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1、English Lexicology英语词汇学英语词汇学Carl Chang Carl Chang 常常 亮亮 （公邮）（公邮）English CollegeEnglish College 英语学院英语学院2010/092010/09 常亮：副教授，87年川外硕士毕业；93-94年美国访问学者，94年四川省优秀青年骨干教师，95-04年英语系副主任，04年日本高校管理研习，05年日本修读“中日比较英语”博士；主担课程有：词汇学、文体学、英译汉；发表有：“英语教学：教什么，如何教”，“从-er看英语的构词和词汇”，“语法正确与地道英语”，“试论英语词汇系统的构成”，“虚实词分类质疑”，“试析克林
2、顿北大演讲风格”，“非谓语表探”，“英语的形素及形素系统”，“当今美语时尚浅析”，“我看词的定义”，“关于英语的偏离否定”等论文。The teacherFunny/interesting:official names:A.B.;Voc;Funny Chang;Jiaozi Chang;etc.Other experiences:publish or perish?Strict:attendance;(critical)thinking+hard practice;Helping;to be helpedCreative/original;Personal guiding Introductio
3、n Carls experience with wordsCarls experience with words：vocvoc；pc;Jappc;JapWords+vocabulary+lexicology:Words+vocabulary+lexicology:Types,varieties,styles and their featuresTypes,varieties,styles and their featuresLexicology and linguisticsLexicology and linguisticsVocabulary and good EnglishVocabul
4、ary and good English Objectives 目标通过讲授词汇学基本理论、并着重通过对各种实例进行构词、语义及词类分析，对学生进行词汇分析基本训练，使学生了解并初步掌握词汇学理论、基本词汇学概念和词汇框架以及各种英语词汇特征，初步学会对词汇进行正确的分析，提高学生使用和欣赏各种英语词语和具体英语单词的能力、了解并关注词汇文体的意识及词汇分析能力，提高学生的逻辑思维能力、英汉语言词汇比较能力和词汇翻译能力。The textbook 张维友英语词汇学教程 华中师大出版社 2006年 References to use林承璋英语词汇学引论（第林承璋英语词汇学引论（第3 3版）武汉大
5、学出版社版）武汉大学出版社 2005 2005丁建新现代英语词汇学教程重庆大学出版社丁建新现代英语词汇学教程重庆大学出版社 2004 2004年年陆国强现代英语词汇学（新）上外教出版社陆国强现代英语词汇学（新）上外教出版社 1999 1999年年汪榕培英语词汇学高级教程上外教出版社汪榕培英语词汇学高级教程上外教出版社 2002 2002年年冯世梅英语词汇学中国水利水电出版社冯世梅英语词汇学中国水利水电出版社 2006 2006年年中国国际广播电台中国国际广播电台CRICRIThe 21The 21stst Century Century newspaper newspaper Requirem
6、ents 要求翻译方向翻译方向/专业专业/班次的学生必选；其他任选。班次的学生必选；其他任选。要求学生通过认真听讲、积极参与提问和讨论、要求学生通过认真听讲、积极参与提问和讨论、读阅一些参考书、结合其它场合的语料，多多读阅一些参考书、结合其它场合的语料，多多观察体会从而领会词语构成、语义、文体。完观察体会从而领会词语构成、语义、文体。完成成presentationpresentation任务，期末参加含有课程论文的任务，期末参加含有课程论文的测试，并以此作为成绩。测试，并以此作为成绩。Course Policy Regular attendance:5-score minus for each
7、 absenceClass participation award:2-5 scores for class contributionScores:final exam 70%+regular 30%The ways Selective,1 term,ExamTo learn and use word-building waysTo evaluate+appreciate word types/stylesFrame work,basic ideasFocus on sample studiesLectures+discussions+questions+prezentationObserve
8、+think samples/examples In comparison to Chinese lexicology and vocabularyVocabulary translation Grammar/logic studySemantics/pragmaticsStylistics Key topicsWord formationWord classification Word meaningWord development/changeChap 1 Basic conceptsWord:minimal,free,meaningful,spoken：teacher,blackboar
9、d,theVocabulary:general/given in time,space,domain,person,usage Sound&meaning:arbitrary,conventional:“母亲”，”meat/meet”Sound&form:表音,not closelyChap 1 Types of words(1)Basic stock:all-national,stability,Basic stock:all-national,stability,productivity,polysemy,collocabilityproductivity,polysemy,colloca
10、bilityNon-basic:term,jargon,slang(slanguage),Non-basic:term,jargon,slang(slanguage),argot,dialectal,archaicargot,dialectal,archaic Neologism:mouse,internet,e-mail,hacker,Neologism:mouse,internet,e-mail,hacker,web,blog/vlog,webisode,sheeple,Maos web,blog/vlog,webisode,sheeple,Maos suit,fruice,Clinton
11、-speak,soy milk,frosh,suit,fruice,Clinton-speak,soy milk,frosh,Ms,first husband,petropolitics,boob tube,Ms,first husband,petropolitics,boob tube,stagflation,underdeveloped,washroom,stagflation,underdeveloped,washroom,earthrise,waterboarding,staycation,green earthrise,waterboarding,staycation,green c
12、ollarcollarspoken/written wordssuper,awesome;realty;cell;veep(vp);subprime mortgage;foreclosure;Neutral:bailoutChap 1 Types of words(2)Content/functional:the,aroundNative/borrowed denizen,alien,translation loan,semantic loanBorrowed Chinese:kungfu(martial art),tofu,kuanxi,landlord,mao-tai,yuan,yin-y
13、ang,won-tonBorrowed Jap:kimono,sushi,karate,tycoon,judo,sakura,massage,yenChap 2 Changing vocabuHistory:450-1150-1500-1700-1945Features:de-inflection;adaptability;heterogeneityBorrowed elementsChap 3 MorphologyWord-building componentsMorph,morpheme,allomorphBound/freeRoot/stem/baseRoot/affixAffix:de
14、rivational/inflexional Affix:prefix/suffixWord formationAffixation 30%-40%Compounding 28%-30%Conversion 26%Shortening 10%Productive:un-;-y exceptionsaffixation=derivation prefix suffixChap 4 Derivation:negative prefixes productive/native/short:-y,etc.distribution un-:productive/native/short in-(im-;
15、il-;ir):non-prod dis-:non-prod non-:a little prod a-:never prodChap 4 Examples for nega 1inadequate/insufficient,insane,incapable,inconsistent;#in/un+advisable/adaptable/sanitary(unhealthy),indistinct/unclear,insecure,insincere,inconsiderate,incorrect,incompetent,incredulous/incredible,unhealthy,ins
16、ignificant/unimportant,inaccurate/imprecise,inactive,irrational,improper/inappropriate,unequal/inequality continuedunprofessional,unreasonable,unsuitable,?in/unadjustable,unpopular(irregular,dissimilar),unsystematic,unsympathetic,unfamiliar,unfortunate,inedible/uneatable,unaware;inexpensive/unrich,i
17、m/unpractical/unrealistic unforgettable,*unforgetful,unfaithful,continuedinexistence,un/dis/imbalanced,(interested),invaluable=priceless,unvalued=valueless,*unvaluable,infamous/indifferent,#in/un-cautious/frequent/stabledissimilarity,dismount,disgrace,disrespect,disapproval,disable(ment),dislike/unl
18、ikecontinuedun-American/non-Americannonbook/nonfiction/nonnovelnon-hero/anti-herounperson/unpeoplenon-smoker/un-smoker continuedamoral,un/immoral,non-moral,unethical atheist,abnormal,atypical,asymmetry(uneven),anarchy,anonymous,ascetic,abuse?“不够，混乱，不能，不合适，不安，不清楚，考虑不周，不健康，无道理/理智，无意义，不礼貌，难忘”Chap 4 Rev
19、ersion prefixes de-:a little productive dis-:non-prod;disposable;disproduct;disable;un-:native,very productive Chap 4 Examples for revers defrost/unfreeze;unfix(do,tie,pack,write,fold,roll);unrest/disorder;derail(regulate,occupy,compose,bus,control,pollution,forestation);disconnect(infect,color,cour
20、tesy)Chap 4 Pejorative prefmal-mis-pseudo-malnourish(nutritious,function,develop)misleading(diagnose,dial,giving,inform,conception)mis/decode,un/discover pseudonym/graph,(-塑料，-知识分子）?“营养/发育不良，畸形，失灵”“假钱/肢/发/花/货/艺术家/民主/检讨”Chap 4 Degree prefixes 1 hyper:plane,sonic,mallsuper:jet,man,power,secret,script,
21、port,structure(infrastructure),etteout:act,grow,live,run,do,eat,weigh,sleep,Hitler,tank,man,missile,numberover:culture,exploit,cook,sleep,eat,(sur)charge,educate,dressed,tax,speedunder:cook,charge,educate,develop,privileged,tax,produce,servicedsub:normal,prof,title,let,employ,prime mortgage,manager,
22、center,cult,marine,continentChap 4 Degree pref 2mini,midi,maxi:skirt,bus,order,war,radio,mini-mini-skirt micro:mike,microminiskirt,scope mega:enterprise extra:ordinary,money,marital,ET 大中小号衣服(XL,L,M,S);特大、大中小型（企业）ultra:violet,marine,left,modern,sound Chap 4 Attitude prefixesAnti:social,aircraft,miss
23、ile,cancer,body,gas,material,dote,climax,American,pollution,hero,novel,knock,magnetic,apartheid,skid,phrasis,euro,（耐/防火/水）counter:revolution,intelligence,act,part,example,ctu 反时针？pro:euro,Jap co:chair,heir,owner,?wife,ed,existence,op,colleague,compact/patriot/fort/bine,contract/tact,correlationChap
24、4 Locative prefinter:view,lude,provincial,act,disciplinary,change,com,dept,coolerintra:personal,tele:com,conference,school,diagnosetrans:oceanic,racial,vertist 跨国公司/婚姻,跨文化,多国部队,国际刑警Chap 4 Time prefixesex:girl friend,serviceman,ex:girl friend,serviceman,前总统？前总统？;fore:tell,see,stall,runner,closure;for
25、e:tell,see,stall,runner,closure;ante:room,cedent,date,meridian,type,natal;ante:room,cedent,date,meridian,type,natal;post:modern,war,pone,treatment,modifier,post:modern,war,pone,treatment,modifier,neonatal,911,Olympic,quake,industrial,(code);neonatal,911,Olympic,quake,industrial,(code);pre:conference
26、,lib,lude,view,marital,pre:conference,lib,lude,view,marital,(antenuptial),payment,history,cancer,sort;(antenuptial),payment,history,cancer,sort;re:write,?say,call/collect/cycle,cover,sign,act,re:write,?say,call/collect/cycle,cover,sign,act,lay,claim,play,inforce,charge,fill;lay,claim,play,inforce,ch
27、arge,fill;婚前婚前/后，再婚后，再婚/复婚，前言复婚，前言;Chap 4 Number prefixes 1semiconductor(diameter,prof,circle,cylinder);hemiparasitic(cycle);demiluneunicycle(axial,lateral,versity);monogamy(log,morpheme,theism,graph,plane,poly)bigamy(ennial/annual);dialog(meric,phthong,oxygen)tripod(o,mester,jet/dent,nity,lingual)m
28、ultinational(pole,shift);polysemy(gamy,gon,valent,center,uria,thene)trilingual,bilingual,American?Chap 4 Number prefixes 2centimeter(grade,pede,tury)kilogram millimeter(liter,ennium,microsecond)quartette;pentagon,quinquennial;hexameter,sextet;September;octavo;nonagon;decimalChap 4 Conversion prefixe
29、sawake(foot,fire,float,bed,ware,like,board,glaze)befool(madam,witch,ware,calm,devil)encage(cash,bank,circle,joy,kindle,shroud,roll,brace,slave,throne,force,lighten)Chap 4 Miscellaneous prefixesneolithic(classic)autonym(nomy,alarm,maker,cide);self-denial(service meal,buffet)pan-American(orama,ocea,SI
30、SU?)prototype(word,language,history,virus)vice-dean(associate/assistant prof,a mayor,deputy minister,sub-manager,assistant secretary,under-secretary,deputy-assistant)bio-chem;eco-cide;e-friend;cyber-timeperennialChap 4 Suffixes n.+-er等=n.v.+-er 等=n.n.+其它 v.+其它 其它+其它 其它Chap 4-er bedderer,Chongqinger,
31、villager,old-timer,officer,jobber,double-decker,pre-schooler,fiver,porker,liner,1st-timer,footer,back-hander,trafficker,soccer,partner,toddler,lawyer,netter,3-pointer,wheeler,X-er,SISUer,finger,weather,matter,shower;sampler,stapler,healer,mere-sayer of-,singer,free-lancer,server/ant,informer/ant,hel
32、per,watcher,cooker,sucker,eye-openerChap 4-er(continued)West-Pointer,cottager,bowler,golfer,second-grader,f-/b-baller,foreigner;thriller,silencer/muffler,shutter,drawer,sawyer,fucker,feeler,diner,speaker,layer,window-shopper,face-lifter,second-guesser,woman-hunter,lady-killer,sit-inner,stay-a-whiler
33、;poker,Webster,shower,upper,supperChap 4-er vs othersweaponeer,rocketeer,routineer,pamphleteer;youngster,rhymester/er/ist,receiver/ist;author,doctor,actor,survivor,elevator,educator,monitor,sector,liberator,sailor,tailor,translator,professor,sensor;beggar,scholar,liar;pedlar/er,interpreter,observer;
34、andInformer/informant,servant/server;Rhymer/rhymist;feminist,sexist,racist;Evacuee,refugee,payee,interviewee,nominee,referee,addressee(*seeee,*layee,),committee,fiance,divorcee(*deceasee),retiree,absentee;Chap 4-ess vs“female”actress,poetess,princess,tigress,manageress,authoress,?stewardess女英雄，女生，女大
35、学生，女朋友，女医生，母猫Chap 4“小”piglet,islet,pamphlet,flatlet,playlet;duckling,professorling,underling;superette,undergraduatetteOther suffixesCognates:Cognates:Link/linkage;waste/wastage;drainage;leakage*ing;Link/linkage;waste/wastage;drainage;leakage*ing;-ry:1.Rivalry;2.forestry;cookery 3.-ry:1.Rivalry;2.fo
36、restry;cookery 3.peasantry/officialdom;peasantry/officialdom;membership/adulthood/adultery;/neighborhood membership/adulthood/adultery;/neighborhoodApply(ance/ation);Apply(ance/ation);Denial,rehearsal,arrival;original,influential,Denial,rehearsal,arrival;original,influential,presidential,governmenta
37、l;presidential,governmental;Clearness/clarity;activeness/productivity;Real(ity,Clearness/clarity;activeness/productivity;Real(ity,*ness,ty,tor,ize,ism,ist,istic);*ness,ty,tor,ize,ism,ist,istic);Differ(n.,-ence,ential,entiate);Differ(n.,-ence,ential,entiate);andErroneous,cautious,courteous;mountainou
38、s/hilly;Bushy,woody(wooded),hairy,fiery,pushy,picky,jerky,goofy,funky,handy(hanky,dolly,goody);-iness;-lessness;andSustainable,feasible,visible(ity);Scandalize,commercialize,advertise(ment),publicize(ity),computerize(ation),disable(ment)(ity);Beautify/uglify,electrify,simplify,diversify;(Amplify),br
39、oaden(widen,enlarge(ment)(ing),soften,lighten(lighter,lightning,enlighten(ment);Stimulate,evaporate,automate,解放;Suffix reviewCognates:rhyme/receive;sex;leak;clear;real;Cognates:rhyme/receive;sex;leak;clear;real;apply;exhaust;publi-apply;exhaust;publi-女权主义者；裁判；离婚者；未婚妻；委员会；女权主义者；裁判；离婚者；未婚妻；委员会；排练；有影响的
40、；政府的；排练；有影响的；政府的；Nouns:Active;productive;-ful/less/y;Nouns:Active;productive;-ful/less/y;成熟的；成熟的；多山的；话多的；无价的；可行的；可见的；可多山的；话多的；无价的；可行的；可见的；可持续的；小心的；持续的；小心的；丑化；电（脑）化；固丑化；电（脑）化；固/气气/汽汽/液化；自动化；多液化；自动化；多样化；硬样化；硬/软化；拴牢；扩软化；拴牢；扩/放大；解放；区分；放大；解放；区分；致残致残/聋；消音；激活聋；消音；激活/化；成熟；名词化？化；成熟；名词化？Chap 4 N Compounding n
41、+n=nn+n=n:1.地点；2.时间；3.所属；4.目的；5.5.方式；方式；6.6.比拟；比拟；7.7.主宾；主宾；8.8.主谓；主谓；9.9.动宾；动宾；morning post,weekend news,field work,seat/safety(safe)belt,laptop,kitchen knife,doorknob,bottleneck,moonlight,snake egg,school bus,egghead,steam engine,air-/hand-brake,steel plant,gas/spot light,industry/government manag
42、ement,industrial production,haircut,book review,birth-control/family-planning,self-defense,sunflower,frogman,dragonfly;continued(主谓；动宾）主谓；动宾）sunset,youthquake,heartbeat,toothpick,lipstick,sunset,youthquake,heartbeat,toothpick,lipstick,pickpocket,call girl,watch dog,knitwear,pickpocket,call girl,watc
43、h dog,knitwear,turntable,searchlight,flash light,new-wed,turntable,searchlight,flash light,new-wed,Bushspeak,Clitonspeak;Bushspeak,Clitonspeak;（定名）（定名）cross-talk,funny man,long leg(left-hander),gray-cross-talk,funny man,long leg(left-hander),gray-collar,blue beret,red cap,first husband,reverse colla
44、r,blue beret,red cap,first husband,reverse discrimination,reverse harassment;discrimination,reverse harassment;continuedsleeping pill/bag/car/dog,walking stick;sun-bathing,word building,back swimming,handwriting,house-warming;dish-washer,gun-bearer,beauty-hunter;be-in,gay-in,teach-in,call in,kick-ba
45、ck,kick-off,pile-up,carry-on,carry-away,take-out,pickup,crackdown,blackout,makeup,havent;win-win,see-saw,walkie-lookie,hit-or-miss,hit-and-run,wash-and-wear,wait-see,hip hop,tick-tock;ha-ha-ha,touch-me-not,forget-me-not,God-knows-what,whatyacalit,Mr Gobbledgook;?antiestablishmentarianism;Chap 4 A Co
46、mpoundingman-eating/-eaten,face-lifting,mouth-watering,far-reaching,good-looking;order-/custom-made,hand-made,home-made,new-born,sun-struck,far-fetched,hard-won,well-meant,poverty-stricken,quake-hit;home-sick,customer-friendly,pitch black,bee-busy,care/tax-free,class-conscious,Sino-Jap;long-term,app
47、le-pie,first-hand,ten-minute,24-hour/round-the-clock,3-legged,good-willed,warm-hearted,under-the-weather,middle-of-the-road;face-to-face,hand-in-hand,mouth-to-mouth,shoulder-by-shoulder;Chap 4 复合(汉译英）方便面，火锅，保健食品，笔记本电脑，救生衣，墨镜，隐形眼镜，家用电器，速记，速冻，空运，人造，转基因食品，禽流感，高血压，中暑，高压锅，综艺节目，边缘科学，差生，选修课，素质教育，义务教育，对口支援，
48、环境友好型，科技含量高，教徒，红娘，黄粱美梦，白日梦，梦话，梦游，划时代的，期盼已久的，外贸，外办，留学生，畅通工程，二环路，和平共处，春蕾计划，城市规划，差额选举，小康社会，保税区，保值储蓄，社会保障，搬迁户，按揭贷款，轻轨/快轨，红绿灯，不可再生资源，不良贷款，第三产业，粗放式管理，大专，彻头彻尾，职场，待业，二次创业，倒计时，电视直销，传销，吊销执照，豆腐渣工程，法轮功 Reference translationInstant noodles，hot pot,health-care food,notebook,life jacket,dark/sun glasses,contact le
49、ns,home appliances,short-hand,quick-frozen,air-borne,man-made,genetically-modified food,bird flu,high blood pressure,sunstroke,high-pressure cooker,variety show,boundary science,slow student,optional/selective course,qual-edu,compulsory edu,one-to-one support,environment-friendly,hi-tech-intensive,c
50、hurch-goer,go-between/match-maker,fond dream,day dream,sleep talk,sleep walkcontinuedepoch-making,long-awaited,intl trade,foreign affairs office,intl student,smooth project,2nd Ring Road,peaceful co-existence,Spring Buds Program,urban planning,competitive election,well-off society,low-tax,tariff-fre