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1、跨文化交际Unit2课件What is Culture Definitions of culture Definitions of culture In 1952,Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn In 1952,Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of more than 164 definitions of compiled a list of more than 164 definitions of“culture”in“culture”in Culture:A Critical Rev
2、iew of Concepts Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitionsand Definitions.What is CultureCulture is like Culture is like the mental programming,“software of the the mental programming,“software of the mind”,Windows,IOSmind”,Windows,IOS the water fish swim in the water fish swim in the oni
3、on with different layers of depth,the onion with different layers of depth,ranging from inner core to the surfaceranging from inner core to the surface the iceberg the icebergThe onion modelThe onion modelhttp:/www.culturewise.ie/news_and_events/blog.php?month=5&height=550&width=800http:/www.culture
4、wise.ie/news_and_events/blog.php?month=5&height=550&width=800The iceberg modelThe iceberg modelhttp:/www.asiaeducation.edu.au/for_teachers/curriculum_resources/history_cr/asiascopeseqhistorycr/shttp:/www.asiaeducation.edu.au/for_teachers/curriculum_resources/history_cr/asiascopeseqhistorycr/secondar
5、y_units_of_work_sose/unit_9_voicesvisions/voicesvisions_blm2.htmlecondary_units_of_work_sose/unit_9_voicesvisions/voicesvisions_blm2.htmlWhat is Culture Material Material components of a culture:tangible components of a culture:tangible objects and physical substances that have been objects and phys
6、ical substances that have been altered by human intervention(e.g.architecture,altered by human intervention(e.g.architecture,icons,personal possessions)icons,personal possessions)Material components of culture:reflections of a cultures valueWhat is Culture Nonmaterial aspects of a culture:Nonmateria
7、l aspects of a culture:Beliefs:conceptions of what is true,factual,or Beliefs:conceptions of what is true,factual,or valid;rooted in faith,experience,or sciencevalid;rooted in faith,experience,or scienceValues:shared views of what is good,right,Values:shared views of what is good,right,worthwhile,or
8、 importantworthwhile,or importantNorms:informal rules that guide how members Norms:informal rules that guide how members of a culture act,as well as how they think and feelof a culture act,as well as how they think and feelLanguage:shaping how we think about the Language:shaping how we think about t
9、he worldworldWhat is Culture Culture can be defined as“a historically Culture can be defined as“a historically transmitted system of symbols,meanings,and transmitted system of symbols,meanings,and norms”.(Collier&Thomas,1988)norms”.(Collier&Thomas,1988)What is Culture Culture can be defined as the c
10、oherent,Culture can be defined as the coherent,learned,shared views of a group of people about learned,shared views of a group of people about lifes concerns that ranks what is important,lifes concerns that ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes about what things are furnishes attitudes about w
11、hat things are appropriate,and dictates behavior.(I.Varner&appropriate,and dictates behavior.(I.Varner&Linda Beamer,2008)Linda Beamer,2008)Characteristics of culture Culture is coherent Culture is coherent Culture is learned Culture is learned Culture is shared Culture is shared Culture is dynamic C
12、ulture is dynamic：Culture evolves and Culture evolves and changes over timechanges over timeCharacteristics of cultureCulture is dynamicCulture is dynamic：Culture evolves and changes Culture evolves and changes over timeover timeInnovation:new practices,tools,or conceptsInnovation:new practices,tool
13、s,or conceptsDiffusion:the borrowing by one culture from anotherDiffusion:the borrowing by one culture from anotherCultural calamity:adversity such as war or natural Cultural calamity:adversity such as war or natural disasters that bring about changedisasters that bring about changeCommunication imp
14、els significant changes in cultural Communication impels significant changes in cultural lifelifeA culture as a particular way to satisfy human needsFive basic needs of human beingsFive basic needs of human beingsThe physiological needsThe physiological needsThe safety needsThe safety needsThe belon
15、gingness needsThe belongingness needsThe esteem needsThe esteem needsThe self-actualization needsThe self-actualization needsWhat is Communication Origin:Latin word“commonis”(meaning common)Origin:Latin word“commonis”(meaning common)Translation in Chinese:Translation in Chinese:交际交际交际交际 （from the li
16、nguisticfrom the linguistic perspectiveperspective）沟通沟通沟通沟通 （from the psychologicalfrom the psychological perspective perspective）传播传播传播传播 （in mass media)in mass media)Communication and culture:Communication and culture:Culture is reflected in Communication practices Culture is reflected in Communic
17、ation practices Communication practices shape cultural life Communication practices shape cultural life “Communication is culture”“Communication is culture”Elements of CommunicationContextContextPhysical settingPhysical settingHistoricalHistoricalPsychologicalPsychologicalCulture&subculturesCulture&
18、subculturesElements of CommunicationParticipants:sender and receiverParticipants:sender and receiver Variables:relationship,gender,culture Variables:relationship,gender,cultureMessagesMessagesMeaningsMeaningsSymbolsSymbolsEncodingEncodingDecodingDecodingElements of CommunicationChannels:routes and m
19、eans of transportationChannels:routes and means of transportationSound(verbal symbols)Sound(verbal symbols)Sight(nonverbal cues)Sight(nonverbal cues)The more channels used to carry a message,the The more channels used to carry a message,the more likely the communication will succeed.more likely the
20、communication will succeed.Elements of CommunicationNoiseNoiseExternal NoiseExternal NoiseInternal NoiseInternal NoiseSemantic NoiseSemantic Noise Noise can function as a communication barrier.Noise can function as a communication barrier.FeedbackFeedback Feedback,verbal or nonverbal,allows us to be
21、have Feedback,verbal or nonverbal,allows us to behave in ways that increase our understanding of our in ways that increase our understanding of our messagesmessagesA model of Communication Characteristics of CommunicationCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is a dynamic processCommunicati
22、on is symbolicCommunication is symbolicCommunication is systemicCommunication is systemicCommunication involves making inferencesCommunication involves making inferencesCommunication has a consequenceCommunication has a consequenceCommunication is complexCommunication is complexCase Study Three kinds of meanings involved:Three kinds of meanings involved:utterance meaning utterance meaning the speakers meaning the speakers meaning the hearers meaning the hearers meaning此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！此课件下载可自行编辑修改，仅供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！谢谢