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1、Lecture 12 English as an international language讲授题目：讲授题目：English as an international language 所属章节：所属章节：现代英语词汇学概论现代英语词汇学概论之第之第11章章计划学时：计划学时：2 periods教学方法：教学方法：传统讲授法传统讲授法参考资料：参考资料：英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程、现代英语现代英语词汇学词汇学 教学目的和要求：通过本讲的学习，学生对英教学目的和要求：通过本讲的学习，学生对英语主要变体的形成、特点，分类以及英国英语语主要变体的形成、特点，分类以及英国英语和美国英语的区别有一定
2、的了解和领会。和美国英语的区别有一定的了解和领会。为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.1 English as an international languagevUsers of English English as a native language:Britain,the United States,Ireland,Australia,New Zealand,Canada,the West Indies(西印度群岛西印度群岛中美洲一岛群，包括大安的列斯中美洲一岛群，包括大安的列斯群岛、小安的列斯群岛和巴
3、哈马群岛群岛、小安的列斯群岛和巴哈马群岛)and South Africa.ESL:India,Pakistan,Nigeria,Kenya,and many other countries.EFL:Large numbers of people in the world speak and write English as a foreign language for the purpose of science,technology,and international communication.It has become a universal language of internati
4、onal communication.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.1 English as an international languagevVarieties of English As an international language,the English language has a number of varieties.vBritish English vAmerican EnglishvAustralian EnglishvCanadian EnglishvSingapore Eng
5、lishv为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.1 English as an international languagevTwo major varieties of English British English(BrE)and American English(AmE)These two varieties differ in certain details,but there is no essential difference between them because of the similari
6、ties of the basic word stock,the basic grammar and the basic phonetic system.English is unmistakable(undoubtedly)one language,with two major national dialects.There is no superiority or inferiority as regards BrE and AmE.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of Americ
7、an EnglishvColonial AmericaThe establishment in 1607 of the settlement which the explorers called Jamestown marked the beginning of British colonization in America.By 1732 the original thirteen English colonies had been set up.The language the early immigrants brought with them was Elizabethan Engli
8、sh,the language spoken by Shakespeare,Milton and Bunyan,which belonged to the early stage of Modern English.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of American EnglishvColonial AmericaThe original thirteen coloniesvVirginia,Maryland,North Carolina,South Carolina,Georgia
9、,Pennsylvania,New York,New Jersey,Delaware,Massachusetts,Rhode Island,New Hampshire and Connecticut.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of American EnglishvAfter independenceFollowing American independence,famous persons like Thomas Jefferson,John Adams,Benjamin Fra
10、nklin,and Noah Webster began to consider that the country should have a language of its own.The independence led to the emergence a sense of nationality.In the field of language,this patriotic feeling was manifested by the argument for the recognition of the American variety or standard of English.为
11、了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of American EnglishvAfter independenceIn 1806,Noah Webster first used“American English”.Webster proclaimed that his countrymen had not only the right to adopt new words but were obliged to modify the language to suit the new circum
12、stances,geographical and political,in which they were placed.Many great writers,such as Washington Irving,Walt Whitman,Ralph W.Emerson,Mark Twain,and O.Henry helped to promote the development of the American English.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of American En
13、glishv After independenceAmerican English has developed a character of its own,reflecting the life and the physical and social environment of the American people.The Americans invented large numbers of new words to meet their various needs.vrepresentative,assembly,president,Congress,senatorvdepartme
14、nt store,telephone,lynchvto advocate,to antagonize(to do sth.to make sb.angry with you),to demoralize(to make sb.to loose hope or confidence),to donate为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.2 Growth of American EnglishvThe future of American EnglishSince the Second World War,th
15、e United States has become literally the leader of the western world,American English has been developing and changing.There is no doubt that American English will enrich the English language greatly.With the rapid development of modern mass media and the common needs of economic,cultural and politi
16、cal exchanges,American English will be more widely used in the world than British English.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences Between BrE and AmEvMajor differencesDifferences in grammarDifferences in spellingDifferences in pronunciation略，语音学略，语音学Differences in
17、vocabulary 为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmEvDifferences in grammar Differences in prepositionsvMary aims to become a writer.vMary aims at becoming a writer.vPlease fill out the form.vPlease fill in the form.vAt weekends I like to.vOn week
18、ends I like to Am EBr EAm EBr EAm EBr E为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmEvDifferences in grammar Differences in prepositionsBrEAmEdifferent fromdifferent thantalk totalk withat collegein collegelate for worklate to workthe key of the doorth
19、e key to the doorfive minutes past sixfive minutes after six为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmEvDifferences in grammar Differences in prepositionsvLets stay home.AmEvLets stay at home.BrEvThe new term begins September 1.AmEvThe new term begi
20、ns on September 1.BrEvIll see you Sunday.AmEvIll see you on Sunday.BrEvWere trying to plan our future.AmEvWere trying to plan for the future.BrE为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences Between BrE and AmEvDifferences in grammar The use of subjunctivevI suggest that
21、the meeting should be postponed.(BrE)vI suggest that the meeting be postponed.(AmE)vIt is important that the motion should be placed on the agenda.(BrE)vIt is important that the motion be placed on the agenda.(AmE)为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE
22、 and AmEvDifferences in vocabulary We can divide vocabulary differences into four main categories,although there is some overlap.v Same word,different meaning.This is the category of words which is potentially the most problematic for both foreign and native speakers of one variety,but such examples
23、 are few in number.They include:v Word BrE meaning AmE meaningvhomely “down to earth,“ugly(of people)”v domestic”(=US homey)vnervy “nervous”“bold,full of verve,cheeky”(鲁鲁莽的、冒失的）莽的、冒失的）vpants “underpants”“trousers”vpavement “footpath,sidewalk”“road surface”vto tick off “to scold”“to make angry”为了规范事业
24、单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE Same word,additional meaning in one variety.There are quite a few words of this type,some of which can cause communication problems between speakers of the two varieties.Often the additional meaning is due to a
25、metaphorical extension of the common meaning:Additional meaning in AmEv Word Meaning in Common Additional Meaning in AmEvbathroom “room with bath or “room with toilet only”shower and sink”vcute “endearing”(令人羡慕的、讨人喜欢的）令人羡慕的、讨人喜欢的）“attractive,charming”vdum “mute”“stupid”为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制
26、的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmEvAdditional meaning in BrEWord Meaning in common Additional meaning in BrEfrontier “a wild,open space”“border between two countries”leader “one who commands,guides,etc.“an editorialto mind “to heed,obey”“to look aftersmart “intelligent”
27、“well-groomed（衣冠楚楚的）（衣冠楚楚的）为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE Same word,difference in style,connotation,frequency of use.While words differing in style,connotation,or frequency will usually be understood by speakers or the other variety,it
28、is the use of these types of words which often reveals which variety of English a person has learned.The example words below are marked for differences in style(formal versus informal),connotation(positive versus negative)or frequency(common versus uncommon):vWord BrE usage AmE usagevautumn common;a
29、ll styles uncommon;poetic/formal 为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益fancy(“to like,want”)common;informal uncommonfortnight common;all styles uncommon(archaic);poeticperhaps all styles somewhat formal (maybe used instead)quite(as in quite good)negative or neutral positiverow(/r
30、au/;“quarrel,common uncommon disturbance)12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE Word Br E usage Am E usage为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE (4)Same concept or item,different word.The majority of lexical differences between the two varieties
31、are of this type.There are two subtypes within this category:that in which the corresponding word is not widely known in the other variety,and that in which the corresponding word is known.Examples of the first type include:Br E only Corresponds to Am E emcee（master of ceremonies)compre为了规范事业单位聘用关系，
32、建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between Br E and Am E Br E only Corresponds to Am E faucet（水龙头）tap muffler(on car)silencer rookie（新手、生手）first year member (e.g.on a team)sophomore second year student washcloth （毛巾）face flannel EngEng only Corresponds to USEng dynamo （发电机
33、）generator为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE Br E only Corresponds to Am E hire purchase installment buying nought（nothing）zero queue line spanner monkey wrench treacle molasses Examples of the second type include:USEng EngEng to call(by te
34、lephone)to ring can tin为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE to check(“to make a check mark”)to tick couch sofa game(sports)match gas petrol to make a reservation to book sidewalk (paved streetside)path .Difference Spelling EngEng:-our USEng:-
35、or (but not in words ending in or)为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益colour color favour favor honour honorlabour laborEngEng:-ou-USEng:-o-mould mold moult molt smoulder smolder12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益 EngEn
36、g:-ae/oe-USEng:-e-anaesthetic（麻木的）麻木的）anesthetic encyclopaedia encyclopedia mediaeval medieval amoeba（阿米巴变形虫）（阿米巴变形虫）ameba foetus （胎儿）（胎儿）fetus12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE EngEng:en-USEng:in-encase
37、incase enclose inclose endorse indorse enquire inquire ensure insure EngEng:-dgement USEng:-dgment (EngEng spelling also possible in USEng)为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE abridgement abridgment acknowledgement acknowledgment judgement ju
38、dgment Eng Eng:-re USEng:-er centre center fibre fiber litre litermetre metre meter spectre specter theatre theater为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE EngEng:-ce USEng:-se defence defense licence(n.)license(n.and v.)offence offense practice(
39、n.)practice or practice(n.)pretence pretense EngEng:-ise USEng:-ize apologise apologize capitalise capitalize为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmEEngEng:-xion USEng:-ction connexion connection deflexion deflection inflexion inflection retrofle
40、xion retroflection EngEng:doubled consonant USEng:single consonant counsellor counselor kidnappper kidnaper worshipping worshiping 为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE.EngEng:single-l-USEng:double l-fulfilment fulfillment skilful skillful ent
41、hral enthrall instil instill fulfil fulfill为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE(12)EngEng:-gg-USEng:-g-faggot fagot waggon wagon(13)EngEng:-st USEng:no ending amidst amid amongst among whilst while为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保
42、障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.3 Differences between BrE and AmE (14)EngEng:retain French diacritics(变音符）USEng:diacritics not necessary caf cafe lite elite entr entre fte fete为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益Lectcure12.41.Canadian English The first English-language contact with Canada was
43、as early as 1497,when John Cabot is thought to have reached Newfoundland;but English migration along the Atlantic coast did not develop until a century later,when the farming,fishing,and fur-trading industries attracted English-speaking settlers.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的
44、合法权益Canadian English The next major development followed the US Ddclaration of Independence in 1776.Loyalist supporters of Britain(the“United Empire Loyalists”)found themselves unable to stay in the new United States,and most left for Canada,settling first in what is now Nova Scotia,then moving to N
45、ew Brunswick and further inland.Because of its origins,Canadian English has a great deal in common with the rest of the English spoken in North America,为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益Canadian English and those who live outside Canada often find it difficult to hear the Dif
46、ference.Many British people identify a Canadian accent as America;many Americans identify it as British.Canadians themselves insist on not being identified with either group,and certainly the variety does display a number of language,chiefly spoken in Quebec,produces a sociolinguistic situation not
47、found in other English-speaking countries.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.4 English Variations across Countriesv2.Australian English Australian English is the form of the English language used in Australia.Australian English is similar in many respects to British but it
48、also borrows from American English.(For example,it uses truck instead of lorry,and freeway rather than motorway.)Australian English also incorporates several uniquely Australian terms,为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益12.4English Variations across Countries such as outback to
49、 refer to refer to remote regional areas,walkabout to refer to a long journey of uncertain length and bush to refer to native forested areas.Australia was visited by James Cook in 1770,and within twenty years Britain had established its first penal colony at Sydney,thus relieving the pressure on the
50、 overcrowded prisons in England.为了规范事业单位聘用关系，建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制的事业单位工作人员聘用制度，保障用人单位和职工的合法权益Australian English About 130,000 prisoners were transported during the fifty years after the arrival of the“first fleet”in 1788.“Free”settlers,as they were called,also began to enter the country from the very b