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1、Part2 考点8Part2 语法专题语法专题考点考点8 非谓语动词非谓语动词 对非谓语动词的考查在湖南高考中主要出现在单项填空部分。1.主要考查的知识点：(1)非谓语动词的基本用法及句法功能；不同的非谓语动词的用法区别。(2)非谓语动词在一些特定的结构，如with复合结构等的用法。复习重点：复习重点：(1)分词、不定式作定语、状语、补语的用法(2)动名词作主语、宾语的用法(3)现在分词、过去分词、动名词及不定式的用法区别 2.如何应对非谓语动词的考查 解题时，首先认真分析题干句的句子结构，结合4个选项，比较每个选项的非谓语动词或短语的意义及用法区别，再判断该选用哪一个。(2010湖南)So
2、far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library.A.discovered B.to be discovered C.discovering D.having discovered 思思路路点点拨拨：选项所提供的为非谓语动词的不同形式，分析题干句可知空格处应为money的定语，money与discover有被动关系，故该处应用表被动的过去分词；B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思，根据句意“到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆被发现的钱”可判断选A项。形式对比项目动词不定式 to do 动名词 doing 现在分词 doing 过去分词 done 意义
3、 相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动，完成意义充当句子成分 主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语 形式对比项目动词不定式 to do 动名词 doing 现在分词 doing 过去分词 done 形式 主动一般式 to dodoingdoingdone被动式 to be done being done(被)being done(正在被)无主动完成式 to have donehaving donehaving done无被动完成
4、式 to have been donehaving been donehaving been done无否定式 在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not熟熟 读读 深深 思思1.不定式和动名词作主语不定式和动名词作主语(1)Smoking(抽烟)is prohibited(禁止)here.(2)Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job.(3)Jacks_suddenly_disappearing(杰克的突然失踪)made them worried.(4)I found it impossible for
5、him to do the job alone.(5)It is no use/good crying(哭).归归 纳纳 总总 结结 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(ing)、现在分词(ing)与过去分词(ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。所以，要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动(或状态)”，所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：动名词作主语通
6、常表示抽象动作，而不定式作主语表示具体动作，如：(1)。规规则则2：动名词和不定式的完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生，如：(2)。规规则则3：动名词的独立主格结构：当动名词带逻辑主语时，只可在其前加上物主代词或名词的所有格，如：(3)。规规则则4：不定式及动名词短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语，如：(4)、(5)。熟熟 读读 深深 思思2.不定式和动名词作宾语不定式和动名词作宾语(1)Do you mind my/me reading your paper?(2)I regretted _not_having_taken_(没有采取)her advice.(3)I appreciate
7、having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.(4)You would be well advised _to_stay_(stay)indoors.The teacher advised _taking_(take)a different approach.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(5)The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.(6)Dont you remember se
8、eing the man before?You must remember to leave tomorrow.(7)I should like to see him tomorrow.(8)There is no use crying over spilt milk.(9)He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.(10)They cant lose time playing computer games as usual.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(11)There is no telling what he is
9、 going to do.(12)Last night I did nothing but watch(watch)TV.The doctor told him nothing but to_stop(stop)smoking.(13)When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(14)We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind
10、.(15)I dont mind there being(be)a chair here.(16)There being nobody else at hand,I had to do by myself.(17)John didnt pass his driving test,but I expected him to.规规则则1：动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格和名词的普通格，如：(1)。规规则则2：作宾语的动名词和不定式，完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，如：(2)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则3：介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词
11、作宾语，如：admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear(忍受),envy,cant help(不禁),delay,escape,cant stand(受不了),deny,excuse(借口),consider(考虑),fancy,mind,miss(错过),mention,finish,pardon,resist,forgive,imagine,risk,practice,suggest(建议),keep,quit,put off,give up,feel like,be worth,set about,burst out,be/get/become u
12、sed to(习 惯 于),look forward to,pay attention to,devoteto,lead to,stick to,get close to,object to,contribute to,get down to,be equal to(能胜任),turn to(求助于)等，如：(3)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则4：动词advise/allow/permit/forbid后既可跟doing sth.作宾语，又可跟to do(不定式作宾补)，如：(4)。规规则则5：need,require,want,deserve doing 动名词的主动形式表被动意义，相当于
13、to be done，如：(5)。规规则则6：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，如：(6)。常用的还有：(1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)(2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 归归 纳纳 总总 结结(3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)(4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say,tell,inform等)regret doing对做过的事后悔
14、(5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法(6)mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着(7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)归归 纳纳 总总 结结(8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)(9)like/love/hate/prefer to do 表示具体行为；doing sth.表示抽象、倾向概念。【注意】如 果 like/love/hate/prefer这 几 个 动 词 前 有should/would，其后宾语
15、只跟不定式，不能跟动名词，如：(7)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则7：常见的带不定式作宾语的动词(口诀助记)如下：想要干want,wish,hope,expect,seek,attempt,aim,claim，would like/love,desire,swear 早打算plan,prepare,mean,arrange 同意否 agree,promise,undertake,offer,choose,refuse,afford 问问看ask(ask to do 要求做),beg 决定了decide,determine,make up ones mind,be determined归归 纳
16、纳 总总 结结 尽力干try,manage(反义词fail),struggle,strive,attempt 不愿意care 别装蒜pretend【注意】口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味。规则规则8：固定句型(1)There is no good/point/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处)，如：(8)。(2)have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in)doing，如：(9)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)d
17、oing sth.，如：(10)。(4)There is no doing sth.(there is no 表“不可能”)，如：(11)。(5)come/become/grow/gettolike/love/realize/understand/know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了”。(6)do/did/does nothing/anything/everything but(except)动 词 原 形；如 果 谓 语 动 词 不 是do/did/does,but(except)所跟的不定式须带to，如：(12)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结(7)can not
18、(help/choose)but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”，如：(13)。(8)“Why not 动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，意为：“为什么不？”，“干嘛不？”(9)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。归归 纳纳 总总 结结(10)there be的非谓语形式 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind,object to等后面用t
19、here being，如：(14)、(15)。作状语多用there being结构，如：(16)。(11)为避免重复，在hope,expect,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,need,mean,forget,refuse,tell,know,have to,be going to,used to,ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been时，要保留这些词，如：(17)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结熟熟 读读 深深 思思3.不定式、动名词和
20、分词作表语不定式、动名词和分词作表语(1)What I would suggest is to start work at once.(2)His hobby is collecting stamps.(3)Travelling is interesting but tiring.(4)The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.(5)What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour.归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：不定式作表语
21、一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，如：(1)、(2)。规规 则则 2：表 心 理 状 态 的 interesting,exciting,delighting,disappointing,encouraging,worrying,puzzling,satisfying,surprising,pleasing等形容词转为分词作表语时，表示客观“令人的”；interested,excited,delighted,disappointed,encouraged,pleased,puzzled,worried,surprised等表示主观“感到”，如：(3)、
22、(4)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则3：get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词后都可跟done，表示被动或主语的状态。如remain seated/hidden，get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等，如：(5)。常用be done介词短语表示所处的状态，如下：be addicted to沉迷于be absorbed in全神贯注于be aimed at旨在/意图be armed with有装备be buried in埋葬在归归 纳纳 总总 结结be based on/upon以 为基础be
23、born出生于be burdened with担负着be crowded with挤满了be covered with/by覆盖着be coated with涂抹了be combined with与联合be compared with与相比较be caught in陷入 be lost in沉迷于be concerned about关心be dressed in穿着归归 纳纳 总总 结结be devoted to专心致志于be divided into分成(几份/几组)be designed/meant/intended for专为而设计be engaged in忙于be engaged to
24、 sb.与订婚be fixed on专注于 be faced with面临着be filled with装满了be greeted with受到了问候be grown up 已经长大了 be hidden in躲在be linked to与有关归归 纳纳 总总 结结be connected with与相连/有关be made of/from/up of 由制成/由组成be known as/for/to以著称/因著名be recovered from从中康复be loaded with载有be located in/on/at位于be married(to sb.)与某人结婚了 be matc
25、hed 很般配 be mistaken 弄错了 be paved with铺着归归 纳纳 总总 结结be replaced with更换为be related to/with与有关be separated from与隔开be shouldered with肩负着be stationed in驻扎在 be seated 坐着be surrounded with/by四周环绕着be supposed to do应该做熟熟 读读 深深 思思4.不定式、动名词和分词作定语不定式、动名词和分词作定语(1)The water polluted by the factory should be to bla
26、me.(2)Wed better find some work for the children to do.(3)He is the first one to_help(help)me with computer.(4)Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.(5)Do you have anything to send？(是主语you送)(6)Do you have anything to_be_sent(send)？(不是主语you送，是别人送)熟熟 读读 深深 思思(7)Barking dogs seldom bi
27、te.(8)The plan to_be_made(make)is of vital importance.(9)The building being constructed will be used as a library.(现在正在进行的被动)(10)The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted.(过去的被动)(11)The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in class,which can be seen from her satisfied expressi
28、on on her face.归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则1：单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前，如：(7)；但修饰不定代词时在代词后，如：(5)、(6)；非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后，如：(1)。规则规则2：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：归归 纳纳 总总 结结名词to do sth.表示：与被修饰的名词有：动宾关系，如：(2)；名词前有序数词或最高级，如：(3)。主谓关系。不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词to be done 表示将要被做，如：(8)。done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作(having been done不可作定语)，如：(1)、(10)。
29、being done 表示被修饰词正在做，如：(9)。doing sth.表示：正在进行的动作经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态即将发生的动作归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要加上适当的介词且介词不能省。规规则则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中 a developed country 发达国家a developing country 发展中国家 a risen sun 升起的太阳a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳归归 纳纳 总总
30、 结结a returned student 归国学生a retired worker 退休工人an advanced worker 先进工作者boiled water 开水boiling water 沸水a bent branch 弯曲的树枝determined opposition 强烈的反对a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵a wellinformed professor 见多识广的教授归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】1.有些表示“使”的动词，其ing形式，意为“令人的”，表示事物的性质、特征，强调给他人的印象；其ed形式，意为“感到的”，表示人的心理、状态，强调主语内心的感受，
31、也可修饰look,expression,tears,smile,voice等名词。如：(11)。2.不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.()The man coming this morning is our legal adviser.()不能用doing表达过去动作归归 纳纳 总总 结结(2)Is there anyone who can answer this question?()Is there anyone answering this question?()用answering
32、表达can answer的意思是错的(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now.()归归 纳纳 总总 结结完成式不能作定语3.drink,learn,sink,light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learned lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛熟熟 读读 深深 思思5.不定
33、式和分词作状语不定式和分词作状语(1)He made a long speech,only to_show(show)his ignorance of the subject.(2)Being_watched(watch)by the audience,the young speaker felt very nervous.(3)Encouraged(encourage)by these successes,they decided to expand the business.(4)When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to
34、us.(5)Not_having_received(not receive)an answer,he decided to write another letter to them.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(6)Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.(7)He worked deep into the night,preparing(prepare)a speech for the president.(8)I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfas
35、t for my family.(9)She is so kind as to help me.She is so kind that she helps me.(10)She is such a kind girl as to help me.She is such a kind girl that she helps me.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(11)Im only too pleased to help you.(12)One is never too old to learn.(13)Seating himself/Seated(Sitting)in the room,he is a
36、bsorbed in reading.(14)It being Sunday,we neednt go to school.Because it is Sunday,we neednt go to school.(15)All the work done,you can have a rest.If all the work is done,you can have a rest.(16)While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则1：不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式
37、，也有主动和被动。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：归归 纳纳 总总 结结(not)to do表示目的或结果(to do in order to do/so as to do 其中so as to do不能放在句首)only to do表示意想不到的结果。如：(1)。to dodoing sth.与谓语动词同时发生的动作(主动关 系)如：(4)。being adj./n.常表示原因being p.p.强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动 动作(“因为正在被”)如：(2)。done 已经发生的被动动作，如：(3)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结(not)havin
38、g done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)如：(5)。having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关系)，如：(6)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则2：不定式“to do sth.”作目的和结果状语时总是在谓语动词后发生，如：(8)。而分词一般式“doing sth.”作状语时总是与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，如：(7)。规则规则3：so adj./adv.as to do 或such(a/an)adj.n.as to do，可以转化为sothat 或suchthat 引导的结果状语从句，如：(9)、(10)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】1.tooto do表示肯定的情
39、况 当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。如：(11)。too ready/apt/anxious/eager/glad/willing(表示心情或情绪)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义，这时too相当于very。never(not)tooto句型为“不会太所以能”之意。如：(12)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结2.devote,absorb,lose,seat,dress,hide等动词的非谓语形式作状语和定语时，可以用它们的ed形式(devoted,absorbed,lost,seated,dressed,hidden)或ingoneself形式(devo
40、ting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。如：(13)。3.有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系，如：归归 纳纳 总总 结结 to tell you the truth实话说，needless to say不用说，to be honest/frank老实说，坦白说，to be more exact更确切地说，to make things worse更糟的是，say that假设，not to mention更不用说 Generally/Frankly/Rou
41、ghly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering 鉴于/考虑到，judging by/from从来看，依据来判断，supposing/suppose that假定，providing that 假定，according to依据，including包括，owing to 由于，talking/speaking of谈及归归 纳纳 总总 结结 given考虑到，provided that如果4独立主格结构：n./pron.doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语 前后主语不一致时，作状语的非谓语动词需有自己的逻辑主语，此时的“n./pron
42、.doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语”，就是“独立主格结构”。如：(14)、(15)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。n/pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。5.连词分词(短语)有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after,before,as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致，如：(16)。熟熟 读读
43、深深 思思6.不定式和分词作宾语补足语不定式和分词作宾语补足语(1)My father permits me to_surf(surf)the Internet at the weekend.(2)The children were last seen playing(play)by the river.(3)She saw the old man cross the road.The old man was seen to cross the road.(4)Finally I got my car running.(5)The teacher often gets us to recite
44、 texts.(6)Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(7)I made my little brother cry.My little brother was made to cry.(8)I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard(hear)and understood.(9)The teacher often has us debate(debate)in class.(10)They had the lights burning(burn)whil
45、e working.(11)Nancy will have her house painted.熟熟 读读 深深 思思(12)I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy.Do you have anything to be bought?(13)They went home,leaving much work unfinished(unfinish)(14)I have once seen the child caught stealing money.(15)I found the little boy lying(li
46、e)under the tree when I passed by.(16)The teacher wanted the paper(to be)finished in an hour.归归 纳纳 总总 结结 究竟用何种形式充当宾补，取决于带复合宾语的动词的特征。常作宾补的有do sth.(用于let,make,have以及感官动词后)to do sth.(主动)/to be done(被动)doing sth.(主动，正在进行或持续进行)done(被动，状态或完成)being done(被动，正在进行)归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则1：带宾补的动词 like,hate,encourage,w
47、ish,warn,tell,want,desire,expect,get,permit,order,allow，invite,force,ask,cause,advise,request,prefer,beg,persuade,teach，lead等动词宾语to do sth.，宾语与to do 为主动关系，如：(1)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sb.to do()hope sb.to do sth.应改为 wish/expect sb.to do sth.()welcome sb.to do sth.应改为 sb.b
48、e welcome to do sth.()agree sb.to do sth.应改为 allow/permit sb.to do sth.()suggest sb.to do sth.应改为 advise sb.to do sth./suggest sb.(should)do sth.()demand sb.to sth.应改为 require sb.to do/demand sb.(should)do sth.归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构，如：(2)。感官动词see,observe，hear,notice,watch,feel，look at,listen to
49、宾语do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作)doing(主动，正在进行)done(与宾语是被动关系)归归 纳纳 总总 结结【注意】若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原，如：(3)。规则规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。get/send 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去，如：(4)。get 宾语to dolet/have sb.do表示“让某人做某事”，如：(5)。get 宾语donehave sth.done表示“使某事被做”，如：(6)。send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”归归 纳纳 总总 结结规则规则4：make带宾补的结构 使役动词make宾语d
50、o/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原，如：(7)、(8)。规则规则5：have带宾补的结构Have宾语have宾语to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做)，如：(12)。to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做)，如：(12)。do意为“让某人做某事”，如：(9)。doing意为“让某人一直做某事”，如：(10)。done意为“让人做了某事”或遭遇某事，如(11)。归归 纳纳 总总 结结规规则则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)，如：(13)。规规则则7：catch宾语doi