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1、 Chapter 9 Language and Culture1Whatisculture?2Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture3Sapir-WhorfHypothesis4Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences（forself-study）5Thesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning6Culturaloverlapanddiffusion7Interculturalcommunication1.scope(broad/narrow)2.content(mater
2、ial/spiritual)In a broad sense,culture means the total way of life of a people,including the patterns of belief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,and language that characterizes the life of the human community.In a narrow sense,culture may refer to local or specific practice,beliefs or customs
3、,which can be mostly found in folk culture,enterprise culture or food culture,etc.There are generally two types of culture:material and spiritual.What is Culture?What is Culture?IdeasbeliefsvaluesinstitutionsProductsliteraturefolkloreartmusicBehaviorscustomshabitsdressfoods Please translate the foll
4、owing sentences into Chinese:1.Wherethereisfear,thereismodesty.2.Modestdogsmissmuchmeat.3.Theladywent up the aislewith onemanandcamebackwithanother.1.Where there is fear there is modesty.(原为拉丁语格言：谦虚源于胆怯。)vs.老王买瓜，自卖自夸(反讽)2.Modest dogs miss much meat.(英语：谦虚的狗没肉吃。)vs.满招损，谦受益3.The lady went up the aisle
5、 with one man and came back with another.”一句，意为“这位女士同一个男人走了礼坛，却同另一个男人走回来。”它蕴含着西方文化中的婚礼习俗，即新娘由父亲带着走上婚礼的神坛，然后交给新郎。如若不懂西方这种婚礼习俗，就无法理解，还真以为这位新娘片刻换了郎君呢!1.Languageexpressesandembodiesculturalreality,reflectingtheproductsofcommunityculture,suchassocialconventions,normsandsocialappropriateness.2.The culture
6、 both emancipates and constrainspeople socially,historically and metaphoricallythroughtheirinteractionswithothermembersofthesamegroup.(discoursecommunity&accents)3.Language plays a major role in socializing thepeopleandinperpetuatingculture,especiallyinprintform.使。永恒使。永恒4.Culturealsoaffectsitspeople
7、simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.5.Cultureisawidersystemthatcompletelyincludeslanguageasasubsystem.1.languageinculture2.languageandcultureBright(1976)bigculture/smallculturebeliefscustomsinstitutionsobjectstechniquesothers语言与文化之我见语言与文化之我见 What do yo
8、u think the relation between language and thought is?Languageistheoutwardformofthought.Thoughtexistsindependentlyoflanguagesincepeoplecanexchangetheirthoughtthroughwaysotherthanlanguage.A very influential and extremely controversialtheoryconcerninglanguageandthought:linguisticdeterminism语语言言决决定定论论:a
9、llhigherlevelsofthinkingaredependentonlanguage.Orput it more bluntly,language determinesthought.linguisticrelativism语语言言相相对对论论:speakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,i.e.relativetotheirlinguisticbackground.Thereisnolimittothestructuraldiversityoflanguage.萨丕尔萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设沃尔夫
10、假设Thehypothesismaybetypicallyrepresentedbythestatement“IfAristotlehadspokenChinese,hislogicwouldhavebeendifferent.”Iffollowsfromthisstrongversionofthehypothesisthat there is no real translation and that it isimpossible to learn the language of a differentcultureunlessthelearnerabandonshisorherownmod
11、eofthinkingandacquiresthethoughtpatternsofthenativespeakersofthetargetlanguage.Strong versionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeoplesthinkingandbehavior.Weak versionholdsthatthelanguagepatternsinfluencepeoplesthinkingandbehavior.The study of the linguistic relativity or Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
12、 has shed two importantinsights:1.Thereisnowadaysrecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflects culturalpreoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.2.More than in Whorfs days,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementing the meanings encoded in thelanguage.Examples English:horseshoe French:fer a
13、 cheval iron for horse German:hufeisenhoof ironThe Eskimos have countless words for snow.The Arabs,for camelsDenotative meaning-ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Connotative meaning-ameaningorideasuggestedbyawordorthinginadditiontotheformalmeaningornatureofthewordorthing.Iconic meaning-theimageori
14、coninvokedinmindbyaword.Forexample,“rose”.(P130)9.5 Some cultural differences in language use1)Greetingsandtermsofaddress2)Thanksandcompliments3)Colorwords4)Privacyandtaboos5)Roundingoffnumbers6)Wordsandcultural-specificconnotations7)Cultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphor 9.5.1 Greetings and ter
15、ms of addressWhen native English speakers greet,they usually use:Hi!Hello!How do you do?(greet a new acquaintance)Expected reply:How do you do?How are you?(greet an old friend)Expected reply:Fine,thank you.你好！你好！/您好！您好！(for friends or a new acquaintance)9.5.1 Greetings and terms of addressWhile Chin
16、ese speakers will say:Have you eaten?您吃了吗？您吃了吗？Where are you heading for？您这是上哪去？您这是上哪去？同志可以用于任何性别，任何身份的人。同志可以用于任何性别，任何身份的人。随着社会的改变，先生和小姐正在取代随着社会的改变，先生和小姐正在取代“同志同志”师傅这个词使用很频繁，用于表示对陌生人的尊敬。师傅这个词使用很频繁，用于表示对陌生人的尊敬。汤姆叔叔汤姆叔叔 does not equal to “Uncle Tom”李爷爷李爷爷 does not equal to “Grandpa Li”张主任张主任 (中国常见的称谓语
17、）中国常见的称谓语）Director Yang （less common in America)9.5.2 Gratitude and complimentWhenanativespeakerexpresseshisgratitude,aChinesespeakermayfeelembarrassedandwillsometimessay“no,no”(哪里哪里）哪里哪里）”notatall”,or“itsnothing”.Englishspeakerswillsaysomethinglike“Imgladtohear”or“Imgladtobeofhelp”9.5.2 Gratitude a
18、nd complimentComplimentas“YouspeakexcellentEnglish”getsdifferentreplies:Chinese:NoEnglish:Thankyou.9.5.3 Colour wordsSomelanguagesmayhaveonlytwocolourterms:blackandwhiteIfalanguagehasthreecolourterms,thisthirdtermisinvariablyredThe othercolours most commonly entering linguisticsystemsareyellow,green
19、,blueandbrownLanguage ordinarily do not have terms for pink,orange or purple unless the seven basiccolours havealreadybeendifferentiated.ComparativeStudyofConnotativeMeaningsofColorTerms1.associativecorrespondence(联想对应联想对应)2.associativeoverlap(联想重合联想重合)3.associativeconflict(联想碰撞联想碰撞)4.associativegap
20、(联想空缺联想空缺)1.associativecorrespondence(联想对应联想对应):differentdenotationwithidenticalconnotatione.g.blue&黄色黄色(1)symbolizesovereigntyandnobleness(2)symbolizeillnessandpornographyHesarealblueblood.boysinblueabluebabybluefilm有皇室血统的人有皇室血统的人皇家海军皇家海军先天性心脏病先天性心脏病色情电影色情电影2.associativeoverlap(联想重合联想重合):identicalb
21、othindenotationandconnotatione.g.yellow&黄色黄色symbolizeillness,warninganddanger黄瘟热黄瘟热吃黄牌吃黄牌双黄线双黄线yellowfeveryellowcarddouble-yellowline3.associativeconflict:红色红色(Hong)has appreciatory associations in Chinese.根红苗正赤卫队.一颗红心永向党开门红、红火、走红、红得发紫红颜知己红烛红娘3.associativeconflict:Red has pejorative associations in
22、English.The Red May refers to the French students riot in the May of 1968.Go to the red implies the appearance of economic trouble.If the poor man can work harder than before,there are many chances that he will go out of red.4.associativegap:红男绿女、依红偎翠红男绿女、依红偎翠绿帽子绿帽子青楼青楼灯红酒绿灯红酒绿4.associativegap:The s
23、entence“Do you see any green in my eye?”is ambiguous,we can interpret it either as“Do you think that I was born yesterday?”or as“Do you think that I am jealous?”Secondly,green is also symbolic of nature and spring in English.For example,green belt refers to the woods or pastures in the city,green-fi
24、ngered suggests that someone is good at gardening or supercapable of doing something that others can not accomplish9.5.4 Privacy and taboosWesternpeoplepaceahighvalueonprivacy,itnotappropriatetoaskpersonalinformationaboutage,familybackground,salaryandpersonalactivitiesHowoldareyou?Whatareyourwages?H
25、owmuchdoyouearn?Howmuchdidthatpairofshoescostyou?9.5.4 Privacy and taboos语言禁忌最初是从塔布产生的。塔布是因人类还不理解或不能理解自然现象和自然力的本质产生的。18世纪英国航海家James Cook到了南太平洋的汤加群岛Tonga，发现那里的居民有很多奇特的社会现象，如某些东西只允许特定的头等人（神、僧侣、国王、酋长）使用，而不允许一般人使用；或只许作特定的用途，而不准用于一般目的；或不需某一社会集团或某些人（如妇女）使用等等。那里的居民称这种禁忌为塔布。塔布现象包括两个方面：一方面是受尊敬的神物不许随便使用，另一方面是
26、受鄙视的贱物不能随便接触。因此，语言塔布，实质上也包括两个方面，一是语言的灵物崇拜，二是语言的禁用或代用。9.5.4 Privacy and taboos语言禁忌的特征1.含蓄性2.普适性3.民族性4.时代性5.地域性6.传承性9.5.4 Privacy and taboos西方人认为fat是一种病态，因此“肥胖”也属忌讳之列。在西方，人们很少谈年龄这一敏感的问题。各种疾病,特别是那些不便直接谈论、常引起心理负担的疾病、绝症和不便启齿的性病,以及与排泄有关的疾病都属于禁忌语。“死”往往与不吉祥，不幸的事物相联系宗教信仰不同引起的数字禁忌姓名称谓禁忌猥亵性词语禁忌咒骂语与禁忌个人隐私与话题禁忌9
27、.5.5 Rounding off numbers4ounces=pound4quarter=1gallon岁不等于岁不等于thenumberofyearsduringallorpartofwhichonehasbeenalive在中国，初生的孩子就已经是一岁了在中国，初生的孩子就已经是一岁了在西方国家，在西方国家，newly-bornbabyispartofoneyearold.9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotation1.A term in one language that does not have a countpart in anot
28、her language.功夫功夫 饺子饺子2.Words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which actually refer to quite different things.龙龙 vs dragon3.Things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language,but by more terms in another
29、 language,that is,finer distinctions exist in another language.Account 账账户，理由户，理由4.Terms that have more or less the same primary meaning,but which have considerably different secondary or additional meaning.Stem resultDenotation:dictionary definitionConnotation(Cultural connotation):“the implication
30、 of a word,apart from its primary meaning”(Longman Modern English Dictionary)“the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes”(Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)eg.松，竹，梅松，竹，梅 vs.pine,bamboo,plumWords and cultural-specific connotationsCulturally-loaded wor
31、dsWords are found to have the heaviest culture load in a language.-Dan Yanchang“communication with a native of another language demands sharing meanings that go beyond listless dictionary definitions.”-Seelye文化词汇学文化词汇学(ethno semantics):通过研究一种语言的词通过研究一种语言的词汇去了解生活在该语言文化中的人看待周围事物的方汇去了解生活在该语言文化中的人看待周围事物
32、的方式。式。词汇关系词汇关系类型类型 词词 义义对跨文化对跨文化交际的影响交际的影响理解理解水平水平字面意义字面意义引伸意义引伸意义重合词汇重合词汇相同相同相同相同完全理解完全理解高高低低平行词汇平行词汇不同不同相同相同迷惑或误解迷惑或误解全空缺词汇全空缺词汇空缺空缺空缺空缺不理解而询问不理解而询问半空缺词汇半空缺词汇相同相同空缺空缺迷惑或误解迷惑或误解冲突词汇冲突词汇相同相同不同不同/相反相反误解误解Culturally-loaded words(P137)Overlapping words（相同（相同 相同）相同）head:most importantfox:clever and dece
33、itfulass:stupidparrot:parrot what other people say vs.鹦鹉鹦鹉学舌学舌Parallel words（不同（不同 相同）相同）牛牛 vs.horse气壮如牛气壮如牛象黄牛一样干活象黄牛一样干活as strong as a horsework like a horseTotally vacant words（空缺（空缺 空缺）空缺）仁，义，礼，智，信仁，义，礼，智，信功夫功夫Allusionsan Achilles heel -the weak or vulnerable point of a persona Pandoras box -a p
34、resent or something which may seem valuable,but which brings trouble and misfortune.1.humanity,righteousness,rites,wisdom,trust2.kindness,justice,etiquette,wisdomandfaith3.benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelity4.ConfucianismHalf vacant words（相同（相同空缺）空缺）13:derogative in English7:commen
35、datory in English on cloud seven 欢天喜地欢天喜地 9:commendatory in Chinese4:derogative in Chinese地主地主 vs.landlordConflicting words（相同（相同不同不同/相反）相反）鹤鹤 vs.craneChinese:the symbol of longevityJapanese:the symbol of happinessBritish:ugly birdFrench:stand for stupid men and wanton woman猫头鹰猫头鹰 vs.owlChinese:unlu
36、ckyEnglish:symbol of wisdom蝙蝠蝙蝠 vs.batChinese:luckyEnglish:as blind as a bat,as crazy as a bat etc.白象白象 vs.white elephantChinese:somewhat luckyEnglish:something that is useless and expensive狗狗 vs.dogChinese:derogativeEnglish:neutral9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms,proverbs and metaphorsaluckydog:alucky
37、personacleverdog:acleverboyorsmartladadumbdog:asilentpersonorapersonwhokeepssecrets狗仗人势狗仗人势狗眼看人低狗眼看人低狗急跳墙狗急跳墙狗腿子狗腿子狗肉上不了正席狗肉上不了正席挂羊头卖狗肉挂羊头卖狗肉猪狗不如猪狗不如狼心狗肺狼心狗肺Cultural-related idioms,proverbs and metaphorIdioms,proverbs,maxim and sayings are an important part of a language,which mirror the culture of
38、a society directly.Four kinds of equivalents:Similar in form and similar in meaning;Different in form and similar in meaningSimilar in form and different in meaningDifferent in form and different in meaningProverbs similar in form and similar in meaningLook before you leap.Haste makes waste.Many han
39、ds make light work.A stitch in time saves nine.Out of sight,out of mind.Where theres a will,theres a way.Strike while the iron is hot.Proverbs different in form and similar in meaningBirds of a feather flock together.Nothing ventured,nothing gained.Where theres smoke,theres fire.Killing two birds wi
40、th one stone.The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.As poor as a church mouse.Dont put all your eggs in one basket.Let sleeping dogs lie.Proverbs similar in form and different in meaningto put new wine in old bottles 旧瓶装新酒。汉语中是中性的，泛指旧形式表现新内容，旧瓶装新酒。汉语中是中性的，泛指旧形式表现新内容，它可以用作褒义，表创造性。
41、英语中表示强求思想僵它可以用作褒义，表创造性。英语中表示强求思想僵化的人接受新观念的化的人接受新观念的“不明智不明智”之举。之举。to blow ones own horn 自吹自擂自吹自擂;自我炫耀自我炫耀lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted 亡羊补牢；亡羊补牢；=太迟了太迟了Proverbs different in form and different in meaning满招损，谦受益满招损，谦受益 vs.Where there is fear there is modesty.Modest dogs miss much mea
42、t.An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.出头的掾子先烂出头的掾子先烂,枪打出头鸟枪打出头鸟 vs.The early bird catches the worm.Good fences make good neighbors./A hedge between keeps friendship green.vs.远亲不如近邻远亲不如近邻9.6 Cultural contact,overlap and diffusion Three forms of culture contact are identified1.acculturation涵涵化化:
43、the process of changing in material culture,traditional practices and beliefs that occurs when one groups cultural system interferes with that of another,directly or indirectly challenging the latter to adapt to the ways of the former.2.assimilation同同化化:the process whereby individuals or groups of d
44、iffering ethnicity are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society-though not always completely.3.amalgamation（混混合合):occurs when a society becomes ethnically mixed in a way that represents a synthesis rather than the elimination or absorption of one group by another.文化重迭文化重迭文化扩散文化扩散9.6 Cultural
45、contact,overlap and diffusion Cultural overlapreferstotheidenticalpartofculturebetweentwosocietiesowingtosomesimilarities in the natural environment andpsychologyofhumanbeings.For example,the superior tends to refer tohimselforherselfbymeansofkinshipterms,suchas “Have daddy/mummy/teacher told you th
46、at?”文化重迭文化重迭文化扩散文化扩散Throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcultureB,thisphenomenonisknownascultural diffusion.（examples?reasons?）Theattitudetowardsculturaldiffusion1.cultural imperialism owing to linguisticimperialism(文化中的帝国主义文化中的帝国主义)（P137）2.linguisticnationalism(民族语
47、种自豪感民族语种自豪感)9.6 Cultural contact,overlap and diffusion Loan words肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAILTyphoon,gongfu,etc.9.7 The significance of cultural teaching and learning(P138)Canyouhaveanyquestionstoaskaboutthistopicbeforereadinganythingaboutit?Whatarethey?1.Isi
48、tnecessarytolearnitsculturewhenlearningaforeignlanguage?Why?2.Howshouldlearnerslearnthecultureofalanguage?3.Howshouldteacherstreatcultureintheirlanguageteachingprocess?9.7 The significance of cultural teaching and learning(P138)When learning a foreign language or second language,we should not only l
49、earn the pronunciation,grammar,words and idioms,but also learn to see the world as native speakers do.9BuildingCultureintotheLandscape10ThinkingCulturally11ComparingCulturalValues12TakingCulturalValuestoWork13WorkinginGroups14ManaginginOrganizations15PersuadingacrossCultures16AdaptingtoaNewCulture9.
50、8 Intercultural communication a video-clip跨文化交际跨文化交际(P138)跨文化交际教程跨文化交际教程刘风霞刘风霞Unit1交际与文化交际与文化Unit2语言语言Unit3非语言交际非语言交际Unit4家庭观家庭观Unit5教育教育Unit6工作观工作观Unit7生意观生意观Unit8休闲与体育休闲与体育Unit9食品与保健食品与保健Unit10提高跨文化意识提高跨文化意识中西文化之鉴中西文化之鉴:跨文化交际跨文化交际教程教程LinellDavis（美）（美）Chapter1ThinkingGlobally2BecomingAware3MakingGe