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1、Copyright 2013 SciRes. JHRSS Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 2013, 1, 29-33 http:/dx.doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2013.13005 Published Online September 2013 (http:/www.scirp.org/journal/jhrss) University Students Employability Skills Model Based on Chinese Employer Perspective Xiaobin
2、g Zhang1, Xin Zou2 1School of Economics and Management, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China 2Department of Equipment, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China Email: , Received August 1, 2013; revised August 31, 2013; accepted September 8, 2013 Copyright 2013 Xiaobing Zhang, Xin Zo
3、u. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Li- cense, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT The employability and the employability skills of the university studen
4、ts in China are now being the most important capacity which the employers pay the highest attention to. The aim of this research was to identify the university stu- dents employability skills and college students employability skills framework to reinforce the employability research and the field of
5、 human resource development (HRD) in the Chinese context. From the perspective of the employers, using the methods of interview and questionnaire, this paper studied the contents of the students employability skills which the Chinese employers recognized and got the model of university students empl
6、oyability skills. The results showed that college students personal characteristics perceived by the service industry employers and the manufacture industry employers major focused on honesty, independence, self-confidence, adaptability, and enthusiasm. Basic knowledge which perceived by the service
7、 industry employers and the manufacture industry employers centralized po- litical knowledge, and economic knowledge. Interpersonal relationship, teamwork, strain capacity, problem handling capacity, leadership, information technology software applications, and presentation skills were the abilities
8、 at present and in the next five years that both industry employers thought very important skills and abilities. The conclusions can be got that the employability skills perceived by Chinese employers whether in service industry or in manufacture in- dustry include personal qualities, basic knowledg
9、e, skills and abilities. The employability skills framework perceived by employers at present in service industry and in manufacture industry is slightly different. On the contrary, it is surpris- ing that the employability skills at present and in the next 5 years perceived by service industry empl
10、oyers or manufac- ture industry employers have a significant difference alternatively. Suggestions on managerial implications and future research directions are put forward respectively. Keywords: Employer; University Student; Employability Skills 1. Introduction In a knowledge economy, the developm
11、ent of the econ- omy relies on the knowledge-driven, and the prosperity of the corporation and the nation depends on such as the upgrade of the knowledge, skills, ability of the labors and the entrepreneurial enthusiasm. Job security now has been difficult to be protected. Enterprises rely more on e
12、nhancing the employability skills 1-4 of staffs to at- tract, motivate and retain knowledge workers. Enter- prises no longer promise a stable workplace, or give a long-term employment commitment to their staffs. Em- ployees need to access to the value of knowledge, skills, abilities and other charac
13、teristics which their current and future employers will give high attention so that they need to maintain employment and to ensure future em- ployment. The strategies of the reorganization of large enterprises, flatter organizations and the sustainable com- petitiveness allow them not only to retain
14、 the inherent high degree employability skills employees, but also to recruit such potential employees outside the enterprises. Employees who have been dismissed are no more limited to the one who is low-skilled or lack of skills. Employ- ees job security is now being more depending on their employm
15、ent and employability skills 3,5. Currently, there is no clear definition of the employability skills 1,2, 6-8. Many studies suggest that employability skills are the capacity of employment 9-11, which can make the employees get, maintain or even get a new employment. The knowledge, skills, abilitie
16、s, characteristics and be- havior of the individuals are the indictors which can be quantified in the employability skills. The annual number of university graduates in China is Copyright 2013 SciRes. JHRSS 30 X. B. ZHANG, X. ZOU constantly rising, while the growth of social demand is slow according
17、 to previous years. The mismatch of sup- ply and demand also leads to a stricter demand of em- ployers. When interviewed, the employers not only rec- ognize the importance of professional skills but also the generic skills. The generic skills 12-14 are not only the ability of initial employment, but
18、 also the potential de- velopment. In general, employers now pay more and more attention to the employability and employability skills of the staffs 15-21. How to know and understand the employability skills which the employers value 11- 14 is now being an important issue which the education sectors
19、 need to confront with. 2. The Research Purpose, Object and Methods 2.1. Research Purpose The purpose of research is to get the contents of the uni- versity students employability skills and college stu- dents employability skills framework using the samples of the employers of service and manufactu
20、re enterprises and the in-depth interviews and questionnaires about the employers. 2.2. Research Object and Research Methods In this study, the employers of the service and manufac- ture industries are the research object. The service indus- tries of the survey are mainly distributed in the sector o
21、f Nanjing and Lianyungang, including dining, shopping malls, hotels, tour companies, mobile companies, tele- com companies and human resources. The manufacturing sector is mainly distributed in a number of companies in Nanjing and Changzhou. On the one hand, these compa- nies almost cover the basic
22、characteristics of the service and manufacturing industry. On the other hand, because of the policy, economy, geography of Nanjing, Lianyun- gang and Changzhou are special, the employability and employability skills which the employers from the ser- vice and manufacture industries valued are represe
23、ntative and forward-looking. The research methods include literature review, inter- views and questionnaire survey. The main source of the study mainly comes from Chinese science and technol- ogy journal data, Superstar Digital Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). 3. A Study
24、of the College Students Employability Skills Framework Based on Chinese Employer Perspective 3.1. Research Process This research process has three phases. The first stage is the preparation stage. The researchers read many of the employability literature, determine the research topic, and select res
25、earch object and questionnaire. The second stage is the implementation stage. The author interview- ed seven service enterprise employers and six manu- facturing enterprise employers. The third stage is data collection and analysis stage. The researcher analyzes the interview and questionnaire resul
26、ts. Interview outline mainly divided into two parts. The first part is personal information, including age, record of formal schooling, position, etc. The second part is ques- tions about employability skills, including the following questions: How many general other qualities do you feel your staff
27、 have? What basic ability you think that college students usually need to have? In the said basic ability, what capacities you think in the future five years is more important? The author interviews service enterprise employers and manufacturing enterprise employers individually. Before interview, t
28、he researcher and employers ap- pointed interview time, place, and record agreement. Because of sensitive topic, this study did not listed de- tailed interview information. Then the author collected the interview information and extracted the 27 item of employability skills, 9 personal characteristi
29、cs, 10 major employers valued employability skills. Self-made university student employability skills ques- tionnaire mainly includes two parts. The first part is samples of materials, including gender, age, records of formal schooling, position, the name, nature, the field, and the size. The second
30、 part is college student employ- ability skills questionnaire. According to the employabil- ity skills and personal qualities from the interview, the researcher design questionnaire items and survey the importance of using ability and skill of college students and skills importance over the next fiv
31、e years. The ques- tionnaire is designed by Likert five-point scales. Item ranges from “very important” to “strongly important”. “1” represents not important, “2” represents little impor- tant, “3” represents important, “4” represents very im- portant, “5” represents strongly important. The entire i
32、nvestigation lasted nearly eleven months, March 13, 2011 to February 13th, 2012. With the corre- spondents help, the researcher distributed the question- naires to respondents one by one. 110 questionnaires were distributed, which were distributed to service enter- prise employers 60 questionnaires,
33、 45 were recovered, and the effective recovery rate was 58.3 percent. Which were distributed to manufacturing enterprise employers 50 questionnaire, 35 were recovered, and the effective recovery rate was 56 percent. The researchers analyze the questionnaire and summarize that perceived college stu-
34、dents employability skills, the importance of personal qualities and employability skills in the next five years. Copyright 2013 SciRes. JHRSS Item Number Percent Male 23 65.7% Female 12 34.3% Marriaged 26 74.3% Unmarriaged 9 25.7% Less 25 4 11.4% From 26 to 35 8 22.8% From 36 to 45 14 40.0% No less
35、 46 9 25.8% Less middle school 3 8.7% Middle school to Bachelor 8 22.8% Bachelor 16 45.7% Master or Doctor 8 22.8% X. B. ZHANG, X. ZOU 31 3.2. Research Results The researcher use Excel software to process the data gotten from the service industry employers. The sample of the service industry employe
36、rs is shown in Table 1. We got college students personal characteristics which perceived by the service industry employers are honesty, trustworthy, ethical behavior, endure pressure, enterpris- ing spirit, strong sense of responsibility, self-esteem, independent, self-confident, adaptability, and e
37、nthusiasm. English ability, humanities knowledge, political knowl- edge, and economic knowledge hold very large propor- tion in college students basic knowledge which per- ceived by the service industry employers. Interpersonal relationship, teamwork, strain capacity, problem han- dling capacity, an
38、d leadership are the employers thought very important skills and abilities. Employers in service industry also pay more attention to college students po- litical economy knowledge, information technology ap- plication, and innovation ability. Facing the complex economic environment and the informati
39、on society, em- ployers will pay more and more attention to these three skills to cope with the changing economic environment. The comparison between the employability skills per- Table 1. The sample of the service industry employers. Option Variable sex marriage age education Table 2. The sample of
40、 the manufacture industry employ- ers. ceived by service industry employers at present and the employability skills perceived by service industry em- ployers in the next five years clearly tell us that interper- sonal relationships, teamwork, professional morality, problem solving, and strain capaci
41、ty, innovative leader- ship, and expression ability perceived by service industry Variable sex Option Item Number Percent Male 17 60.7% Female 11 39.3% Marriaged 19 67.9% employers at present are more important than the others, such as natural science, information technology software applications an
42、d mathematics knowledge. But talked about the employability skills perceived by service in- marriage Unmarriaged 9 22.1% Less 25 5 17.9% From 26 to 35 7 25.0% dustry employers in the next five years, employee inter- personal skills, team cooperation, professional ethics, and expression ability are r
43、elatively important than the other abilities. The sample of the manufacture industry employers is shown in Table 2. We got college students personal characteristics which perceived by the manufacture in- dustry employers are honesty, self-esteem, independent, self-confident, enterprising spirit, pas
44、sion, strong sense age education From 36 to 45 11 39.2% No less 46 5 17.9% Less middle school 6 21.5% Middle school to Bachelor 3 10.7% Bachelor 8 28.5% Master or Doctor 11 39.3% of responsibility, ethical behavior, adaptability, endure pressure , and trustworthy. Mathematics knowledge, ap- plicatio
45、n natural science knowledge, political knowledge, and economic knowledge hold very large proportion in college students employability skills which perceived by the manufacture industry employers. The interpersonal skills, team cooperation ability, professional morality, dealing with problems, strain
46、 ability, innovation ability, leadership, lifelong learning and development direction choosing, information technology software applications, and presentation skills are the employer thought very important skills and abilities. The comparison between the employability skills perceived by manufacture
47、 indus- try employers at present and the employability skills perceived by manufacture industry employers in the next five years clearly tell us that mathematics knowledge application, expressing ability, leadership ability, innova- tion ability and the team cooperation ability, and inter- personal
48、skills perceived by manufacture industry em- ployers in the next five years are more important than skills perceived by manufacture industry employers at present. But on the contrary, the information technology software application, lifelong learning and development direction choosing, handling prob
49、lems and strain capac- Copyright 2013 SciRes. JHRSS 32 X. B. ZHANG, X. ZOU ity, professional morality, and natural sciences knowl- edge perceived by manufacture industry employers at present are more important than skills perceived by manufacture industry employers in the next five years. 4. Conclusions and Future Research Directions From the perspective of the employers, using the meth- ods of interview and questionnaire, this paper studied the contents of the students emplo