lead times and different operating practicesn預測準確度因長前置時間和不同營運方式變得更複雜nExchange rates fluctuate,inflation can be highn匯率浮動，通貨膨脹可能更高nInfrastructure issues like transportation,communication,lack of skilled labor,&scarce local material suppliesn基礎建設議題像運輸、通訊、缺乏具有技能員
23、工、和缺乏當地原料供應nProduct proliferation created by the need to customize products for each market產品激增 對每一市場因客製化產品需求 17 2007 WileySourcing Issues 商源議題nWhich products to produce in-house and which are provided by other supply chain membersn那些產品自己生產和那些產品由其他供應鏈成員提供nVertical integration a measure of how much o
24、f the supply chain is owned by the manufacturern垂直整合製造者擁有供應鏈中多少的一種衡量nBackward integration owning or controlling of sources of raw material and component partsn向後整合擁有或控制原材料和零組件來源nForward integration owning or control the channels of distributionn向前整合擁有或控制通路管道nVertical integration related to levels of
25、 insourcing or outsourcing products or services n垂直整合和產品或服務委內或委外程度相關18 2007 WileyInsourcing vs.Outsourcing自製零件或向委採購零件(自製vs.委外)nWhat questions need to be asked before sourcing decisions are made?n決定商源之前必須回答下列問題決定商源之前必須回答下列問題？nIs product/service technology critical to firms success?n此產品/服務技術是否是公司成功的關鍵
26、？nIs product/service a core competency?n此產品/服務是否是公司核心能力？nIs it something your company must do to survive?n它是否公司為了生存必須要做的事情？19 2007 WileyMake or Buy Analysis自製或外購分析nAnalysis will look at the expected sales levels and cost of internal operations vs.cost of purchasing the product or servicen分析將考慮期望銷售水準
27、和內部作業成本vs.產品採購成本20 2007 WileyMake or Buy Analysis自製或外購分析nAnalysis will look at the expected sales levels and cost of internal operations vs.cost of purchasing the product or servicen分析將考慮期望銷售水準和內部作業成本vs.產品採購成本總外購成本:TC(購買)=FC(購買)+(VC x Q)總自製成本 TC(自製)=FC(自製)+(VC x Q)總外購成本=總自製成本FC(購買)+(VC x Q)=FC(自製)+(
28、VC x Q)TC:總成本 FC:固定成本 VC：變動成本21 2007 Wiley案例:自製或外購分析-瑪麗和蘇已經決定開設貝果麵包店。他們第一個決定是自己作或自當地麵包廠購買。如果他們決定是外購時，他們將需要密閉容器每年固定成本是1000美元。外購貝果每個是0.4美元。如果是自製時，他們需投資小型廚房設備，固定成本為15000，自製貝果每個成本是0.15美元。他們認為每年可以售出60000個貝果。你認為他們應該是自製或外購?nMary and Sue wants to know if they should make or buy the bagels.瑪麗和蘇想知道他們應該自製或外購貝果
29、瑪麗和蘇想知道他們應該自製或外購貝果n FCBuy+(VCBuy x Q)=FCMake+(VCMake x Q)n$1,000+($0.40 x Q)=$15,000+($0.15 x Q)n Q=56,000 bagelsnSince the costs are equal at 56,000 bagels and Mary and Sue expect to use 60,000 bagels,they should make the bagels in-housen因為無差異點是因為無差異點是56000個個貝果，而他們認為可以使用量為貝果，而他們認為可以使用量為60000個，個，因此他
30、們應該自製。因此他們應該自製。(因為超過因為超過56000時，每個成本自製是時，每個成本自製是0.15，而，而外購是外購是0.4)22 2007 WileyThe Role of Purchasing採購的角色nPurchasing role has attained increased importance since material costs represent 50-60%of cost of goods soldn因為物料成本佔銷貨成本達因為物料成本佔銷貨成本達50-60%，使得採購角色愈來愈重要，使得採購角色愈來愈重要nEthics considerations is a con
31、stant concernn道德考量一直受到持續關注nDeveloping supplier relationships is essentialn發展供應商關係是必要的nDetermining how many suppliers to usen決定使用多少供應商nDeveloping partnershipsn發展夥伴關係23 2007 WileyCritical Factors in Successful Partnership Relations成功夥伴關係的關鍵因素nCritical factors in successful partnering include;成功夥伴關係的關鍵
32、因素包括nImpact attaining levels of productivity and competitiveness that are not possible through normal supplier relationshipsn衝擊透過正常供應商關係無法達成生產力和競爭力水準nIntimacy working relationship between two partners 親密關係夥伴間的工作關係nVision the mission or objectives of the partnership 願景夥伴的使命或目標24 2007 Wiley夥伴關係的特徵nBen
33、efits of Partnering夥伴的利益夥伴的利益nEarly supplier involvement(ESI)in the design processn在設計過程中供應商能在早期參與nUsing supplier expertise to develop and share cost improvements and eliminate costly processesn利用供應商專業以發展和分享成本改善和消除浪費的過程nShorten time to marketn縮短上市時間Have a long-term orientation具有長期定位Share a common vi
34、sion分享共同願景Are strategic in nature策略本質Share short/long term plans分享短期/長期計畫Share information資訊分享Driven by end-customer needs以終端顧客需求驅動Share risks and opportunities分享風險和機會25 2007 WileySupply Chain Distribution供應鏈配銷nWarehouses involved in supply chain distributions and include 倉儲包含在供應鏈中，包括nPlant warehous
35、es 工廠倉庫nRegional warehouses 區域倉庫nLocal warehouses 當地倉庫nWarehouses can either be 倉儲也可以是指nGeneral used for long-term storagen一般用於長期儲存nDistribution used for short-term storage,consolidation,and product mixingn配銷用於短期儲存、運輸合併、和產品混合26 2007 WileySupply Chain Distribution-continued供應鏈配銷nTransportation consol
36、idation warehouses consolidate less-than-truckload(LTL)quantities into truckload(TL)quantitiesn運輸合併倉庫可將少於卡車裝載數合併為一車運送nProduct mixing warehouse value added customer service of grouping a variety of products into a direct shipment to the customern產品混合倉儲價值可以將顧客不同需求的產品整合起來包裝然後直接運送到顧客手中27 2007 WileySuppl
37、y Chain Distribution-continued供應鏈配銷nServices are offered can improve customer service by moving goods closer to the customer and thus reducing replenishment timen倉庫所提供服務可藉由運送離顧客較近的物品以改善服務，如此可減少補貨時間nCrossdocking or movement of material without storage and order-picking material while still performing
38、 the receiving and shipping functions.n接駁式轉運,為一種商品處理的觀念。亦即商品由倉庫或物流中心收貨時，沒有放到架上儲位而是立刻把商品轉運至零售點。28 2007 WileySupply Chain Distribution-continued供應鏈配銷nRadio Frequency Identification Technology(RFID)automated data collection technology which relies on radio waves to transfer data between reader and RFID
39、 tagn無線射頻辨識技術自動化資料蒐集技術，其仰賴無線電波以傳遞讀寫機和RFID標籤間之資料nThird-party Service Providers ease of developing an electronic storefront has allowed the discovery of suppliers from around the worldn第三方服務提供者提供發展電子商店允許來自於全世界供應商的發現29 2007 WileyIntegrated SCM整合的供應鏈管理nImplementing integrated SCM requires:n實施整合的供應鏈管理需要:
40、nAnalyzing the whole supply chain分析整個供應鏈分析整個供應鏈nStarting by integrating internal functions first首先整合企業內部功能首先整合企業內部功能單位單位nIntegrating external suppliers through partnerships 透過夥伴關係將透過夥伴關係將外部供應商整合外部供應商整合nManufacturers Goals 製造者目標製造者目標nReduce costs減少成本減少成本nReduce duplication of effort減少重覆工減少重覆工作作nImpro
41、ve quality改善品質改善品質nReduce lead time減少前置時間減少前置時間nImplement cost reduction programg實實施成本降低計畫施成本降低計畫nInvolve suppliers early早期將供應商納入早期將供應商納入nReduce time to market 降低上市時間降低上市時間nSuppliers Goals 供應商目標供應商目標nIncrease sales volume 增加銷售數增加銷售數量量nIncrease customer loyalty增加顧增加顧客忠誠度客忠誠度nReduce cost減少成本減少成本nImpro
42、ve demand data 改進需求資改進需求資料料nImprove profitability改善獲利能力改善獲利能力30 2007 WileySupply Chain Measurements供應鏈衡量nMeasuring supply chain performancen衡量供應鏈績效衡量供應鏈績效nTraditional measures include;傳統衡量包括nReturn on investment 投資報酬率nProfitability 獲利能力nMarket share 市場佔有率nRevenue growth 收益成長nAdditional measures 另外衡量
43、nCustomer service levels 顧客服務水準nInventory turns 存貨周轉nWeeks of supply 供應周數nInventory obsolescence 過時存貨31 2007 WileySupply Chain Performance Measurement供應鏈績效衡量供應鏈績效衡量nCustomer demands for better-quality requires companys to develop ways to measure improvements n顧客對於較好品質需要，公司發展衡量改善的方法顧客對於較好品質需要，公司發展衡量改
44、善的方法nSome measurements include 衡量包括衡量包括nWarranty costs 保固成本n Products returned 退回產品nCost reductions allowed because of product defects 因為產品瑕疵允許降低成本nCompany response times 公司回應時間nTransaction costs 交易成本32 2007 WileyCurrent Trends in SCM供應鏈管理目前趨勢供應鏈管理目前趨勢nIncreased use of electronic marketplace such as
45、 過去幾年來因為電子網路市場增加使用，使得成千上萬的購買者和供應者能聚集在一起nE-distributors independently owned net marketplaces having catalogs representing thousands of suppliers and designed for spot purchases n電子配銷商擁有獨立網路市場之仲介者，提供代表成千上萬供應商的電子型錄和提供顧客在網路上採購的據點nE-purchasing companies that connect on-line MRO suppliers to business who
46、pay fees to join the market,usually for long-term contractual purchasingn電子採購公司將線上MRO(指辦公室文具維修用品，非產品用材料)供應商與採購MRO用品廠商聯結，通常目的是為了長期合約採購。33 2007 WileyCurrent Trends in SCM-continuednIncreased use of electronic marketplace such asnValue chain management automation of a firms purchasing or selling proces
47、ses n價值鏈管理公司採購或銷售過程自動化nOn-line Exchanges marketplace that focuses on spot requirements of large firms in a single industryn線上交易市場連接成千供應商和無數的買者的市場nIndustry consortia industry-owned markets that enable buyers to purchase direct inputs from a limited set of invited suppliersn產業團體產業擁有市場，其能使買者直接購買來自於有限受邀
48、供應商所提供商品nDecreased supply chain velocity due to greater distances with greater uncertainty and generally less efficient.n由於較長距離和較大不確定性以及因不具效率，使得供應鏈速度降低34 2007 WileySCM Across the Organization跨組織的SCMnSCM changes the way companies do business.nSCM改變公司經營企業的方式nAccounting shares SCM benefits due to inven
49、tory level decreasesn由於存貨水準降低，會計分享SCM利益nMarketing benefits by improved customer service levelsn因為改善顧客服務水準，行銷部門因而受益nInformation systems are critical for information sharing through POS data,EDI,RFID,the Internet,intranet,and extranetsn對於透過POS資料、EDI、RFID、Internet,intranet,and extranets，資訊系統是關鍵的。nPurch
50、asing is responsible for sourcing materialsn採購負責物料來源的掌握nOperations use timely demand information to more effectively plan production schedulesn作業部門利用適時的需求資訊以更有效地規劃生產時程35 2007 WileyChapter 4 Highlights 重點nEvery organization is part of a supply chain,either as a customer or as a supplier.Supply chains