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1、物流供应链战略和规划物流供应链战略和规划Logistics/Supply Chain Strategy and Planning Chapter 2“If you dont know where you want to go,any path will do.”CR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.1公司战略公司战略Corporate StrategyCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.战略是为公司的目标而定位的计划的提出过程Strategy is the processwhereby plans are formulated for positioning th
2、e firm to meet its objectives.战略的提出从定义公司的战略开始Strategy formulation begins withdefining a corporate strategy.This involves:a.Assessing needs,strengths,and weaknesses of the 4 major components:-customers -suppliers -competitors -the company itself b.Visioning where counter-intuitive,unheard of,and unco
3、nventional strategies are considered.公司的战略转变为职能部门的战略Corporate strategies areconverted to more specific strategies for the various functionalareas of the firm such as logistics.2物流战略物流战略 物流的目标物流的目标The objectives of logistics strategy are:-成本最小Minimize cost-投资最小Minimize investment-客户服务水平最大Maximize cus
4、tomer service 物流规划的层级物流规划的层级Levels of logistical planning:-战略Strategic-战术Tactical-运作Operational 供应链规划的供应链规划的4个问题个问题The 4 problem areas of supply chain planning-客户服务水平Customer ser vice levels-设施选址Facility location-库存决策Inventory decisions-运输决策Transportation decisions 什么时间规划什么时间规划When to plan?-No distr
5、ibution network currently exists.-There has been no re-evaluation in 5 years.-When costs are changing rapidly,especially transport&inventory.-When markets have shifted.-When current distribution economics encourage shifts.-When there has been a major policy shift in logistics such as in price,custom
6、er service,or investment level.Recall thelogistics strategytriangle物流资产回报率Use ROLA3企业职能战略规划企业职能战略规划Corporate to Functional Strategic PlanningCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.经济经济Economic法规法规Regulatory技术技术Technological竞争竞争Competitive外部因素外部因素External factors企业战略规划企业战略规划Corporate strategic plan营销营销Marketing财务
7、财务Finance生产生产Manufacturing物流物流Logistics职能战略规划职能战略规划Functional strategic plans4物流规划过程物流规划过程Flow of Logistics PlanningCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.设施选址设施选址Facility location 运作战略运作战略Operations strategy 库存管理库存管理Inventory management 信息系统信息系统Information systems 物料搬运物料搬运Material handling 交通和运输交通和运输Traffic and
8、 transportation 规划与控制方法规划与控制方法Planning and control methods 组织组织Organization物流系统的个别环节物流系统的个别环节Individual Link of Logistics System企业目标和战略企业目标和战略Business goals and strategies客户服务要求客户服务要求Customer service requirements整体物流规划整体物流规划Integrated logistics planning一体化物流管理系统的设计一体化物流管理系统的设计Design of integrated lo
9、gistics management system总体绩效评估总体绩效评估Overall performance measures5物流目标物流目标Logistics Objective物流资产的回报率最大Maximize return on logistics assets(ROLA)物流对销售额的贡献Logistics contribution to sales物流资产投入Investment in logistics assets物流成本Costs of logistics operationsCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.6决策领域决策领域Decision are
10、a战略战略Strategic战术战术Tactical运作运作Operational运输运输Transportation方式选择Mode selectionSeasonal equip-ment leasingDispatching库存库存InventoriesLocation,Control policiesSafety stock levels Order filling定单处理定单处理OrderprocessingOrder entry,transmittal,and processing systemdesignProcessingorders,Fillingback orders采购采
11、购PurchasingDevelopment of supplier-buyer relationsContracting,Forward buyingExpediting仓储仓储WarehousingHandling equipmentselection,Layout designSpace utilizationOrder pickingand restocking设施选址设施选址Facility locationNumber,size,andlocation of warehousesStrategic,Tactical,and Operational Decision MakingCR
12、(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.2-77制定物流战略的六个原则制定物流战略的六个原则Six Concepts for Logistics Strategy Formulation 总成本概念总成本概念Total cost concept Tradeoff conflicting costs at optimum 多样化分拨多样化分拨Differentiated distribution Not all products should be provided the same level of customer service 混合战略混合战略Mixed strategy A p
13、ure strategy has higher costs than a mixed strategy 延迟生产延迟生产Postponement Delay formation of the final product as long as possible 运输合并运输合并Shipment consolidation Smaller shipment sizes have disproportionately higher transportation costs than larger ones 产品的标准化产品的标准化Product standardization Avoid produ
14、ct variety since it adds to inventory CR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.8物流中的成本冲突物流中的成本冲突A Cost Conflict in LogisticsCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.9更多的成本冲突更多的成本冲突More Cost ConflictsCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.2-1010Pure vs.Mixed StrategyCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.11选择适当的渠道战略选择适当的渠道战略Choosing the Right Supply Chain
15、 Strategy可预测的成熟产品Functional Products-Predictable demand难以预测的新产品Innovative Products-Unpredictable demand效率型供应链Efficient supply chain主要的食品类产品Staple food products反应型供应链Responsive supply chain电子设备Electronic equipment低利润Low margin高利润High marginCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.12效率型供应链效率型供应链Efficient supply chai
16、nn 经济生产批量Economical production runsn 成品库存Finished goods inventoriesn 经济采购批量Economical buy quantitiesn 大批量运输Large shipment sizesn 批量定单处理Batch order processing反应型供应链反应型供应链Responsive supply chainn 额外产能Excess capacityn 快速转换Quick changeoversn 提前期短Short lead timesn 柔性过程Flexible processingn 高价运输Premium tra
17、nsportationn 按订单处理Single order processing供给入库供给入库Supply-to-stock按单生产按单生产Supply-to-order选择正确的供应链战略选择正确的供应链战略Choosing the Right Supply Chain Strategy13产品分类产品分类Classification of Products可预测的成熟产品可预测的成熟产品Predictable/Mature Products果冻Jello玉米片Corn Flakes草坪化肥Lawn fertilizer圆珠笔Ball point pens灯泡Light bulbs汽车备
18、胎Auto replacement tires工业化工品Some industrial chemicals番茄汤Tomato soup难以预测的新产品难以预测的新产品Unpredictable/Introductory Products新音乐磁带New music recordings新游戏New computer games时装Fashion clothes艺术品Art works电影Movies咨询服务Consulting services现有产品的新款性New product offerings of existing product linesCR(2004)Prentice Hall
19、,Inc.14对分类错误的产品采取的措施对分类错误的产品采取的措施Actions for Misclassified Products供应链设计类型Supply Chain Design Type可预测的成熟产品Predictable/Mature难以预测的新产品Unpredictable/Introductory供给入库/效率Supply-to-Stock/Efficient番茄汤Tomato SoupIf product is here按单生产/反应Supply-to-Order/ResponsiveIf product is here个人电脑Personal Computer Models产品特征Product CharacteristicCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.15评估战略绩效评估战略绩效Source:Accenture ConsultingCR(2004)Prentice Hall,Inc.1.现金流现金流2.成本节约成本节约3.投资回报率投资回报率16