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1、英语学科知识与教学能力（中学）精讲班教师资格（统考）授课教师：陈黎娜第四章 阅读理解第一节 选材特点一、题材阅读理解主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。试题中所选的阅读文章题材多样化，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面。第一节 选材特点二、体裁阅读理解体裁多样化，包括：1.记叙文：往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。2.说明文：多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间
2、的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。第一节 选材特点3.议论文：文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词和关联词来组织段落、文章。对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。4.应用文：新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等，要求学生能看懂这类阅读材料尤其是时下出题的趋势，要求考生阅读理解准确率高、阅读速度快。第一节 选材特点第二节 题型分类无论文章是何种体裁和题材，
3、阅读理解题的出题形式都可以归纳为四种类型，分别是：主旨题、细节题、含义题和推断题。每一种题型都有鲜明的特点和明确的解题思路。因此要做好阅读理解题，首先要学会分辨题型，然后对症下药，使用相应的解题技巧。下面根据不同题型进行分类介绍。第二节 题型分类（一）主旨题1.主题类Thepassagemainlydiscusses.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?Whichofthefollowingcansummarizethemainideaofthistext
4、?Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?Whatisthesubject/topicdiscussedinthetext?第二节 题型分类2.目的类Whatistheauthorsmainpurposeinthepassage?Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto.Thepassageismeantto.3.标题类Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thebestheadlineforthi
5、snewspaperarticleis.第二节 题型分类（1）找出主题句。Example 1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.第二节 题型分
6、类Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfastfoods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?A.Somepeoplelikesteakandothersredmeat.B.Vegetablesareveryhealthyforyou.C.Howfoodispreparedhasalottodowithhowwellapersonmaylikeit.D.Differentpeople
7、havedifferenttastesinfood.第二节 题型分类Example2 AmericansmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadiffer
8、entwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespect.第二节 题型分类Thispassagemainlytellsus_.A.howAmericansshowrespecttoothersB.howJapaneseshowrespecttotheirAmericanacquaintancesC.AmericansandJapanesehavedifferentwaysofshowingrespectD.JapanesearenotsatisfiedwithAmericancasualbehavio
9、r第二节 题型分类Example3InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket,Ford,GeneralMotors,andChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore.ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarshasnotcostAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAu
10、straliasbiggestemployer.第二节 题型分类YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiablesociety.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers.B.GeneralMotorsisoneofthelargestcarproducers.C.Fordoperatesnoton
11、lyintheUSA,butalsoinAsia.D.ThefloodofcheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers.第二节 题型分类（2）概括和归纳出主题思想。实际上，有的文章是没有主题句的。这就需要靠读者自己进行概括或归纳隐含的主题思想了。概括主题可以从归纳每段的要点开始，最后将各段要点集中就是全文的主题思想。第二节 题型分类第二节 题型分类Example 4Somepeopleliketogotobeachoralakeforrecreation.Theyenjoytheswimmingorboatingthatisavailab
12、lethere.Otherpeople,especiallyinthehotsummer,prefercleanairandcoolmountainbreezes.Somepeoplelikeexcitementandentertainment.Theygottoshowsandnightclubs.Stillotherpeoplefindthatstayinghomewiththefamilyandenjoyingthetogethernessofspendingtimewithlovedonesisthemostpleasurableexperienceofall.第二节 题型分类Whic
13、hofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?A.Peopleenjoydifferentkindsofrecreation.B.Somepeoplelikestayingathomewiththeirfamilies.C.Somepeopleloveswimmingandboating.D.Somepeoplearericherthanothers.第二节 题型分类（二）细节题1.是非题WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?Whichofthefollowingistrueabout.?Acco
14、rdingtothepassage/.,whichofthefollowingistrue?Allofthefollowingare(not)true/mentionedEXCEPT_.Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowthefollowingexcept_.第二节 题型分类Example 1AstheEOLdevelops,youmightfinditusefulforschoolprojects.Thesitewillfeaturespecialpagesforkidswhoarestudyingecosystems(生态系统)intheir
15、neighborhoods.Tomakesuretheencyclopediaisaccurate,scientistswillreviewmuchoftheinformationaddedtoit.Peoplewhovisitthesitewillbeabletochoosetoleaveoutpagesthathaventbeenreviewed.第二节 题型分类AnotherconvenientfeatureoftheEOListhatyoullbeabletopickthelevelofdetailyouseetomatchyourinterests,age,andcurrentkno
16、wledge.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.TheEOLwillbebeneficialtoschoolkidswithitsdevelopment.B.Scientistswillrevieweverypieceoftheinformationadded.第二节 题型分类C.Scientistshavecatalogedonlyasmallpartofthelivingspecies.D.PeoplewithdifferentinterestsandknowledgewillinawayfindtheEOLuseful.Example 2T
17、henewstudytookplaceinDaresSalaam.4,200pregnantwomenreceivedmultivitamins.ThepillscontainedallofthevitaminsintheBgroupalongwithvitaminsCandE.Theyalsocontainedseveraltimesmoreironandfolatethanthelevelsadvisedforwomenindevelopednations.Pregnantwomenespeciallyinpoorcountriesmayfinditdifficulttogetenough
18、vitaminsandmineralsfromthefoodsintheirdiet.第二节 题型分类ApillofmultivitaminsmaycontainallofthefollowingsubstancesEXCEPT_.A.allvitaminsintheBgroupB.vitaminsCandEC.muchironandfolateD.antiviralsubstances第二节 题型分类Example 3Analysisofthesixinfantswhoseageswereknownshowedthatgirlchimpswereanaverageof31monthsoldw
19、hentheysucceededinfishingouttheirtermites,wheretheboychimpswereaged58monthsonaverage.Femaleswerealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermiteswitheverydipandusedtechniquessimilartotheirmotherswhilemalesdidnot.第二节 题型分类Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutchimpsfishingfortermitesaccordingtoparagraph6?A.Malesoftenc
20、ompetewithfemalesinfishingfortermites.B.Malescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.C.Femalescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.D.Malesaregoodatmasteringtechniqueforfishingfortermite.第二节 题型分类2.例证题Theauthorprovidesinline(Paragraph)anexampleinorderto_.TheauthorgivesanexampleinParagraphmainlytoshowthat_.
21、第二节 题型分类Example 4TheAmericanideaofthenationalgoodhasneverbeenbasedonnationalcooperationbutratheronthefreedomoftheindividual,maintainingthoseconditionsthatprovidethegreatestfreedomandprosperityfortheindividual.ItisfarmoredifficultforAmericanstoacceptsharedsacrificeforthecommongoodandwell-beingoftheen
22、tirecountry.第二节 题型分类Forexample,althoughthemajorityofAmericansbelievethatitisextremelyimportanttobalancethenationalbudgetandreducethedeficit,theydonotwanttoseecutsingovernmentprogramsthatbenefitthempersonally.Theauthorgaveanexampleintheparagraphinorderto_.第二节 题型分类A.emphasizetheneedtoplaceastrongerval
23、ueonnationalcooperationB.explainwhytheAmericanideahasbeenbasedonindividualfreedomC.illustratethattheAmericanswillnotgiveuptheirpersonalinterestforthecountryssakeD.supporttheideathatAmericansneedthespiritofnationalcooperation第二节 题型分类3.原因题Theauthorarguesthat.because_.Why.?第二节 题型分类Example 5Forus,thisme
24、ansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000yearseventhepast100yearsourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.第二节 题型分类Darwinhadaphra
25、setodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension”.第二节 题型分类Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause_.A.lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvanceB.thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendecliningC.ourspecieshasreachedthe
26、higheststageofevolutionD.thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing第二节 题型分类（三）含义题1.词义猜测Whatdoestheunderlinedword“.”inthefirstparagraphmean?Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword?Theunderlinedword“.”mostprobablymeans_.Theunderlinedword“.”couldbestbereplacedby_.第二节 题型分类Acc
27、ordingtothepassage,theunderlinedword“.”istheclosestinmeaningto“_”第二节 题型分类解题技巧：（1）根据定义或解释猜测词义Example1Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittlethatis,itwillbreakeasily.第二节 题型分类（2）根据情景和逻辑进行判断Example 2Ifyouwantedtolearnaboutbearsforascienceclassreport,forexample,youcouldusethe“novice”settingtogetbasicinformati
28、onabouttheanimals.Onthe“expert”setting,ontheotherhand,youcouldgetmuchmoredetailedinformationaboutthehistory,literature,andexplorationofbears.第二节 题型分类Theword“novice”inparagraph5couldbebestreplacedby_.A.scientistB.creatorC.beginner D.expert第二节 题型分类（3）根据同义词或反义词关系猜测词义Example 3MostwomeninGhanatheeducated
29、andilliterate,theurbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Theirreputationforeconomicindependence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved.第二节 题型分类Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“illiterate”?A.repeatB.rei
30、teratedC.uneducatedD.sick第二节 题型分类2.指代内容Theunderlinedword“It”inthepassagerefersto_.Example 4In1901,H.G.Wells,anEnglishwriter,wroteabookdescribingatriptothemoon.Whentheexplorerslandedonthemoon,theydiscoveredthatthemoonwasfullofundergroundcities.Theyexpressedtheirsurprisetothe“moonpeople”theymet.Inturn
31、,the“moonpeople”expressedtheirsurprise.“Why,”theyasked,“areyoutravellingtoouterspacewhenyoudontevenuseyourinnerspace?”第二节 题型分类H.G.Wellscouldonlyimaginetraveltothemoon.In1969,humanbeingsreallydidlandonthemoon.Peopletodayknowthattherearenoundergroundcitiesonthemoon.However,thequestionthatthemoonpeople
32、askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.第二节 题型分类Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”(paragraph2)refersto?A.Discoveringthemoonsinnerspace.B.Usingtheearthsinnerspace.C.Meetingthe“moonpeople”again.D.Travellingtoouterspace.第二节 题型分类（四）推断题1.态度推断Whatisthetone(mood)ofthep
33、assage?Theauthorsattitudetowards.mightbesummarizedas(seemstobe)_.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthortowards.?Theauthorismostcriticalof_.第二节 题型分类态度类型:积极类：helpful（有帮助的），positive（正确的），supporting（支持的），concerned（关心的），confident（自信的），impressive（给人深刻印象的），optimistic（乐观的）等；中立类：neutral（中立的
34、，中性的），impersonal（不带个人色彩的）等；消极类：critical（批评的），negative（否定的），pessimistic（悲观的）等。第二节 题型分类Example 1InNewYork,highschoolsmokinghitanewlowinthelatestsurveys13.8%,farbelowthenationalaverage.Bycomparison,26%ofhighschoolstudentssmokeinKentucky.Otherlow-taxstateshavesimilarlydepressingteen-smokingrecords.HalRo
35、gers,RepresentativefromKentucky,likethosewhoareagainsthightobaccotaxes,arguesthattheburdenofthetaxfallsonlow-incomeAmericans“whochoosetosmoke”.第二节 题型分类Thatstrue.Butthereismorereasoninkeepingfuturegenerationsoflow-incomeworkersfromgettinghookedinthefirstplace.Asfortodaysadults,ifthenewtaxdrivesthemto
36、quit,theywillhavemoretospendontheirfamilies,cuttheirriskofcancerandheartdiseaseandfeelbetter.Rogersattitudetowardsthelow-incomesmokersmightbethatof_.第二节 题型分类A.doubtB.sympathyC.unconcernD.tolerance第二节 题型分类Example 2Unfortunately,saysPresser,theissueisvirtuallyabsentfrompublicdiscourse.Sheemphasizesthe
37、needforfocusedstudiesoncostsandbenefitsofworkingoddhours,thephysicalandemotionalhealthofpeopleworkingnightsandweekends,andthereasonsbehindthenecessityforworkingthesehours.第二节 题型分类NonstandardworkschedulesnotonlyarehighlyprevalentamongAmericanfamiliesbutalsogeneratealevelofcomplexityinfamilyfunctionin
38、gthatneedsgreaterattention,shesays.WhatisthePressersattitudetowardsworkingirregularhours?A.PositiveB.NegativeC.IndifferentD.Objective第二节 题型分类2.细节推断uThelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat_.uWhatdoestheimagethattheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?uThestatementsuggests/impliesthat.
39、uInwhichofthefollowingpublicationwouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?第二节 题型分类Example 3“Weanticipatethatinthelongterm,whatwelearnfromthestudywillresultinasignificantsavingsinthenationshealthcarecosts,”Dr.DuaneAlexander,whoheadstheNIHsEuniceKennedyShriverNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopme
40、nt,toldreporters.Itisexpectedthatthroughthestudythenationshealthcarecosts_.第二节 题型分类A.willbeloweredinthelongrunB.willbesignificantlyincreasedC.willbemorethan$200millionD.willreach$3.2billion第二节 题型分类Example 4Thebackpackcouldbeespeciallyusefulforsoldiers,scientists,mountaineers(登山运动员),andemergencyworke
41、rswhotypicallycarryheavybackpacks.Fortherestofus,power-generatingbackpackscouldmakeitpossibletowalk,playvideogames,watchTV,andlistentomusic,allatthesametime.第二节 题型分类Electricity-generatingpacksarentonthemarketyet,butifyoudogetoneeventually,justmakesuretolookbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet!Whatisimpli
42、edin“ifyoudogetoneeventually,justmakesuretolookbothwaysbeforecrossingthestreet!”?第二节 题型分类A.Youwillbetooexcitedtowatchthetraffic.B.Enjoyingelectronicdeviceswhilewalkingmayinvitetrafficaccidents.C.Itisnotpossibleforyoutogetsuchabackpack.D.Itiswiseofyoutohavesuchabackpack.第二节 题型分类Example 5Onedayamanwal
43、kedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant,“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches(蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well,”repliedtheman,“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”第二节 题型分
44、类Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects第二节 题型分类3.后续内容推断Inthenextpart,theauthorwouldmostprobablydiscuss_.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?第二节 题型分类Example 6Theaimoftimemanagement
45、isnottoscheduleeverymomentsowebecomeslavesofatimetablethatgovernseverywakingmomentoftheday.Instead,theaimistomakeinformedchoicesastohowweuseourtime.Ratherthanlettingthedaygoby,largelywithoutourawareness,whatwearegoingtodiscussnextcanmakeusbetterabletocontroltimeforourownpurposes.第二节 题型分类Inthenextpar
46、t,theauthorwouldmostprobablydiscusswithyou_.A.howtokeepupwiththetimesB.howtomakeupforlosttimeC.howtohaveagoodtimeD.howtomakegooduseoftime第二节 题型分类4.结论推断Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?Wecanlearn/knowfromthepassagethat.?第二节 题型分类Example 7Prolon
47、ginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocieties,peoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringcultures,oldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamine,infantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurvive
48、iftheirparentsstarved,whereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporarysocieties,peoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.第二节 题型分类Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinhuntingandgatheringcultures_.A.itwasamoralresponsibilitytokeepold-agedpeoplealiveB.infa
49、ntscouldbeleftdeadintimesofstarvationC.parentshadtoimparttheculturalwisdomofthetribetotheirchildrenD.deathwasconsideredtobefreedomfromhardships第二节 题型分类5.出处推断Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom_.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof_.第二节 题型分类Example 8Haveyoueverdreamed
50、ofhavingafashionablewatchofgreatvalue?AsmallwatchmakerinSwitzerlandin1922designedthefirstautomaticwatchtoshowtheday,month,anddate.Onlysevenofthesesplendidwatcheswereevermadeandthesewatcheswerealmostlosttohistory.Today,itissohardtogetanoriginalwatchthatsomewatchhistoriansareevenwillingtooffer$200,000