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1、Unit 4 Exploring poetryGrammar and usage突破。语法大冲关TUPOY UFAOAeH ONCCHJ A Z非谓语动词作补语、定语和状语语法精讲观察例句1. I heard her sing an English song just now.2. He left, leaving me to do all the rest work.3. Have you read the novel written by Dickens?4. They went there to visit their teacher.5. Having been told many t
2、imes, he still repeated the same mistake.归纳用法一、非谓语动词作补语1 .感官动词 see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to 等和使役动词 have （let/make）后面的宾补有三种形式，即动词原形（不带to的不定式）、动词-ing形式和 动词-ed形式。动词-ing形式表主动或正在进行，动词-ed形式表被动或完成，动词原形表主 动和完成的全过程。如：I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yeste
3、rday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。2 .注意在主动语态中用不带lo的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上t。3 .不及物动词的过去分词作宾补只表完成和状态。如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（状态）我低头看我的脖子，发现我的项链不见了。I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.（完成）我惊讶地发现我的家乡变化很大。4 . leave后接三种
4、形式作宾补时，保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义是 “使处于某种状态”。如：Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。（主动，正在进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched because they didn，t taste del icious. 客人们没有动大部分菜，因为它们尝起来不可口。（被动，完成）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束r会
5、议，留下了很多问题等待解决。（被动，将来）二、非谓语动词作定语1 .不定式作定语（1）被修饰的名词或代词就是不定式的逻辑主语，在时间上一般表将来动作：通常用来修 饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词，以及不定代词。如：I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我在假期里借了一些书看。He is the best man to do the job.他是最适合做这个工作的人。另外，常用来修饰抽象名词。常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, reply, att
6、empt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：Do you have the ability to read and write English?你有读写英语的能力吗？I have a chance to go sight seeing.我有一个去观光的机会。注意:作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的 地点、工具等，不定式后面需搭配相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有个舒适的房子住着。当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词与该不定式是被动关
7、系时，不定式既可以用主 动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是 “你”）Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗?（不定式t。be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）2 .动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作定语（1）动词-ing形式作定语表示主动的正在发生的事，动词-ed形式作定语表示已经发生的 事或表示被动意义。如：I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过比这更感人的电影。
8、The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建造的房子是给老师的。The broken glass is Tom s.碎玻璃是汤姆的。(2)作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：匕-ing表示正在进行：过去分词表示已经完成。如：fal ling leaves正在落下的叶子fallen leaves落下的叶子boiling water正沸腾的水boiled water沸腾过的水(白开水)三、非谓语动词作状语1 .不定式作状语II。sat down to have a rest.(表目的)他坐下来休息。He woke up only/just to find
9、 everybody gone.他醒来发现大家都走了。(表示结果)在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、哀、乐后跟不定式表示原因。如：I am very glad to see you.我非常高兴地见到你。在带有enough或to。的句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示程度。如：He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激动了，不会不讲几句话的。2 .动词ing形式和动词ed形式作状语(1)动词-ing形式和动词cd形式作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行 为方式、伴随状况等。如：Hearing the news, they got excite
10、d.听到这个消息，他们非常兴奋。(时间)Be careful while/when crossing the street.过马路的时候要小心。(时间)即学即练单句语法填空He walked out of the house, followed(follow) by his pet dog.Dressed (dress)in white, she looks really pretty.Seeing(see) the picture, I couldn, t help thinking of the good old days.Dont forget to lock(lock) the doo
11、r when you leave.Deeply moved(move) by the story, she began to cry.一冲美训练一I.单句语法填空1. Given(give) another chance, you 11 do it better.2. Unless invited (invite) to speak, you should keep silent.3. Although tired out, they didn* t stop to have(have) a rest.4. He cooked the dinner in the kitchen, sinkin
12、g(sing) cheerfully to himself.5. In order to realize the unification across the strait, we should work hard to seek (seek) a peaceful means.6. They told me that they had seen two deer drinking(drink) by the river side.7. We arrived there in a hurry only to find(find) they had already set off.8. Not
13、knowing (know) how to solve this problem, I turned to my father for help.9. I had a long talk with Xiao Wang, encouraging(encourage) him to conquer the difficulties in his studies.10. The girl dancing(dance) with that tai 1 man lives near my house.11. 短文语法填空A cook was caught 1. smoking(smoke) red-ha
14、nded and the owner of the restaurant made him hi t on road immediately. 2. Wi th so many staff looking at him, he felt very 3. embarrassed(embarrass) . His colleagues found 4. Lt right for him 5. to be punished (punish), because the lighted cigarette ends could cause the whole restaurant 6. to catch(catch) fire. The cook begged the owner to give him 7. the last chance. The owner eventually had him apologize and got him 8. fined(fine). The cook was al lowed9. to remain(remain). Now, he is seen 10. mopping(mop) the floors hard.