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1、会计学1文章文章(wnzhng)结构分析结构分析第一页，共76页。What is a text structure?n nBuilders can use different Builders can use different kinds of structures to build kinds of structures to build different thingsdifferent thingsn nA skyscraper,for example,is a A skyscraper,for example,is a different kind of structure diff
2、erent kind of structure from a housefrom a house第2页/共76页第二页，共76页。What is a text structure?n nWriters use different Writers use different structures to build their structures to build their ideasideasn nEach text structure Each text structure communicates ideas in a communicates ideas in a different
3、waydifferent way第3页/共76页第三页，共76页。Chronological ordern nAuthors use chronological Authors use chronological order to explain how things order to explain how things happen in orderhappen in ordern nChronological order is also Chronological order is also called sequence or time ordercalled sequence or
4、time order第4页/共76页第四页，共76页。Chronological ordern nYou will know that you You will know that you are reading a text in are reading a text in chronological order chronological order because you will see words because you will see words like like firstfirst,next,laternext,later,thenthen,and and finallyf
5、inally第5页/共76页第五页，共76页。Chronological ordern nYou will often see chronological order in directions:Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?Its simple!First,boil some water and make some macaroni.Then,make your cheese sauce.After the cheese sauce is ready,mix it with the macaroni.Bake the entire thing
6、in the oven.Finally,its time to eat!第6页/共76页第六页，共76页。Chronological ordern nYou will often see chronological order in directions:Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?Its simple!First,boil some water and make some macaroni.Then,make your cheese sauce.After the cheese sauce is ready,mix it with the m
7、acaroni.Bake the entire thing in the oven.Finally,its time to eat!第7页/共76页第七页，共76页。Which paragraph is in chronological order?Pennsylvania has many Pennsylvania has many historic sites.You can visit historic sites.You can visit Revolutionary war sites,like Revolutionary war sites,like Valley Forge.Yo
8、u can also Valley Forge.You can also visit important locations visit important locations from the Civil War,like from the Civil War,like Gettysburg.Finally,you can Gettysburg.Finally,you can also see the site of the first oil also see the site of the first oil well in Titusville.well in Titusville.P
9、ennsylvania has many neat Pennsylvania has many neat places to visit!places to visit!Through the ages,Through the ages,Pennsylvania has seen Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events.many interesting events.The state was founded in The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn.1681 by William Pe
10、nn.Later,Pennsylvania was Later,Pennsylvania was the site of important the site of important Revolutionary War Revolutionary War battles.After that,battles.After that,Pennsylvania was home Pennsylvania was home to new factories during to new factories during the Industrial Revolution.the Industrial
11、Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania Today,Pennsylvania continues to make history.continues to make history.第8页/共76页第八页，共76页。Which paragraph is in chronological order?Through the ages,Through the ages,Pennsylvania has seen many Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events.The state interesting events.The
12、state was founded in 1681 by was founded in 1681 by William Penn.Later,William Penn.Later,Pennsylvania was the site of Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War important Revolutionary War battles.After that,battles.After that,Pennsylvania was home to Pennsylvania was home to new fact
13、ories during the new factories during the Industrial Revolution.Today,Industrial Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania continues to Pennsylvania continues to make history.make history.This is the paragraph in chronological order.Can you find the clue words that show this order?第9页/共76页第九页，共76页。Which paragra
14、ph is in chronological order?Through the agesThrough the ages,Pennsylvania has seen Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events.many interesting events.The state was founded in The state was founded in 16811681 by William Penn.by William Penn.LaterLater,Pennsylvania was the,Pennsylvania was the si
15、te of important site of important Revolutionary War battles.Revolutionary War battles.After thatAfter that,Pennsylvania was,Pennsylvania was home to new factories during home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution.the Industrial Revolution.TodayToday,Pennsylvania,Pennsylvania continues to
16、 make history.continues to make history.This is the paragraph in chronological order.Can you find the clue words that show this order?第10页/共76页第十页，共76页。Think about it!n nWhat is a structure?What is a structure?n nWhat does chronological order What does chronological order mean?mean?n nWhat are some
17、clue words that What are some clue words that show chronological order?show chronological order?第11页/共76页第十一页，共76页。Another text structuren nBut what if an author doesnt But what if an author doesnt want to show how something want to show how something happened in sequence?happened in sequence?n nThe
18、 author would need to use The author would need to use another text structure!another text structure!第12页/共76页第十二页，共76页。Another text structuren nSuppose an author Suppose an author wanted to explain how wanted to explain how these two birds are these two birds are similar and differentsimilar and di
19、fferentn nChronological order Chronological order wouldnt work-there wouldnt work-there is no order of eventsis no order of eventsn nThe author would The author would need to use compare need to use compare and contrastand contrast第13页/共76页第十三页，共76页。Another text structure The cardinal and the cedar
20、The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.waxwing are two common birds.Both have crests on their heads.Both have crests on their heads.Both are common at birdfeeders.Both are common at birdfeeders.But the birds have some differences.But the birds have some differences.The male cardinal
21、 is a bright red,The male cardinal is a bright red,while the waxwing is brown.The while the waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing often migrates from cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place.On the other hand,place to place.On the other hand,the cardinal stays in one place year the cardinal sta
22、ys in one place year after year.after year.第14页/共76页第十四页，共76页。Compare and contrast clue words When authors use the text structure of compare and contrast,they often use special clue words to show this text structure.Can you find the clue words in the paragraph?第15页/共76页第十五页，共76页。Can you find the clu
23、e words?The cardinal and the cedar The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.waxwing are two common birds.Both have crests on their heads.Both have crests on their heads.Both are common at birdfeeders.Both are common at birdfeeders.But the birds have some But the birds have some differ
24、ences.The male cardinal is a differences.The male cardinal is a bright red,while the waxwing is bright red,while the waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing often brown.The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place.On migrates from place to place.On the other hand,the cardinal stays the other hand
25、,the cardinal stays in one place year after year.in one place year after year.第16页/共76页第十六页，共76页。Here they are!The cardinal and the cedar The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.waxwing are two common birds.BothBoth have crests on their heads.have crests on their heads.BothBoth are c
26、ommon at birdfeeders.are common at birdfeeders.ButBut the the birds have some birds have some differencesdifferences.The male.The male cardinal is a bright red,cardinal is a bright red,whilewhile the the waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing often migrates from waxwing often
27、migrates from place to place.place to place.On the other handOn the other hand,the,the cardinal stays in one place year after cardinal stays in one place year after year.year.第17页/共76页第十七页，共76页。Compare and contrast graphic organizerCompare and contrast graphic organizern nTo organize details from a
28、To organize details from a paragraph in compare and paragraph in compare and contrast,use a Venn contrast,use a Venn diagramdiagram第18页/共76页第十八页，共76页。Reviewn nCan you explain the difference between chronological order and compare and contrast?n nHow can clue words help you as a reader?第19页/共76页第十九页，
29、共76页。Another text structuren nSometimes,a writer will want to explain how one event leads to anothern nThis kind of text structure is called cause and effect第20页/共76页第二十页，共76页。Cause and effect clue wordsn nWhen authors write paragraphs to show causes and effects,they use words like cause,effect,as a
30、 result,consequently,and so 第21页/共76页第二十一页，共76页。Can you find the clue words?The nights snowstorm had many effects.People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks.The power lines were draped with ice.Snow plows drove down every street.Children were the happiest of all.The unexpected snow caused s
31、chool to be cancelled!第22页/共76页第二十二页，共76页。Can you find the clue words?The nights snowstorm had many effects.People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks.The power lines were draped with ice.Snow plows drove down every street.Children were the happiest of all.The unexpected snow caused school
32、to be cancelled!第23页/共76页第二十三页，共76页。More with cause and effectMore with cause and effect Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!第24页/共76
33、页第二十四页，共76页。More with cause and effect Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!This is the cause第25页/共76页第二十五页，共76页。More with cause and e
34、ffect Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!This is the effect第26页/共76页第二十六页，共76页。Reviewn nWhich text structure tells about how things
35、are similar and different?n nCompare and contrastn nWhich text structure explains how things happen in time order?n nChronological order第27页/共76页第二十七页，共76页。Another kind of text structureAnother kind of text structuren nSometimes,an author will want Sometimes,an author will want to explain a problem,
36、and then to explain a problem,and then show one or more solutionsshow one or more solutionsn nThis kind of text structure is This kind of text structure is called called problem and solutionproblem and solution第28页/共76页第二十八页，共76页。An example of problem and solutionAn example of problem and solution P
37、ark School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.第29页/共76页第二十九页，共76页。An example of
38、 problem and solutionAn example of problem and solution Park School had a terrible problem.Park School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day t
39、aking care of the time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They bought with a great solution.They bought another set of slides that everyone could another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.enjoy.n nCan y
40、ou find the problem and the solution in this paragraph?第30页/共76页第三十页，共76页。An example of problem and solutionAn example of problem and solution Park School had a terrible problem.Park School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the Every day at recess,students would ar
41、gue over the slides.slides.Teachers had to spend time every day Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They teacher came up with a great solution.They bought another set of slides th
42、at everyone bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.could enjoy.Here is the problem第31页/共76页第三十一页，共76页。An example of problem and solutionAn example of problem and solution Park School had a terrible problem.Park School had a terrible problem.Every Every day at recess,students would ar
43、gue over the slides.day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.came up with a great soluti
44、on.They bought They bought another set of slides that everyone could another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.enjoy.Here is the problemHere is the solution第32页/共76页第三十二页，共76页。Of course,problem and solution is not always Of course,problem and solution is not always so simpleso simplen nOften,a
45、uthors will signal problem Often,authors will signal problem and solution structure with clue and solution structure with clue words like problem and solution,words like problem and solution,just like in the last paragraphjust like in the last paragraphn nSometimes,authors will use related Sometimes
46、,authors will use related wordswords第33页/共76页第三十三页，共76页。Of course,problem and solution is not always so Of course,problem and solution is not always so simplesimplen nSynonyms for problem include Synonyms for problem include difficulty,struggle,uncertainty,worry,difficulty,struggle,uncertainty,worry
47、,threat,threat,and and troubletroublen nSynonyms for solution include Synonyms for solution include possibility,hope,bright spot,answer,possibility,hope,bright spot,answer,and and futurefuture第34页/共76页第三十四页，共76页。A more difficult problem and solution paragraphA more difficult problem and solution par
48、agraph The Chesapeake Bay faces an The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future.Issues such as uncertain future.Issues such as pesticides,too many nutrients,and pesticides,too many nutrients,and habitat loss all threaten the Bays habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life.water
49、 quality and animal life.However,scientists are hopeful that However,scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter.If the future may be brighter.If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay everyone in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together,solutions watershed works together,solutions may be foun
50、d.may be found.第35页/共76页第三十五页，共76页。A more difficult problem and solution paragraphA more difficult problem and solution paragraph The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future.Issues such as pesticides,too future.Issues such as pesticides,too many nutrients,and h