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1、Lecture 7 Word Meaning(词的意义词的意义)讲授题目：讲授题目：Word Meaning所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论之第5章章计划学时：计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学参考资料：英语词汇学教程、英语词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，让学生对词的意教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，让学生对词的意 义、词义的理据和词义的类别等知识义、词义的理据和词义的类别等知识 有基本的了解和认识。有基本的了解和认识。1为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻
2、全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaningv教学重点教学重点：Some basic notions:meaning,reference,concept and motivation;Semantic triangle;Four types of motivations Classification of word meaning 教学难点：教学难点：Four types of motivations Classification of word meaning 2为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充
3、分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning In In the the previous previous lecture,lecture,we we touched touched upon upon the the concept concept of of word word meaning.meaning.We We know know that that a a word word is is the the combination combination of of form form and and meaning.meaning.By By form
4、 form we we mean mean both both its its pronunciationpronunciation and and spellingspelling.MeaningMeaning is what the form stands for.is what the form stands for.3为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word MeaningThere are some related concepts which need further explanat
5、ion.In addition,we shall discuss different types of meaning in this lecture.1.Meaning“Meaning”refers to the association of language symbols with the real world.4为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能1.Meaning“意意义义”指指的的是是语语言言符符号号与与客客观观世世界界的的一一种种关关联联。客客观观事事物物反反映映在在人人脑脑中中，产产生生感感觉觉(sens
6、ation)、知知觉觉(perception)、表表象象(representation)；人人脑脑把把三三者者加加以以概概括括和和抽抽象象，形形成成概概念念(concept)。人人用用语语言言形形式式把把概概念念固固定定下下来来，成成为为人人们们交交流流思思想想的的符符号号(sign)，这这就就是是有有一一定定意意义义的的词词。也也就就是是说说，词词的的意意 义义 是是“人人”赋赋 予予 的的。英英 国国 语语 言言 学学 家家-Eric Partridge(帕帕特特里里奇奇)说说过过，“Words have no meaning;people have meaning for them”（词
7、词本无义，人赋予之）。本无义，人赋予之）。5为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Word meaningv2.Referent-referent is the object,etc.,in the world of existence.v3.ConceptvConcept which is beyond language is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.It is universal to
8、all men alike regardless of culture,race,language and so on.The same concept can be expressed in different words.6为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3.Concept 概念是指语言以外的东西，是人类认识的概念是指语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事实在人脑中的反映。概念对结果，是客观事实在人脑中的反映。概念对所有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等所有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意义
9、只属于语言，所以仅限方面的区别，而意义只属于语言，所以仅限于语言的使用中。（因此，一个概念在世界于语言的使用中。（因此，一个概念在世界上有多少种语言就有多少种不同的表达法。）上有多少种语言就有多少种不同的表达法。）7为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能4.Sense (语义语义/意思意思)Sense denotes the relationships inside the language.The sense of an expression is not a thing,it is an abstraction.Eve
10、ry word that has meaning has sense(not every word has referent).For example,probable,nearly,if,but,yes,none of which refer to anything in the world,all have some sense.8为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Word MeaningMeaning(Concept)意义（概念）意义（概念）WordTriangle of significance（词义三角）Fo
11、rmReferent 所指对象所指对象.9为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能The semantic trianglev奥德根和理查德提出的奥德根和理查德提出的“语义三角语义三角”的基本观点是：的基本观点是：v第一，词的所指有两方向第一，词的所指有两方向-“形式形式”和和“意义（概念）意义（概念）”。“形式形式”语音形式语音形式pronunciation和书面和书面形式形式spelling;词的词的“意义（概念）意义（概念）”,也就是人们也就是人们平时所说的意思平时所说的意思内容内容。每个词都有既定的形式和意。每个词都
12、有既定的形式和意义。两方面缺一不可，并统一体现在每个词中。义。两方面缺一不可，并统一体现在每个词中。v第二，词的第二，词的“意义（概念）与所指对象（客体）意义（概念）与所指对象（客体）发生直发生直接联系。一方面，词义在客观世界中是有所指的；另一接联系。一方面，词义在客观世界中是有所指的；另一方面，方面，“形式形式”与对象（客体）经并不存在直接联系。与对象（客体）经并不存在直接联系。它们之间的关系要求助于它们之间的关系要求助于“意义（概念）意义（概念）”。所以，。所以，形式（字词）与所指对象之间用虚线。形式（字词）与所指对象之间用虚线。10为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精
13、神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning whats in a name?That which we call a rose By the other name Would smell as sweet -shakespeare11为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning 名称本无意名称本无意 此物谓玫瑰此物谓玫瑰 若以他名易若以他名易 香气亦相宜香气亦相宜12为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻
14、全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能5.motivationvMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.v 词的理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间词的理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的联系。也就是说明词义与客观事物或现象的的联系。也就是说明词义与客观事物或现象的命名之间的依据。命名之间的依据。13为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Motivation (词义的理据)As we know,the
15、relationship between the word-from and meaning is conventional and arbitrary,and most words can be said to be non-motivated.That is,the connection of the sign and meaning does not have a logical explanation.However,does have words whose meaning can be explained to a certain point.u Most words:non-mo
16、tivatedvSome words:transparent and reasonably explicable 14为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning 1)Onomatopoeic Motivation(拟声理据)In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their meanings,for these words were created by imitating the natural
17、sounds or noises.For example,bow-wow 汪汪(犬吠声);bang(砰);cuckoo(布谷鸟);tick-tuck 嘀嗒声(钟表声);ha ha,etc.15为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能1)Onomatopoeic Motivation woof-woof(汪汪）of a dog the moo（哞）（哞）of a cow the miaow of a cat the bang of a door the crack（啪）（啪）of a pistol shot16为深入学习习近平
18、新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning2)Morphological Motivation(形态/构词理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.17为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word M
19、eaningQuite often,if one knows the meaning of each morpheme,one can figure out the meaning of the word.For instance,airmail(航航空空信信)means to mail by air,reading-lamp is the lamp for reading,miniskirt is a a small、short skirt and hopeless means without hope.18为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充
20、分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning It should be pointed out that there are a lot of words whose structures are opaque,i.e.their meanings are not the combinations of the separate parts.Blackmarket,for example,is by no means the market black in color,but it refers to illegal selling and buying.Likewi
21、se,greenhorn is not the horn green in color,but a newcomer.19为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2)Morphological MotivationNot all compounds are morphologically motivated eggplant,Indian summer,dog days （茄子，小阳春，伏天）（茄子，小阳春，伏天）20为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功
22、能Lecture 7 Word Meaning3)Semantic Motivation (语义理据)Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.21为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lectur
23、e 7 Word Meaning 语义理据指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的文字意义和比喻意义之间的联系。e.g.When we say the mouth of a river,we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal.In the sentence He is fond of the bottle,bottle reminds one of what is contained inside.22为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的
24、十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能3)Semantic Motivation a stony heart the hour hand the minute hand the leg of a table23为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能常用的主要手段常用的主要手段:A.metaphor(without like as)隐喻隐喻ve.g.Life is a short summer.ve.g.All the world is a stage.B.metonymy(借代借代)vThe cro
25、wn-kingvThe Cambridge in the East Zhejiang Univ.C.Synecdoche(提喻提喻)vA part represents the whole,or vice versavThe White House American government24为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning4)Etymological Motivation (词源理据)The meanings of many words often relate direc
26、tly to their origins.In other words,the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.25为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word MeaningFor example,now people use pen for any writing tool though it originally denotes feather,because before modern pens were created
27、,feather were commonly used as writing tool.Though people in modern times no longer use feathers in writing,for the sake of convenience,the name is retained.26为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 7 Word Meaning Another example is the word laconic,meaning brief or short,whic
28、h is derived from Lacons,a tribe of people who were known for their brevity of speech and for their habit of never using more words than necessary.Hence a laconic answer is a short answer.27为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能4)Etymological Motivation4)Etymological Motivationchina
29、 porcelain or ceramic ware(originally imported from China)japan a hard varnish(brought from Japan)braille from the creator Louis Braille walkman from a trade mark28为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能6.Main types of word meaning Word meaning is made up of various Word meaning is m
30、ade up of various components which are interrelated and components which are interrelated and interdependent.interdependent.Grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning and and lexical meaninglexical meaning make up the word Meaning.make up the word Meaning.29为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中
31、小学图书室育人功能Main types of word meaning1).Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of the speech of words,singular and plural meaning of nouns,tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms(forget,forgets,forgot
32、,forgotten,forgetting).Functional words,having little lexical meaning,but possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings,and lexical meaning in particular.30为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2).Lexical meaningLexical meaning is the meaning of an isol
33、ated word in a dictionary.This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.vE.g.go,goes,went,gone,going possess different grammatical meaning.But they have the same lexical meaning expressing the process of movement.Lexical meaning has two components:conceptual meaning and associa
34、tive meaning.31为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2).Lexical meaning(1).Conceptual meaning Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.It is relatively constant and stable.For example,the word sun means a heavenly body which gives
35、off light,heat,and energy,a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English.32为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2).Lexical meaning(2).Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented(added)to the conceptual meaning.Associative meaning comprises four types:Conno
36、tative（内内涵涵意意义义）,stylistic（文文体体意意义义）,affective（情情感感意意义义）and collocative(搭配意义搭配意义).33为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2).Associative meaning Connotative meaning(内涵意义内涵意义)connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.vMother(a female
37、 parent)is often associated with love,care,tenderness,forgiving,etc.vHome(a dwelling place)may suggest family,warmth,safety,love,convenience,etc.East or west,home is best.vStatesman implies loyalty,devotion to public welfare;politician implies deceit,power-drunk,bragging,villainy(堕落堕落).34为深入学习习近平新时代
38、中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Connotative meaningConnotative meaning is unstable,varying considerably according to culture,historical period,and the experience of the individual.For example,the phrase son of bitch which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey
39、 a connotation of friendliness and intimacy used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time,e.g.And how are you doing,you old son of bitch.35为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Stylistic meaningApart from their conceptual meanings,many words have
40、 stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different contexts.In some dictionaries,these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal,informal,literary,archaic,slang and so on.But people generally,do not go that far.We normally classify styles into formal,neutral and informal.domicile ve
41、ry formal,official e.g 住宅住宅 residence formal or humorous abode literary home general 36为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Affective meaning Affective meaning indicates the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two
42、categories:appreciative and pejorative.One aspect should be pointed out that the affective meaning of most English words are neutral.e.g.appreciative neutral pejorative comrade friend crony(狐朋狗友）狐朋狗友）senior citizen old person fossil unclothed naked nude slender/slim thin skinny scholar student bookw
43、orm portly overweight tubby37为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Collocative meaningThis meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.The synonyms of pretty and handsome offer good illustration.These two words share the conceptual meaning good-looking,b
44、ut are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with:38为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Collocative meaning It may be pointed out that there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words,e.g.Pretty woman and handsome woman.Though both are perfectly correct
45、,yet they suggest a different kind of attractiveness.A pretty woman stresses the attractiveness of facial feature while a handsome woman may not facially beautiful yet is attractive in other respects:a slender figure,posture,behavior,etc.The same is true of tremble and quiver,both meaning shake invo
46、luntarily,but people tremble with fear and quiver with excitement,showing different implications.39为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Types of Word MeaningConceptual MeaningAssociative MeaningStylistic meaningCollocative meaningAffective meaningConnotative meaningGrammatical MeaningLexical MeaningWord Meaning40English lexicology(III)为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能THE BEST WISHES TO YOUvTHANK YOU41