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1、为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 31为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 讲授题目：讲授题目：Morphological Structure of English Words 所属章节：所属章节：现代英
2、语词汇学概论现代英语词汇学概论之第之第2章章计划学时：计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：参考资料：英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程、英语英语词汇学词汇学教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的形态结构、词的构成要素生对词的形态结构、词的构成要素词词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。2为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小
3、学图书室育人功能Morphological Structure of English Words教学重点教学重点：1)Morpheme;2)Types of morphemes.教学难点教学难点：1)Concept of morpheme;2)Morpheme、stem、base、root.3为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English
4、WordsMorphological Structure of English WordsBefore Before we we actually actually deal deal with with the the means means of of word-formation,word-formation,we we need need to to analyze analyze the the morphological morphological structure structure of of words words and and gain gain a a working
5、 working knowledge knowledge of of the the different different word-forming word-forming elements elements which which are are to to be be used to create new words.used to create new words.4为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能1.
6、Morpheme(1.Morpheme(词素词素/语素语素/形位形位)A word is the smallest unit of a A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to language that stands alone to communicate municate meaning.Structurally,Structurally,a word is not the a word is not the smallest unit because many words smallest unit b
7、ecause many words can be separated into even smaller can be separated into even smaller meaningful unitsmeaningful units.Look at the following itemsLook at the following items:5为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morph
8、ological Structure of English WordsMorphological Structure of English Wordsyes yesyes yesunhappiness un-happi-unhappiness un-happi-nessnesshorses horse-shorses horse-stalking talk-ingtalking talk-ing6为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小
9、学图书室育人功能Lecture 3YesYes has has no no internal internal grammatical grammatical structure.structure.We We could could analyze analyze its its constituent constituent sounds,sounds,j j 、e e 、s s,but but none none of of these these has has a a meaning meaning in in isolation.isolation.So So the the th
10、ree three sounds sounds are are called called phonemesphonemes rather rather than than morphemesmorphemes.By By contrast,contrast,horsehorse,talktalk and and happyhappy plainly plainly have have a a meaning,meaning,as as do do the the elements elements attached attached to to them:them:un-un-carries
11、 a negative meaning;carries a negative meaning;7为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3-ness-ness expresses expresses a a state state or or quality;quality;-s-s expresses expresses plural;plural;and and inging helps helps
12、to to convey convey a a sense sense of of duration.duration.These These minimal minimal meaningful meaningful units units are are known known as as morphemesmorphemes.In In other other words,words,the the morphememorpheme is is the the smallest smallest functioningfunctioning unit unit in in the the
13、 composition composition of of wordswords (crystal 1985)(crystal 1985)8为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Morphological Structure of English WordsMorphological Structure of English Words The morpheme is the smallest meaningful
14、The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.analyzable into smaller forms.What is usually considered a single word in What is usually considered a single word in English may be compose
15、d of one or more English may be composed of one or more morphemes:morphemes:One morpheme-One morpheme-nationnationTwo morphemes-Two morphemes-nationnation-al-alThree morphemes-Three morphemes-nationnation-al-al-izeizeFour morphemes-Four morphemes-de-de-nationnation-al-al-izeize（使使非非国有化国有化）More than
16、four morphemes-More than four morphemes-de-nation-al-de-nation-al-iz-ationiz-ation9为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能2 2.Allomorph Allomorph(形位变体，词形位变体，词/语素变体语素变体）Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphologic
17、al forms or phonetic forms,depending on the context in which it occurs.For example,the prefix sub can be realized as sub as in subway,sup as in support and suppress,suc as in succeed,and sus as in sustain.That is,when sub occurs before a root beginning with the sound/p/it is realized as sup and when
18、 it is added a root with a beginning sound/k/and a beginning letter c it is realized as suc.These different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme.10为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Other
19、 examples:imim-before before p,b,p,b,or or m,m,imperfect,imperfect,imbalance,immobileimbalance,immobile;ir ir-before r,-before r,irresponsible,irregularirresponsible,irregular;il il-before l,-before l,illegal,illogical;illegal,illogical;inin-before before all all other other consonants consonants an
20、d and vowels,vowels,inflexible,inexcusable;inflexible,inexcusable;im-,ir-,im-,ir-,and and il-il-are are thus thus allomorphsallomorphs of of the the morpheme,in-.morpheme,in-.AllomorphAllomorph also takes place in suffixesalso takes place in suffixes:11为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主
21、义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.Verbs ending with the sound/t/usually take ion(as in invent,invention);verds ending with consonants other than/t/take tion(as in describe,description);verbs ending in if
22、y and ize,take ation(as in justify,justification;modernize,modernization);verbs ending in d,-de,or mit,take sion(as in expansion,decision,omission);there are exceptions:attend,attention;convert,conversion,etc.12为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书
23、室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能 Definition of AllmorphDefinition of Allmorph“An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds”(Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language).13为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教
24、育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English WordsMorphological Structure of English Words3.Types of Morphemes3.Types of Morphemes There There are are different different ways ways of of classifying classifying morphemes.morphemes.The The popular popular method meth
25、od is is to to group group them them into into free free morphemesmorphemes and and bound morphemesbound morphemes.14为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Morphological Structure of English Words Free Free morphemes:morphemes:(tho
26、se(those that that are are meaningful meaningful and and can can be be used used freely freely and and independently independently such such as as earth,earth,wind,wind,boy,boy,bitebite,etc.)etc.)Free morphemes Free morphemes fall into two categories:fall into two categories:The The first first cate
27、gory category is is that that set set of of ordinary ordinary nouns,nouns,adjectives adjectives and and verbs verbs which which we we think think of of as as the the words words which which carry carry the the“content”“content”of of messages messages we we convey.convey.These These free free morphem
28、es morphemes are are called called lexical lexical morphemesmorphemes and and some some examples examples are:are:boy,boy,man,house,sad,long,yellow,open,look,etc.man,house,sad,long,yellow,open,look,etc.15为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分
29、发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words The The other other group group of of free free are are called called functional functional morphemesmorphemes.Examples Examples are:are:and,and,but,but,when,when,because,because,on,on,in,in,the,the,that,that,it.it.This This set set cons
30、ists consists largely largely 0 0f f the the functional functional words words in in the the language language such such as as conjunctions,conjunctions,prepositions,prepositions,articles articles and and pronounspronouns.16为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大
31、会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes(粘附词素粘附词素)Morphemes Morphemes which which can can mot mot occur occur(stand(stand alone)alone)as as separate separate words words are are bound bound morphemes.morphemes.They They are are
32、 so so named named because because they they are are bound bound to to other other morphemes morphemes to to form form words.words.All All the the affixes affixes in in English English are are bound bound morphemes.morphemes.Lets Lets take take recollectionrecollection,idealisticidealistic andand ex
33、-prisonerex-prisoner for for exampleexample.17为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Wordsrecollection(re+collect+ion)idealistic (ideal+ist+ic)ex-prisoner (ex+prison+er)Each of the three
34、 words comprises three morphemes,there are altogether nine morphemes,of which only collect,ideal and prison can exist by themselves.They are free morphemes.18为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure
35、of English WordsAll the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex-and er are bound morphemes as none of them are freestanding units.Bound morphemes include two types:bound root and affix.19为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morpholog
36、ical Structure of English Words Bound Bound rootroot a a bound bound root root is is that that part part of of word word that that carries carries the the fundamental fundamental meaning meaning just just like like a a free free morphem.morphem.Unlike Unlike a a free free morphem,morphem,it it is is
37、 a a bound bound form form and and has has to to combine combine with with other morphemes to make words.other morphemes to make words.20为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能例词 基本基本 第一种第一种 第二种第二种意意义单义单位位 符号符号(词词)符号（符号（词词根）根）人 man
38、 anthro 花 flower anth(o)时 time chron 色 colour chrom 水 water hydr(o)石 stone lite(o)牙 tooth dent(i)头 head cephal 脚 foot ped 音 sound phon 日 sun sol 月 moon lun 星 star astro(er)世界 world cosm(o)生命 life bi(o)中心 center center anthropology,philanthropyanthropology,philanthropy（慈善事业）（慈善事业）AnthesisAnthesis，chr
39、ysanthemumchrysanthemum菊花菊花chronic,synchronicchronic,synchronicchromatic,bichromechromatic,bichromeHydrate,hydroelectricHydrate,hydroelectricAerolithAerolith陨石陨石,neolith,neolith新石器新石器,paleolith,paleolith旧石器旧石器dentist,dentiform,dentist,dentiform,齿状的齿状的CephalalgiaCephalalgia头痛头痛,cephalitis,cephalitis脑
40、炎脑炎UnipedUniped单脚的单脚的,pediform,pediform脚型的脚型的phonetics,microphonephonetics,microphonesolar,insolationsolar,insolation暴晒暴晒lunarlunar，lunaticlunatic疯狂的疯狂的AstrologyAstrology占星术占星术,astronomy,astronomy天文学天文学cosmic,cosmopoliscosmic,cosmopolis国际都市国际都市biotic,antibioticbiotic,antibiotic抗生素抗生素central eccentri
41、ccentral eccentric古怪的古怪的21为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English WordsIn English,bound roots are either In English,bound roots are either Latin or Greek.Although they are limited Latin o
42、r Greek.Although they are limited in number,their productive power is in number,their productive power is amazing.amazing.Affixes Affixes:affixes are forms that are:affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function(all a
43、ffixes modify meaning or function(all affixes are bound morphemes).are bound morphemes).22为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English WordsAccording to the functions of affixes,According to t
44、he functions of affixes,we can put them into two groups:we can put them into two groups:inflectional and derivational affixes.inflectional and derivational affixes.a.Inflectional affixesa.Inflectional affixes:affixes attached:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate to the end of words to in
45、dicate grammatical relationships are inflectional grammatical relationships are inflectional affixes,and also known as inflectional affixes,and also known as inflectional morphemesmorphemes.23为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能
46、Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English WordsThe main inflectional affixes in English areThe main inflectional affixes in English are:-(e)s plural number-(e)s third person singular present tense-ing progressive aspect(进行体)-er comparative degree-est superlative degree-s possessive case-(e)d the
47、marker of past tense24为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Lecture 3 Morphological Structure of English Words b.derivational affixes:are are affixes affixes added added to other morphemes to create new words.to other morphemes to
48、 create new words.Derivational Derivational affixesaffixes can can be be further further divided divided into into prefixesprefixes and and suffixessuffixes.Prefixes Prefixes come come before before the the word word and and the the suffixes suffixes after after the the word,word,for for instance:in
49、stance:irresponsible,impossible,northward,bloody.irresponsible,impossible,northward,bloody.25为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能Types of MorphemesDiagram of morphemesMorphemesFree BoundBound rootAffixes Inflectional Derivationa
50、l Prefix Suffix 26为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神为深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神,贯彻全国教育大会精神贯彻全国教育大会精神,充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能充分发挥中小学图书室育人功能4.比较相似又有所差异的几个概念比较相似又有所差异的几个概念 Root(词根词根)What is root?The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity(Crystal,1985).A root is that pa