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1、考点29阅读理解主旨大意题(重难题型)高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信 息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括 能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2) The main to
2、pic / subject of the passage is.(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is.(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?(6) What is (he main idea of the passage?(7) Whats the main point the writer is tiying to mak
3、e in the last paragraph?(8) The purpose of this passage is.(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?(11) The passage mainly focuses on.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心 思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题FI的解
4、题技巧。怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意主题句定位法文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思 想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小 段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要 表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的 方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况卜， 尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出
5、文章的主题。主 题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。 因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming),浏览时， 一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1.中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见 的演绛法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段苜的写作方法。7 .【答案】D解析】细节理解题。
6、由最后段中的“Hastings suggested that tlbeing in a calmer state after sharing could reinforce the generous behavior that produced that good feeling. （Hastings 认为，“分享后处于更平静的状态可 以加强产生那种良好感觉的慷慨行为“）可知，分享后更平静的状态可以加强慷慨行为，选项D与文意相 符，故选D。8 .【答案】A（解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段Young children who have experienced.generous to
7、 others, a University of California, Davis* study suggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈 悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过糠慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，文章介绍的是小时 候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。选项A与文意相符，故选A。Passage 3（2021 山西晋中三模）Nearly everyone knows eBay is a website where you can buy and sell pretty much anything. There are oth
8、er Internet auction （拍卖）sites, but none conic close to eBay for brand-name recognition. And for good reason: eBay is the largest English-language online auction site in the world. Buyers conic to eBay for the best chance of finding the particular thing they want. Sellers come for the largest pool of
9、 buyers, which they hope means the best chance of selling at the highest possible price.Buying things on eBay is pretty simple. You can type a term into the search field, or click through the categories list to get to what you want. Inside an individual item listing, youll see the current asking pri
10、ce, and a little button to click if you wish to place your own bid. Enter a price, occasionally come back to see if someone has bid higher （han you and wait for the end of the auction period. If your bid is the highest, you win! Now all you have to do is arrange payment and shipping method with the
11、seller. eBay is only in the business of putting buyers and sellers together for a small fee from the seller. It doesnt handle the actual payment or shipping of goods. In other words, it isnt a big department store, or a warehouse. Its the owner of a flea market, and you have to do your own deals wit
12、h （he individual sellers in their virtual stalls.Td be a skillful eBay buyer, you should learn when to trust sellers and how a proxy （彳弋理人）bid can save you from going online every half-hour to up your bid. Experienced eBay users also know how to use escrows （公 正托管）to guarantee goods, and how to avoi
13、d selling tricks such as fake bids that push up prices. The more often you buy on eBay, the more you learn.9. Why is eBay the best website for people to buy and sell things?A. Because it has all brand products.B. Because the trade language is English.C. Because sellers and buyers can close （heir dea
14、ls.D. Because sellers can find a swimming pool there.10. What should you do first if you want to buy something at the site?A. Find the current asking price.B. Click a button to place your own bid.C. Enter a price which is higher than others.D. Find what you want in the categories list.11. What shoul
15、d the buyer do if he/she wins the bid?A. Get goods from eBay.B. Determine payment and shipment.C. Send somebody for the goods.D. Talk about the price of the goods.12. What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph?A. How to be a skillful buyer at eBay.B. How to make sure of qualified goods.C. How
16、 to avoid being cheated by others.D. How to spare you from going online frequently.【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一个可让全球网民上网买卖物品的线上拍卖及购物网站eBay,以及如 何进行买卖的技巧等。9 .【答案】C解析】细节理解题 o 根据第,段“Nearly everyone knows eBay is a website where you can buy and sell pretty much anything.（几乎所有人都知道eBay是个网站，你可以买卖任何东西。）及“Buyers come to
17、 eBay fbr the best chance of finding the particular thing they want. Sellers come for the largestpool of buyers,which they hope means the best chance of selling at the highest possible price. （买家来 eBay 是为 了 找到他们 想要的东西。卖家的目标是最大的买家群体，他们希望这意味着最有可能以最高价格卖出的机会。）可知， eBay是人们买卖物品的最佳网站是因为在eBay,买卖双方都能成交，选项C与文意
18、相符，故选C。10 .【答案】D解析细节理解题。根据第二段“Buying things on eBay is pretty simple. You can type a term into the search field, or click through the categories list to get to what you want.（在 eBay 上买东西很简单。您可以在搜索 字段中键入术语，或者通过单击类别列表来获得所需的内容。）可知，如果你要在网站买东西，你需要在 分类列表中找到你想要的或在搜索栏键入你需要的东西。选项D与文意相符，故选D。11 .【答案】B【解析】细节理解题
19、。根据第二段”【f your bid is the highest, you win! Now all you have to do is arrange payment and shipping method with the seller/5 （如果你的出价最高，你就赢了！现在你所要做的就是与卖方 安排付款和装运方式。）可知，在你获胜之后，你需要的是安排支付和装运的方式。选项B与文意相符, 故选B。12 .【答案】A（解析】主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句To be a skillful eBay buyer, you should learn when to trust sellers a
20、nd how a proxy （代理人）bid can save you from going online every half-hour to up your bid.（要成为一个熟练 的eBay买家，你应该学会什么时候信任卖家，以及代理出价如何能让你省去每半小时上网一次的麻烦。） 可知，本段主要谈论如何成为一个熟练的买主，选项A与文意相符，故选A。Passage 4（2022黑龙江大庆实验中学模拟预测）The use of AI （artificial intelligence） is becoming more common in many branches of industry a
21、nd online shopping. Traditional lines of work, such as goods transport and driving, are developing in a similar direction although mainly out of public view. Scientists at the University of Gottingen have now investigated how efficient （高效的）the use of AI can be in ihe commercial managemem of trucks.
22、“Digital applicationsas well as machine leaning, a kind of AIare increasingly applied to operations and courses in the transport area,“ explains Professor Matthias Klumpp from the Faculty of Economics. The question in the commercial area, however, is whether or not this contributes to achieving goal
23、s.To answer this question, the researchers compared the work efficiency of truck drivers with their main use of AI applications. Looking at trade delivery by （ruck, （hey studied three groups: the first drove completely following human decision-making models; the second used a combination of human an
24、d machine; and the third depended completely on fully automated decisions.The researchers found that an intelligent combination of human work and decision-making abilities with AI applications promises the highest transport and driving efficiency. On average, the second group achieved the most effic
25、ient transport （rips, with the fewest interventions （干预）and off-course from the best path. one researcher said, “Clearly, neither a completely human decision-making structure nor a fully automated driving system can promise to meet current goods transport requirements. The scientists therefore summa
26、rized that despite the progress of AI in the field of transportation by truck, human experience and decision-making abilities will still be necessary in the longer term. However, the challenge is that a wide range of training and qualification （资格）needs will come along by working with Al application
27、s, especially for simple goods transport activities. 13. What docs Matthias Klumpp focus on?A. The efficiency of AL B. The advantages of AL C. The problems caused by AI. D. The wide applications of A I. 14. How did the researchers get the finding? A. By providing examples.B. By making comparisons.C.
28、 By using different trucks. D. By listing three experiments. 15. What can wc know from the last paragraph? A. Al is better at making decisions.B. A balance is needed between human and AI.C. Human will soon be replaced by AI in driving. D. Al applications meet the current requirements. 16. What is th
29、e best title for the text?A. The future of transport.B. Artificial intelligence as a co-driver.C. Artificial intelligence-a better choice in driving.D. The strengths of artificial intelligence in transport.【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人工智能在许多行业和网上购物中变得越来越普遍。科学家正在研 究在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高，并通过实验得出结论人与人工智能并存效率最 高。
30、13 .【答案】A（解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句Scientists at the University of Gottingen have now investigated how efficient （高效的）the use of AI can be in the commercial management of trucks. （哥廷根大学的科学家已 经开始调杳在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的使用效率有多高）和第二段最后一句The question in the commercial area, however, is whether or not this contribut
31、es to achieving goals.* （然而，在商业领域中的问题是 这是不是有助于实现目标）以及第三段第一句To answer this question, the researchers compared the work efficiency of truck drivers with their main use of AI applications. （为了回答这个问题，研究人员将卡车司机 的工作效率与人工智能的主要应用进行了比较）可知，Matthias Klumpp教授主要关注的是人工智能的效率。 故选Ao14 .【答案】D解析细节理解题。根据第三段“Looking at
32、trade delivery by tnick, they studied three groups: the first drove completely following human decision-making models; the second used a combination of human and machine; and the third depended completely on fully automated decisions.”（观察用卡车运送货物，他们研究了三组：第 组完全按照人类的决定的模式来运送，第二组用人类和机器的组合模式，第三组完全自动化的模式）
33、可知， 研究人员通过分三组实验来研究。故选D。15 .【答案】B（解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“The researchers found that an intelligent combination of human work and decision-making abilities with AI applications promises the highest transport and driving efficiency田f 究人员发 现人类工作和决策能力与人工智能应用的智能结合有着最高的运输和驾驶效率）可知，人与人工智能并存 效率最高，所以需要人类和人工智能之间的平衡。故选
34、B。16 .【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“The use of AI （artificial intelligence） is becoming more common in many branches of industry and online shopping.” （人工智能在许多行业和网上购物中变得越来越普遍）最后一句 Scientists at the University of Gottingen have now investigated how efficient （高效的）the use of AI can be in the commercial manag
35、ement of trucks. （哥廷根大学的科学家已经开始调查在卡车的商业管理中，人工智能的 使用效率有多高）引出要谈论的话题，以及之后引出的实验对比人和人工智能当司机的效率，最好一 段得出结论，人与人工智能并存效率最高，可知，文章最好的标题“人工智能作为共同的司机“，凸显文章 主旨。故选B。Passage 5（2021 福建宁德三模）Just as a hungry brain craves （渴望）food, a lonely brain craves people. A new brain study demonstrates this. After being left alone
36、, it shows peoples brains would be activated at the sight of otherpeople. The action was in the same brain region that speeds up when a hungry person sees food.Livia Tomova, a neuroscientist, who studies how the brain produces mental activities, and her colleagues began this study. They recruited (招
37、募)40 people. On one day, the participants had to fastnot cat anything at allfor 10 hours. On another day, the same people were placed in a room fbr 10 hours. They couldnt see anyone. No friends, no family and no social media. They werent even allowed to check their email. After both days, Tomova and
38、 her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is flowing to each region.At the end of each day, the participants showed high activity in a brain area called the midbrain. The scientists were interested in two, small areas within it. Both a
39、reas produce dopamine, a chemical that is important in craving and rewards. The two areas activated when hungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers. After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed, h might b
40、e playing sports or chatting with friends.The midbrain plays an important part in peoples motivation to seek food or friends. In fact, it responds to food and social signals even when people arent hungry or lonely. But hunger and loneliness increased (he reactions and made peoples responses specific
41、 to the thing they were missing. And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers said (hey were experiencing, the stronger the activity in this part of the brain. Tomova and her colleagues published their results November 23 in Nature Neuroscience.17. How does Tomova test out the result of the study
42、?A. By stimulating desire.C. By monitoring brain activity.18. What do we know about midbrain?A. It consists of two areas.C. It slops working when people are full.19.B. By controlling blood flow.D. By examining mental activities.B. It helps motivate desire for food.D. It decreases responses to lost f
43、riends.What does the underlined it in paragraph 3 refer to?A. A midbrain area. B. A social activity.20. What can be the best title for the text?A. Dopaminea Sure Sign of AgeC. Hunger Makes Mental Health StruggleC. A volunteer. D. A hamburger.B. Midbrain-a Nest for the ThoughtsD. Loneliness Makes Our
44、 Brains Need People【解析】本文是说明文，介绍了 Tomova和她的同事通过研究，发现“饥饿的大脑渴望食物和孤独的大脑渴望与人的交往”这一行为背后的大脑机制。18. 【答案】C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二自然段“After both days. Tomova and her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in (he brain by (racking how much blood is llowing to each region.(两天之后，Tomova 和她的同事们对这些人进
45、行了核磁共振检查。它通过追踪流向每个区域的血液量来显示大脑的活动)“可知， Tomova用核磁共振监测大脑活动的方式来进行研究。故选C项。19. 【答案】B解析】细节理解题。根据四第自然段“The midbrain plays an important part in peoples motivation to seek food or friends.（中脑在人们寻求食物或朋友的动机中扮演着重要的角色）”可知，中脑与人寻找食物的动机有关。 故选B项。20. 【答案】B解析词句猜测题。根据第三自然段析fter the volunteers had been isolated, those br
46、ain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed. It might be playing sports or chatting with friends.（在志愿者被隔离 后，当他们看到自己错过的社交活动时，这些大脑区域就会变得活跃。可能是做运动或和朋友聊天）“可知， 代词1L指代的是前文中让大脑会变得活跃的social activities之一。故选B项。21. 【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一自然段段首句“Just as a hungry brain craves （渴望）food, a lone
47、ly brain craves people.（就像饥饿的大脑渴望食物一样，孤独的大脑渴望入广和下文的实验介绍与理论分析可知，本文主要 讲，饥饿让大脑渴望食物，孤独让大脑渴望与人的交往这一人类行为和其背后的大脑机制。故选D项。Passage 6（2022陕西宝鸡中学模拟预测）For thousands of years, mankind has bred plants and animals to create more desired and useful plants and animals. For instance, modern corn has been bred to such
48、a large size that it is no longer able to reproduce without mans assistance. Modem dairy cows produce too much milk; and if they are not often drained of milk, they could leak, burst, become infected, and possibly die. Furthermore, most domesticated dogs can not survive in the wild even with special
49、 training. Since natural evolution is extremely slow and mankinds selective breeding programs only take a few generations to produce a completely new species, natural evolution has already taken a backseat to mankinds breeding programs.Additionally, mankind has successfully killed off several species all