2022年高考名词知识点3.docx

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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名 词一:名词的分类专出名词:指某人,某地,某机构等专有的名称,其首字母要大写;如 Hong Kong, China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross 名普可数名词个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如 student, book 词通集体名词:表示如干个体组成的集合体,如:family, school, group, people 名词不行数名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:cotton, air, tea 二、 名词的数抽象名词:表示抽象概念,如 :work ,happiness, news 1:可数名词有单、复数形

2、式,规章名词单复数变化 : 1)绝大多数在词尾加 s;如:book, books; bag, bags; cup, cups; face, faces. 2)以 ch, sh, s, x, o 结尾的名词加 es;如:watch, watches; brush, brushes; hero, heroes; class, classes; 3)以辅音字母y 结尾的名词,将 y 改为 i,再加 es;例如: baby, babies; family, families; 以元音字母 y 结尾的名词,直接加 s;例如: boy, boys; key, keys 4) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,

3、先将 f 或 fe 改为 v,再加 es 构成复数形式,如: leaf, leaves; wife, wives. 2. 不规章名词单复数变化 : ( 1)单复数同形 : sheep, deer, fish, means, species, works( 2)转变字母:工厂 , Chinese, Japanese, Swiss man -men, woman -women, policeman -policemen, saleswoman -saleswomen, foot -feet, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, Mouse -Mice , phenomenon

4、-phenomena ( 3)增加字母: child -children, ox oxen ( 4)以 o 结尾的词:加s: photo, radio, piano, zoo, studio, bamboo, tobacco, kangaroo 加 es: tomato, potato, hero, Negro, dingo ( 5)以 f 或 fe 结尾的词 : 直接加 s: roof, proof, belief, chief, gulf, 变 f 为 v 再加 es: life, wife, knife, half, leaf, wolf, thief 另外: handkerchief

5、( handkerchiefs 或 handkerchieves )3. 名词单复数的特殊情形 : 1 集体名词只用作复数 police , cattle , people , the youth2 集体名词用作不行数名词 : clothing, furniture, luggage baggage, wealth3 集体名词视详细情形而定单复数:family, class, population, group, team, company, government, committee, audience, enemy4 只有复数形式的名词 : clothes, trousers, jeans

6、, twins, glasses, scissors, goods ,thanks, wishes, tears, troops, 5 以 s 结尾但不表示复数 : 1.maths , politics , physics 等学科名词,为不行数名词,是单数;2.news 是不行数名词;3.the United States, the United Nations (应视为单数)1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - (The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945

7、年组建起来的;)4.以复数形式显现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数;( The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. )5. 表示由两部分构成的东西,glasses(眼镜)trousers (长裤)clothes (衣服)如表达详细数目,要借助数量词 pair 对,双 a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers 6. 另外仍有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特殊意思 goods (货物)waters (水域)fishes (各种鱼)6 有没有 s 结尾意义不同:glass glasses, c

8、loth clothes, work works, water waters, wood woods, good goods, time times 时代 , paper papers 论文 ,custom customs海关 , spirit spirits 酒精 ,心情 , experience experiences 经受 , arm arms 武器 , 7 姓氏后加s 并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩: the Greens 8 合成名词的复数形式:将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:lookers-on, passers-by, mothers-in-law将最终一部分变为复数:grown-u

9、ps, go-betweens 中间人),good-for-nothings 无用之人)含 boy, girl, lady 等的合成的名词:它们始终为单数,其后的名词就用复数形式;如:boy students, girl friends 含 man 或 woman 的合成名词:它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化;如:a man doctor, two men doctors9 名词只能用复数形式的短语:. do exercises(做操)take notes 做笔记)take turns (轮番). make repairs(搞修理)change trains (改换火车)make friend

10、s with(交伴侣) shake hands with握手 as follows(如下)in rags(衣衫褴褛). in dozens (成打的)三:名词做定语1:表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时间、整体等一般名词可以作定语,一般用单数形式;stone figures (石像);paper money (纸币);country music (乡村音乐);table cloth (桌布);river bank (河岸); school gate (校门口);book stores (书店);traffic lights(交通灯);summer holidays (暑假); evening d

11、ress (晚礼服);2:但有些名词做定语必需用复数:sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 同学阅览、talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages department 外语系3: man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定;men workers 、women teachers 、 gentlemen officials 4:有些原有s 结尾的名词,作定语时,s 保留;goods train 货车 、arms produce(武器生产)、customs papers (海关文件

12、)、clothes brush (衣刷)5:数词 +名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式;two-dozen eggs两打 /(二十四个鸡蛋)a ten-mile walk (十里路) two-hundred trees 两百棵树 、a five-year plan.一个五年方案a seven-years child 一个七岁的孩子 四:名词的格1、名词全部格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语;其构成法如下:2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s;C

13、hild ren s Day儿童节 , my sister s book我姐姐的书 s 2 以 s 或 es 结尾的复数名词;只在词尾加 ;Teachers Day老师节 特殊的名词复数仍要加s如 children就是 child 的名词复数形式它变全部格时就必需加3 有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. today s newspaper今日的报纸, ten minutes break非常钟的课间休息, Chi nas population中国的人口. 4 无论表示有生命仍是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of 短语来表示全部关系;a fine daugh

14、ter of the Party党的好女儿 表示无生命东西的名词全部格,一般与of 构成短语表示前者属于后者(5)表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词全部格后省去shop, house 等名词;如: the tailor裁缝店, the barber理发店, go to the doctor上诊所,at my uncle s 在我叔叔家2:名词双重全部格( 1)什么叫双重全部格所谓双重全部格就是指将-s 全部格与 of 全部格结合起来一起使用:a friend of my father 我父亲的一位伴侣a photo of Mr Smith 史密斯先生的一张照片( 2)双重全部格的使用场合当被修饰名

15、词前有指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时,一般要用双重全部格:I don t like that big nose of David 我不喜爱大卫的那个大鼻子;Which nov el of Dickens are you referring to. 你谈的是狄更斯的哪部小说?Some friends of my brothers will come. 我兄弟的一些伴侣要来;【注】被双重全部格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有肯定的感情颜色 如称赞、不满、厌恶等 :That little daughter of your cousins is really a dear. 你表哥的那个

16、小女儿真是逗人爱;表称赞 That daughter of your cousin is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨;表厌恶 另外,被双重全部格修饰的名词前可以用不定冠词,但通常不用定冠词:可以说:a poem of Shellys, a novel of Dickens不能说:the poem of Shellys, the novel of Dickens有时既可用双重全部格也可用 of 全部格,但含义稍有差别;比较:a photo of Mary玛丽保藏的一张照片 a photo of Mary 玛丽照的一张照片a criticism of

17、 William 威廉提出的批判 a criticism of William 对威廉的批判五:名词的留意事项1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一样 ,即:主语是可数名词单数或不行数名词时 ,谓语动词用单数形式:The computer was a great invention. 运算机是个了不得的创造 The water in the glass is very cold. 玻璃杯里的水很冷 2、集体名词 family, class, team, group, row, police, school 做句子主语时 , 假如表示整体概念 ,就谓语用单数形式 ,如: His family is l

18、arge.(她的家人很多)假如表示其中的全部成员时 ,就谓语用复数形式 ,如: His family are all teachers 她的家人都是老师 3、 Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示单个时谓语用单数 ,表示很多时 ,谓语用复数;There is a sheep in the yard. 院子里有只绵羊 There are some sheep in the yard. 院子里有一些绵羊 4、maths, news 等虽然有 s 结尾 ,但不是复数 ,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting . 这个消息令

19、人兴奋 5、 glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名词往往用复数形式 ,故谓语用复数;如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them. 裤子很廉价 ,我想买 3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6、 a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不行数名词时谓语用单数形式;如:A lot of students are playing baseball now. 现在有很多同学在打垒球 A lot of t

20、ime was wasted on that work .大量的时间花在了那个工作上 被动句 7、 and 连接两个名词做主语时 ,谓语原就上用复数 ,但是两个名词如构成一个整体事物时 ,谓语就用单数;The teacher and his son are picking apples now . 老师和他的儿子在摘苹果 Fish and chip is very famous food . 鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品 8、there be 句型中 be 的单复数一般由靠近的名词打算;There is a table and four chairs in the room . 房间里有一张桌子和

21、四张椅子 9、用 both and 连接两个事物做主语时 ,谓语一般用复数;Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow .你和我明天要求都来 10、主语中含有 with 的短语时 ,谓语单复数由 with 之前的人物打算;A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. 一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子 当时 就站在路边 11、 as well as 和名词连用时 ,谓语动词和第一个名词相一样;He as well as I is responsible fo

22、r it.(不但是我,他对这件事也有责任)12、 either or 或者 neither nor 连接两个人物做句子主语时 ,谓语采纳就近原就;Either you or he is right .要么是你对 ,要么是他对;/你和他有一个人是对的 Neither you nor I am going there. 你和我都不准备去那里 13、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时 ,谓语一般用单数;Two months is not a short time. 两个月不是个短时间 Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance 距离 . 两

23、千千米是相当长的一段距离 14、主语中含有 half of / three quartersof / all of the 等词语时 ,谓语的单复数由名词确定 Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. 因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的 A third of the students were playing near the lake .同学的三分之一 当时 正在湖边玩耍 All of the water in these rivers has been polluted. 这些河流中的水已

24、经被污染了 被动句 但是 ,population 一词又有特殊情形:Whats the population of China. 中国人口是多少? 句子用单数 Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs 阿拉伯人 . 这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人 句子用复数 4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 高考英语考点解析 名词导学案 一 名词单复数1. 不行数名词 -物质名词、抽象名词通常是不行数,做主语时谓语要用单数;例如:success, water

25、2. 可数名词有单复数形式,单数做主语,谓语用单数;复数做主语谓语用复数;名词复数规章 完成以下变复数练习并总结名词复数规章:; Desk_ brush_, zero_ potato_ leaf_ family_, city_ box_ class_ watch_ stomach_, thief_, knife_ roof_ piano_ hero_ Chinese_, tooth_, radio_ mouse_, child_, cup_, toy_ phenomenon_ policewoman_ woman teacher_ means_ deer_ passer-by_ grown-u

26、p_ 规章总结:1 _ 2._ 4_ , 5_ 6留意:7. 表示由两部分构成的东西如:glasses 眼镜 trousers, clothes 等做主语时,谓语用 _数; , 如表达详细数目,要借助数量词 pair对,双 ; suit 套; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 这些词前面是 a pair of 时, 谓语用 _数;依据 8. 单复同形 如: deer,sheep,fish, Chinese,Japanese, means等这些词做主语时,谓语动词的数应当 _ 来打算;改错:1 My glasses broke yesterday.

27、 I had it repaired. 2 This pair of trousers fit you very well. 3 All the sheep likes eating grass. 4 Every means have been tried.二 名词全部格 名词全部格一般是在名词后面加上 s ,表示 某某人的 ,称为所属关系;名词全部格有 s,of 和双重全部格 几种形式:关于 s 结构名词全部格多用于表示有生命的名词的所属关系,此时要用s表示;但其构成和用法又分为以下六种情形:1.一般情形下,是在单数名词的词尾直接加 s ;例如:_吉姆的足球 _凯特的猫2.以-s 结尾的复数

28、名词,只能在词尾加 ;比如:老师们的椅子 _ 同学们的书 _ 3.不以 -s 结尾的不规章复数名词,仍得在词尾加 s. _儿童节 _男鞋5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - _女士服装4.如表示两人各自全部的两个东西,就应在两个名词后面都加上s,且后接复数名词;如表示两人共同全部的一个东西,就只能在后面那个名词后面加上 s,且后接单数名词;请比较:Toms and Mikes room s 汤姆和迈克的房间 两人各有一间,共两间,不是共同拥有 Tom and Mikes room 汤姆和迈克的房间 两人共同拥有的一间

29、房间 5.一些表示日期、时间、距离、国家名称的无生命名词,也可加s构成全部格;请看:_一个月的时间 _今日的报纸_ 北京的春天 6.假如 s后的名词是商店、住宅等地点时,后面的名词经常要省略;比如:_在诊所,在医务室 _到我叔叔家 of 短语表示无生命的所属关系时,要用介词 of 所构成的短语来表示;_一幅中国地图变身 须知:一般来说,s 结构都可以变成of 短语,请看:the boys new bikethe new bike of the boy 那位男孩的新自行车 the twins bedroom the bedroom of the twins 双胞胎的卧房the door of t

30、he room the rooms door 房间的门但是,并非全部的of 短语都可以变成s结构;对于无生命的名词全部格最好仍是用of 短语;比如: 教室里的画 要说 a picture of a classroom ,而不能说 三 双重全部格a classrooms picture;双重全部格 形式,就是既含有s结构,又含有 of 短语,组合成了of s结构; 双重全部格 主要有两种用法:一种表示 部分 ,另一种表示 感情颜色 ;练习:_我父亲的一位老伴侣_你哥哥的英语书_ 你姐姐的这个可爱的儿子留意: 双重全部格 和只用 of 的全部格在意义上是不同的;试比较:a photo of my

31、mothers 我母亲的一幅照片 照片是我母亲的,照片上的人却不肯定是我母亲 a photo of my mother 我母亲的照片 照片上的人就是我母亲 练习:填空Yesterday afternoon I met a friend of _1_I. He has a brother, _2_ is a soldier. He often showed me a picture of his_3_brother. He told me that _4_he brother was strict _5_ himself. Whenever this friend tells of his br

32、other, he always takes 6_proud in his 7_brother everything. Last week he took an _8_8 小时车 程 to see his brother. 四 名词的搭配 名词跟动词,介词常搭配,构成固定短语;_ a conclusion _ sb a favor _ sth in use _ a decision _ a trick on sb _ attention to 做鬼脸 _ 握手 _ 名词相关练习:一 翻译短语;1.安的帽子 _ 2.露茜和莉莉合用的卧房 _ 3.妇女节 _ 4.女孩子们的图画 5.书桌的腿 _

33、6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 7 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6.一幅四川地图 _ 7.我哥哥的一位好伴侣 8.他妹妹的照片 _ 9.我的猫的名字 _ 10.杰克和约翰的钢笔 _ 二 .找出不行数名词,在横线上打勾,并将可数名词变成复数形式:homework _half _advice_money _ knowledge _foot _blood _music _ tomato _policeman_mouth _bread _ information _milk _cow _tear _ city_boy_news_mouse_ 单句改错

34、(1) Women live longer than men in most country. (2) The film is very interesting. I have seen it many time. (3) It s said that all the tic ket have been sold out. (4) The children spend a lot of times watching TV. (5) I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday. (6) The flower in the park were all

35、 pleasing. (7)Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country. (8) It s one of the most interesting book that Ive ever read.(9) Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear. (10) He hasnt lived here long, but he has a great many friend here. (11) It was a great fun to swim in the lake in s

36、uch hot weather. (12) Hes getting married next month and decides to buy some furnitures. (13) Theres a paper s factory near our school. 14 What a good news he brought us. 15 He had to learn to use his foot as his hands, 16 I don t like eating potato. 17. Physics are very difficult for me to learn. 词

37、形变化填空练习:1. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _. (patient)2. If each of us do something every day, we can make a big _different. 3. A good teacher should be _tolerant of his or her students. 4. The manager showed his _satisfy with our work. 5. His great _achieve is to make h

38、is team a united one. 6. We have received a lot of _express of support for our plan. 7. All of us long for _succeed, but it never comes easily. 8. Before the interview, you should make good _prepare for it. 9. Don t be afraid of _fail, because it s the mother of success. 10. I have enough _confident

39、 in winning the match. Let wait, 11. I have some _difficult in understanding your behavior. 12. I have tried all the _means that you told me. 13. The teacher asked us to sweep all the _leaf on the ground. 14. We re developing new _product these days. 15. That was the best _choose for you. 16. This is your own _decide. I don care. 17. One of the best _impression is that he likes reading. 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 7 页

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