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1、考点27阅读理解细节理解题(重难题型)在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、 市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信 息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我 们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1 .特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2 .以是非题的形
2、式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少；3 .以According to 开头提问方式；4 .以填空题的形式，如：(1) To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised.(2) By the first sentence of the passage author means that.(3) It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on.(4) If you are interested in knowing abo
3、ut what peoples life will be, you may visit.(5) The policemen were told to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that.(6) The policeman who said “Good evening to Rolls wanted to.5 .就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养 自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带
4、着问题找答案”的方 法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略 读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案。除了运 用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点： (1)是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容；(3)与原文的内容极其 相似，只是在程度上有些变动；(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；(5)部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只
5、要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获 取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候(做判断、推断或结论的时候)能够准确而迅速地 将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原 文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有 关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系 将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断.此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要
6、我们在阅读中特别仔 细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型:【解析】从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地比现在Nez Perce保留区的位置大多了。重点6 .代词指代题解题技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的 情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。）经典好题,（2021 湖北黄冈,模）French children 15 and under will no longer be allowed to bring smart devices to school. Lawma
7、kers in France voted recently to ban all phones, tablets, and other Internet-connected devices from school grounds. The ban will start in September, These days, the children dont play at break time anymore/9 Jean-Michel Blanquer, France*s education minister, said. “They are just all in front of thei
8、r smartphones, and from an educational point of view, thafs a problem. Some strict measures must be taken immediately. A 2010 law bad already banned smartphones during Hall teaching activity in France. But the new mles say smartphones and tablets are not allowed even during breaks. Students who brin
9、g these digital devices to school have to keep them in their backpacks and turned off, If they want to call their parents, schools will help. However, the new law doesnt forbid students to turn to them during extra-curricular activities. It also makes an exception fbr disabled students.Alexis Corbie
10、re is a French politician. He said the effort to make such a law should have been put to something else because teachers have already carried out this rule so far. I dont know a single teacher in this country that allows the use of phones in class and in school, “ he told French news channel BFMTV.H
11、ow about smartphones in American schools?According to a study by the National Center fbr Education Statistics, about 66% of public schools banned devices in 2019, which was down from 91% in 2009. Why the change? Liz Kolb, a professor at the University of Michigan School of Education, said that paren
12、ts are concerned about security in schools. nIn the rare case that something may occur, she said, uthe belief by some parents is that a cell phone could be a useful tool fbr safety.24. What does the underlined word them in paragraph 1 refer to? A. Disabled students.B. Digital devices.C. Backpacks.D.
13、 Students* parents.24.【答案】B【解析】代词指代题。第一段中划线词句上一句Students who bring these digital devices to school have to keep them in their backpacks and turned off, if they want to call their parents, schools will help.（把这些数码设备带到 学校的学生必须把它们放在书包里，并关掉，如果他们想给父母打电话，学校会提供帮助厂说明学生可以 把这些数码设备带到学校关掉不能使用，再根据划线词句“However, t
14、he new law doesnt forbid students to turn to them during extra-curricular activities.（然而,新法律并不禁止学生在课外活动中求助于them）”转折的 语义可以推断，划线单词“皿d指代上文的“数码设备: 故选B项。模拟检啷Passage 1（2022,河南,模拟预测）The US space agency NASA has revealed an astonishing picture revealing new secrets of the Earths home galaxy （星系）,the Milky W
15、ay. The sun is just one of hundreds of billions of stars that form the huge shape of our galaxy. Our solar system sits in an outlying region but the new image focuses on the centre of the Milky Way, a noisy“ area because of all the crowded stars. Light from this region takes about 26,000 years to re
16、ach Earth. For comparison, light takes just eight minutes to reach us from the sun.The researchers use the data collected by two telescopes that see the sky in ways that are very different from the visible light our eyes can see to form the new image. Most of the data comes from 370 different pictur
17、es taken over the past 20 years by NASAs Chandra X Observatory. This satellite telescope detects X-rays out in space. X-rays are a from of radiation that is sent out when violent events heat matter to temperatures of millions of degrees. Other data comes from the MeerKAT telescope in South Africa, w
18、hich can detect radio waves from space. These waves have much less energy than X-rays. They are usually produced by cooler material, such as huge clouds of gas between the stars.The brightest sources include neutron stars which are the cores of huge stars that ran out of fuel and collapsed to city-s
19、ized balls of super hot matter. Many neutron stars and black holes jet out gases that appear in the picture as purple streaks （斑纹）.Powerful magnetic fields in the area cause the jets to bend as they get further from their source. Astronomer Dr Daniel Wang, who has worked on the image over the past y
20、ear, said the new picture described a violent or energetic ecosystem”.1. What can be learned about the Milky Way?A. The center of it remains unknown.B. The sun isnt located in the center of it.C. Its center is very peaceful.D. Its center features fewer stars.2. Whats paragraph 2 mainly about?A. The
21、collection of space data.B. The function of the MeerKAT telescope.C. The differences of space waves.D. The formation of the new image.3. What can we know about the gases jetted out by the black hole?A. They will absorb surrounding materials.B. They will form super big matter.C , They get bent if awa
22、y from their source.D. They are likely to explode when superheated.4. What may be the best title for the text?A. Our galaxys violent heartB. An attempt to travel in outer spaceC. Radio waves from outer spaceD. Stars9 purple streaks【导语本文是说明文。文章介绍了关于银河系中心不为人知的一些情况。1 .【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段The sun is jus
23、t one of hundreds of billions of stars that form the huge shape of our galaxy. Our solar system sits in an outlying region but the new image focuses on the centre of the Milky Way, a noisy area because of all the crowded stars.（太阳只是构成银河系巨大形状的数千亿颗恒星中的一颗。我们的 太阳系位于一个偏远的区域，但新图像聚焦在银河系的中心，一个嘈杂的区域，因为所有的恒星都
24、很拥挤）” 可知，整个太阳系都不在银河系中心，即太阳也不在银河系中心。故选B项。2 .【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“The researchers use the data collected by two telescopes that see the sky in ways that are very different from the visible light our eyes can see to form the new image.（研究人员使用 了两台 望远镜收集的数据，它们观察天空的方式与我们肉眼看到的可见光非常不同，从而形成了新的图像）”及过 程描述可知，第二
25、段主要讲述了银河系的新照片的形成。故选D项。3 .【答案】C解析细节理解题。根据最后一段Powerful magnetic fields in the area cause the jets to bend as they get further from their source.（该区域的强大磁场会导致射流在远离源头时发生弯曲广可知，黑洞喷出的气体如 果远离其源头就会发生弯曲。故选C项。4 .【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。由文章最后段“Astronomer Dr Daniel Wang, who has worked on the image over the past year, sai
26、d the new picture described a violent or energetic ecosystem.（天文学家丹尼尔王博士过去一年一直在 研究这幅图像，他说，这幅新图像描述了一个激烈或充满活力的生态系统广可知，整篇文章围绕这幅新图 像展开，描述了银河系的中心是激烈或充满活力的。由此可知，Our galaxys violent heart（我们星系狂暴的 心脏）适合作本文最佳标题。故选A项。Passage 2（2022,吉林长春,模拟预测）Have a hard time waking up when its cold out? Scientists say your br
27、ain is to blame. A study conducted by scientists from Northwestern University made it possible to offer some explanations for this phenomenon.Their study on fruit flies shows how seasonally cold and dark conditions can prohibit neurons within the fly brain that promote activity and wakefulness from
28、sending out signals, particularly in the morning. It helps explains why, fbr both flies and humans, it is so hard to wake up in the morning in winter.“By studying behaviors in a fruit fly, we can better understand how and why temperature is so vital to regulate sleep J said Marco Gallio, associate p
29、rofessor of neurobiology in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.The study describes fbr the first time absolute cold“ receptors in the fly antenna, which respond to temperature only below the flys comfort zone“ of about 25. Having recognized those neurons, the researchers followed them all the
30、 way to their targets within the brain. They found their targets are a small group of brain neurons that are part of a larger network that controls rhythms of activity and sleep. When the neurons they discovered are active, the target cells, which normally are made active by morning light, are shut
31、down.Temperature sensing is one of the most fundamental abilities/9 said Gallio, whose group is one of only a few in the world that are systematically studying temperature sensing in fruit flies. The principles we are finding in the fly brain, the logic and organization, may be the same all the way
32、to humans. And future studies on human brain will surely find some reference information in this study.”. Why is it hard for flies to wake up in cold mornings?A. Cold conditions disable the antennas of flies.B. Flics have fewer neurons in the brain than humans.C. Coldness stops flies neurons from fu
33、nctioning well.D. Flies neurons controlling wakefulness are damaged.6. What do we know about the study?A. It focuses mainly on how fly brains work.B. It helps explain how temperature affects sleep.C. It aims at solving humans sleeping problems.D. It shows the similarities between fly brains and huma
34、n brains.7. Which part of a fruit fly will be made active when it is cold?A. Its antenna.B. Its target cells.C. Its absolute cold“ receptors.D. Its network controlling sleep.8. Whats Gallios attitude towards the practical value of the findings?A. Positive.B. Doubtful.C. Ambiguous. D. Disappointed.【导
35、语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项有关温度影响睡眠的研究。9. 【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“Their study on fruit flies shows how seasonally cold and dark conditions can prohibit neurons within the fly brain that promote activity and wakefulness from sending out signals, particularly in the morning.（他们对果蝇的研究表明,季节性寒冷和黑暗的环境会阻止果蝇大脑中促进活动 和清醒
36、的神经元发出信号，尤其是在早上广可知，果蝇在寒冷的早晨很难醒来因为寒冷阻止果蝇神经元正 常工作。故选C。10. 答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中By studying behaviors in a fruit fly, we can better understand how and why temperature is so vital to regulate sleep（通过研究果蝇的行为，我们可以更好地理解温度如何以及为什么对调 节睡眠如此重要户可知，这项研究有助于解释温度如何影响睡眠。故选B。11. 答案】C解析细节理解题。根据第四段中The study describes f
37、or the first time absolute cold,5 receptors in the fly antenna, which respond to temperature only below the fly comfort zone of about 25C.（该研究首次描述 了 果 蝇触角上的“绝对低温”接收器，这种受体只对低于果蝇“舒适区”（约25。0的温度做出反应广可知，果蝇 的“绝对低温”接收器在寒冷时会活跃起来。故选Co答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“And future studies on human brain will surely find so
38、me reference infonnation in this study.（未来对人脑的研究一定会在本研究中找到一些参考信息）”可推知，Gallio对这项研 究的实用价值持积极态度。故选A。Passage 3（2022吉林长春模拟预测）New York-based Ecovative has been creating environmentally friendly packaging made from mushrooms and agricultural waste since 2009. Now, the company wants to bring their amazing m
39、aterial into homes and offices with a new line of compostable （可堆月巴的）furnishings that are grown using just three materials: mycelium （the vegetative part of mushrooms）, hemp （麻类植物），and salt.While creating hard material from mushrooms might sound magical, the companys CEO Eben Bayer says it is a rela
40、tively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”. The company begins by adding a few mycelium cells to damp hemp or other agricultural waste.The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until everything is “glued together. The combination is then mixed again
41、and placed into the desired mold （模具）where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strong as wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable material a similar shelflife to wood.Also, though the table tops of
42、the stylish Tafl and Kings tables released at the recently held Biofabricate 2016 conference in New York City resemble marble, they are far from it. The perfectly carved blocks are made of a material grown by a North Carolina-based company named bioMASON using grains of sands and bacteria.As you hav
43、e probably guessed, this waste-free furniture does not come cheap. Customers can expect to pay anywhere from $249 USD fbr the Tafl to $699 USD for the Kings table, both of which are only available in limited quantities. Those that cannot afford those prices can choose cheaper GIY （grow it yourself）
44、ones made of various products ranging from Christmas tree decorations to lamp shades.12. Why did Eben compare making hard materials to making bread?Their product appearances are alike.Their production costs are relatively low.How to make mushroom furniture materials.D. The difficulties of making mus
45、hroom furnitureThey are offered in GIY forms.They are designed by bioMASON.A. Their raw materials are the same.B.C Their production processes are simple.D.13. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The method of making mushrooms hard.B.C. What are needed to make mushroom furniture.14. What can we learn
46、 about Tafl and Kings tables?A. They are in limited supply.B.C They consist mainly of marble.D.15. What is the best title for the text?A. The Invention of New Kinds of FurnitureB , The First Sale of Furniture Made of MushroomsC. Scientists Found New Material to Make FurnitureFuture Furniture May Be
47、Grown from Mushrooms【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了 Ecovative公司用蘑菇研发制造了一种未来新型环保家具。9.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中“While creating hard material from mushrooms might sound magical, the companys CEO Eben Bayer says it is a relatively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”.（虽然用蘑 菇制造硬材料听起来很神奇，但该公司首席执行官Eben Bayer
48、表示，这是一种技术含量相对较低的过程, 并将其比作“制作面包”户可知，Eben将制作硬质材料比作制作面包因为他们的生产过程很简单。故选Co 10.【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until everything is “glued together. The combination is then mixed again and placed into the desired mold （模具） where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strong as wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable material a similar shelf life to wood. （菌丝体长得像小茸毛，可以和废料一起扭动，直到所有东西都“粘”在一起。然后将混合物再次混合，放入 想要的模具中，继续生长和硬化。然后将得到的材料放入