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1、省略和替代省略和替代这两种语言现象一般出现在上下下文相同的语境中, 日的是让句子言简意赅，防止重复.一省略(1)复合句中的省略，伏语从由 although/though, as if, until, once, unless, when, whether, where, while等弓I导，且同时具备以下两个条件:主句和从 句的主语一致/或从句主语为it;从句的主要动词是be的某种形式, 那么从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。When completed, the museum will be open to the pubic next year. =( When the museum is
2、completed*)明年当博物馆竣工时，将会对公众开放.Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if possible,二(if it is possible)如果可能的话，他会去海边度假.比拟状语从句中的省略。r m taller than he. (= than he is tall.)我比他高.The higher the temperature, the grater the pressure.(二the lemperature is,the pressure is)温度越局，压力越大.某些虚拟语气中的句子可以省略should.虚拟条件句有时可以
3、 省略if,从句使用倒装.I suggested that he(should) study more English before going a b roa d我建议他出国之前学习更多英语.Were I you, I would go with her.=(lf I were you-t)如果我是你，我会和她一起去.宾语从句中的连接词that和限定性定语从句中做从句的宾语 的关系件自that,which,whom常向皆略.I think (that) you are wrong我认为你是错误的.(宾从)She is the woman (who/whom/that) we are talk
4、ing about.(定从) 她就是我们正在谈论的那位女士.(2)并列句的省略为使句子简洁，在无损句子完整的前提下常省略相同成分.He often regards English as easy and (he often regards) French as difficult.他经常认为英语简单，法语难.I could have stayed home,but I dicin t (stay home). 我原本可以呆在家里但是我没有.(3)状语的省略状语的省略比拟少,主要有以下几种情况Return (as) soon as possible,尽快回来He was not hurt. (H
5、ow) Strange!他没有被伤着，真奇怪！If s always dusty about here, if there s (even) the least wind. 即使只是小风，这周围总是布满灰尘.(4)介词的省略介词in,from等在搭配中的省略.、He spends his evening (in) studying Chinese,他晚上学习汉语. They are busy (in) cleaning the room.他们正ft着寸丁扫房间. We could stop them (from) moving the heavy box.我们可以阻止他们挪动这个笨重的箱子.类
6、似的省略情况还有：Waste no time (in)doing sth 赶紧做某事Succeed (in) doing sth 成功做某事Have difficulty (in)doing sth 做某事有困难Keep/prevent sb. (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事1,1省咯不定式to,不定式作动词make/let以及感官动词的 宾语补足语时要省略t。,但变成被动语态不能省略.、The boss made the workers work all day and all night.老板让这些 人日夜工作._The workers were made to work
7、 all day and night.工人被迫日夜 工作.1.2密切联系的语境中，为防止重复，做宾语或宾语补足语的不 定式只保存to.Don t touch anything unless your teacher tell you to.除非老师要求，否那么不要碰任何东西.-Did you invite him to the party?你邀请他参加聚会了吗?-Yes,I tried to,but he refused to.是的,我竭力邀请他，但是他拒绝。f的省略Of 在与 age.size,color,height,material,shape 等表示大小，长短，颜 包年龄，形状，高度等
8、的名词连用时常可省略.They have a daughter (of)my age,他们有一个年龄和我一样大的 女儿.The two pairs of the shoes are (of) the same size, 这两双鞋尺寸 一样大.特别提示：at the age of短语中,the与of可同时省略.At (the) age (of) 17, I became a student of Yale Universtiy.十七岁时，我成了耶鲁大学的一名学生.在have no idea of中,of后如果时” wh-疑问词”引导的从句 或” wh-疑问词+不定式” Qf常省略.You ha
9、ve no idea (of) what an excellent concert it is.你无法想象那是一场多么棒的音乐会.二替代替代有三种:名词性替代,动词性替代和分句性替代.(1)名词性替代常用one,it,that,those,the same和人称代词或物主 代词.Mr Smith gave the text books to all the pupils except the ones who had already taken them.史密斯先生把课本发给了所有的学生，除了那些已经领到的.I hope there are enough glasses for each gu
10、ests to have one.我希望有足够多的玻璃杯，每个客人都能有一个.I hate it when people talk with their mouth full.我讨厌人们说话时嘴里含着食物.-He was nearly drowned once.他曾经险些淹死.-When was that?什么时候的事情The houses of the rich are larger larger than those of the poor.富人的房子比穷人的大.(2)动词性替代常用do,do so(it,that)等.-I told him about it.我告诉他(这个事情)了.-Y
11、es, I did,too.是的，我也和他说了.He had promised to pay,but failed to do so (it/that),他曾容许要 价钱，但是没有付.(3)分句性替代常用so,not.、She hopes he1 II win and I hope so too.她希望她能赢，我也希望 如此.-Will it rain today?今天会下雨吗？I believe not. (=1 don, t think so.)我想不会.关于替代词S。So用于替代宾语从句的分句，表示说话者赞同上述情况.适用于这 种情况的表示看法，意见等的动词有think,believe,
12、expect,suppose,imagine.guess,say,hope.fear,be afraid 等.Think so, believe so, except so等变为否认形式有两种途径：1)用动词的否认形式：I don t think so.2)用 not 代替 so : I think/believe/expect not.彳旦be afraid so, fear so, hope so变否认式只能用第二种.即be afraid not/fear not/hope not.与s。相关的两个句型表示说话者赞同上述事实:名+主语+连系动词(助动/情态动)-It was cold ye
13、sterday.昨天彳艮冷.So it was.确实冷.表示上述情况也适用于另一主语的句型.号用包整(即可以用于肯定，也可以用于否认)so it is(was) with+ He is a farmer. So it is with his brother =( So is his brother,倒装句) 他是农民.他弟弟也是.只用于肯定情况的句型:So+连系动词(助动/情态动)+另一主语I enjoyed the book and so did my wife. (=So it was with my wife) 我喜欢这本书，我妻子也喜欢.否认情况那么用：Neither(Nor)+连系动词(助动/情态动)+另一主语 She didn t come.Neither/Nor did her sister. (=So it was with her sister)她没来.她的妹妹也没来.