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1、考点27阅读理解细节理解题(重难题型)在历年高考阅读理解中，对细节理解类题型的考查同往年一样，依然占了较大的比例，全国及各省、 市均有对此题型的考查，无一例外。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信 息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我 们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1 .特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题；2 .以是非题的形
2、式。true/false, not true/false或EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少；3 .以According to 开头提问方式；4 .以填空题的形式，如：(1) To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised.(2) By the first sentence of the passage author means that.(3) It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on.(4) If you are interested in knowing about
3、what peoples life will be, you may visit.(5) The policemen were told “to look the other way” (the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that.(6) The policeman who said Good evening to Rolls wanted to.5 .就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养 自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取“带着问题
4、找答案”的方 法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略 读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案。除了运 用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点: (1)是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容；(3)与原文的内容极其 相似，只是在程度上有些变动；(4)在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；(5)部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只要直接
5、辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获 取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候(做判断、推断或结论的时候)能够准确而迅速地 将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原 文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有 关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系The researchers use the data collected by two telescopes that see the sky in wa
6、ys that are very different from the visible light our eyes can see to form the new image. Most of the data comes from 370 different pictures taken over the past 20 years by NASAs Chandra X Observatory. This satellite telescope detects X-rays out in space. X-rays are a from of radiation that is sent
7、out when violent events heat matter to temperatures of millions of degrees. Other data comes from the MeerKAT telescope in South Africa, which can detect radio waves from space. These waves have much less energy than X-rays. They are usually produced by cooler material, such as huge clouds of gas be
8、tween the stars.The brightest sources include neutron stars which are the cores of huge stars that ran out of fuel and collapsed to city-sized balls of super hot matter. Many neutron stars and black holes jet out gases that appear in the picture as purple streaks （斑纹）.Powerful magnetic fields in the
9、 area cause the jets to bend as they get further from their source. Astronomer Dr Daniel Wang, who has worked on the image over the past year, said the new picture described a violent or energetic ecosystem”.1. What can be learned about the Milky Way?A. The center of it remains unknown.B. The sun is
10、nt located in the center of it.C. Its center is very peaceful.D. Its center features fewer stars.2. Whats paragraph 2 mainly about?A. The collection of space data.B. The function of the MeerKAT telescope.C. The differences of space waves.D. The formation of the new image.3. What can we know about th
11、e gases jetted out by the black hole?A. They will absorb surrounding materials.B , They will form super big matter.C. They get bent if away from their source.D. They are likely to explode when superheated.4. What may be the best title for the text?A. Our galaxys violent heartB. An attempt to travel
12、in outer spaceC. Radio waves from outer spaceD. Stars9 purple streaksPassage 2（2022,吉林长春模拟预测）Have a hard time waking up when its cold out? Scientists say your brain is to blame. A study conducted by scientists from Northwestern University made it possible to offer some explanations for this phenomen
13、on.Their study on fruit flies shows how seasonally cold and dark conditions can prohibit neurons within the fly brain that promote activity and wakefulness from sending out signals, particularly in the morning. It helps explains why, for both flies and humans, it is so hard to wake up in the morning
14、 in winter.“By studying behaviors in a fruit fly, we can better understand how and why temperature is so vital to regulate sleep J said Marco Gallio, associate professor of neurobiology in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.The study describes fbr the first time absolute cold” receptors in th
15、e fly antenna, which respond to temperature only below the flys comfort zone of about 25. Having recognized those neurons, the researchers followed them all the way to their targets within the brain. They found their targets are a small group of brain neurons that are part of a larger network that c
16、ontrols rhythms of activity and sleep. When the neurons they discovered are active, the target cells, which normally are made active by morning light, are shut down.Temperature sensing is one of the most fundamental abilities/9 said Gallio, whose group is one of only a few in the world that are syst
17、ematically studying temperature sensing in fruit flies. The principles we are finding in the fly brain, the logic and organization, may be the same all the way to humans. And future studies on human brain will surely find some reference information in this study.”5. Why is it hard for flies to wake
18、up in cold mornings?A. Cold conditions disable the antennas of flies.B. Flics have fewer neurons in the brain than humans.C. Coldness stops flies9 neurons from functioning well.D. Flies neurons controlling wakefulness are damaged.6. What do we know about the study?A. It focuses mainly on how fly bra
19、ins work.B. It helps explain how temperature affects sleep.C. It aims at solving humans sleeping problems.D. It shows the similarities between fly brains and human brains.7. Which part of a fruit fly will be made active when it is cold?A. Its antenna.B. Its target cells.C. Its absolute cold receptor
20、s.D. Its network controlling sleep.8. Whats Gallios attitude towards the practical value of the findings?A. Positive.B. Doubtful.C. Ambiguous. D. Disappointed.Passage 3（2022吉林长春模拟预测）New York-based Ecovative has been creating environmentally friendly packaging made from mushrooms and agricultural was
21、te since 2009. Now, the company wants to bring their amazing material into homes and offices with a new line of compostable （可堆月巴的）furnishings that are grown using just three materials: mycelium （the vegetative part of mushrooms）, hemp （麻类植物），and salt.While creating hard material from mushrooms migh
22、t sound magical, the companys CEO Eben Bayer says it is a relatively low-tech process and compares it to “making bread”. The company begins by adding a few mycelium cells to damp hemp or other agricultural waste.The mycelium that grows like little hairs is allowed to twist with the waste until every
23、thing is “glued“ together. The combination is then mixed again and placed into the desired mold （模具）where it continues to grow and harden. The resulting material is then baked in the oven. In addition to making it as strongas wood, the heat also kills the mycelium, thus giving the compostable materi
24、al a similar shelflife to wood.Also, though the table tops of the stylish Tafl and Kings tables released at the recently held Biofabricate 2016 conference in New York City resemble marble, they are far from it. The perfectly carved blocks are made of a material grown by a North Carolina-based compan
25、y named bioMASON using grains of sands and bacteria.As you have probably guessed, this waste-free furniture does not come cheap. Customers can expect to pay anywhere from $249 USD for the Tafl to $699 USD for the Kings table, both of which are only available in limited quantities. Those that cannot
26、afford those prices can choose cheaper GIY （grow it yourself） ones made of various products ranging from Christmas tree decorations to lamp shades.9. Why did Eben compare making hard materials to making bread?Their product appearances are alike.Their production costs are relatively low.How to make m
27、ushroom furniture materials.D. The difficulties of making mushroom furnitureThey are offered in GIY forms.They are designed by bioMASON.A. Their raw materials are the same.B.C. Their production processes are simple.D.10. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The method of making mushrooms hard. B.C. W
28、hat are needed to make mushroom furniture.11. What can we learn about Tafl and Kings tables?A. They are in limited supply.B.C. They consist mainly of marble.D.12. What is the best title for the text?A. The Invention of New Kinds of FurnitureB. The First Sale of Furniture Made of MushroomsC. Scientis
29、ts Found New Material to Make FurnitureD. Future Furniture May Be Grown from MushroomsPassage 4（2022河南安阳模拟预测）Instead of a human deliveryman, Beijing resident Xiao Wei received his onlineorder for daily necessities in less than 30 minutes from an unmanned delivery vehicle.The four-wheeled vehicle nam
30、ed magic bag” is 1.56 meters high, 2.77 meters long, and 1.19 meters wide. Weighing 500 kg, it can carry about 100 kg of goods at a time and run a distance of 100 km on a single charge with a maximum traveling speed of 20 kph.After customers place orders on the Meituan app, an intelligent distributi
31、on system will assign orders to those autonomous vehicles, which will pick up and deliver goods to pick-up stations at the final destinations. Customers can collect the delivery from the stations without any human contact during the whole process, said Meituan Dianping, Chinas major online food deli
32、very platform.“I can check the real-time route of the driverless vehicle. It is fast, convenient and safe as well J said Xiao. “This is also the first time that Meituan has used unmanned vehicles to complete delivery orders on open roads.” Meanwhile, according to Meituan, daily sales on its retail g
33、rocery service app have increased by 200 to 300 percent in Beijing compared to figures from before the epidemic.The catering （餐饮）chain brand Xiaoheng Dumplings has cooperated with an unmanned vehicle enterprise to pilot unmanned vehicle delivery services in Beijing. Li Heng, the founder of Xiaoheng
34、Dumplings, believes unmanned delivery is the future of the industry as it is cleaner, safer and more efficient. An unmanned vehicle can deliver 300 to 400 meals a day, while a deliveryman can only deliver dozens of meals J Li said. Xiaohengs unmanned vehicles have a heat preservation function. A new
35、 type of vehicle with a freezing function will be introduced in the future to deliver frozen food.Meituan and Xiaoheng will continue the unmanned delivery service in the future. More varieties of goods, including food, medicine, and daily necessities, will be added to such delivery services.13. What
36、 does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A. The origin of driverless delivery vehicles.B. The introduction of driverless delivery vehicles.C. The reason for using driverless delivery vehicles.D. The background of creating driverless delivery vehicles.14. What are customers required to do to place orders?
37、A. Contact the food delivery platform.B , Collect groceries at the pick-up station.C. Download a Meituan app.D. Track the real-time route of the vehicle.15. What is Li Hengs attitude towards unmanned delivery vehicles?A. Favorable.B. Suspicious. C. Cautious.D. Indifferent.16. What can we learn from
38、the text?A. Driverless vehicles have been in operation in many cities.B. More types of goods will be delivered by driverless vehicles.C. Driverless vehicles can hand goods to the customers directly.D. Meituan is experiencing a huge labor shortage of delivering.Passage 5（2022福建厦门模拟预测）Our planet is ho
39、me to many radioactive substances-not just in is geologic innards but also in its hospitals, at its industrial sites and in its food processing plants. In Colorado, for instance, 27 buildings house scary-sounding chemical elements such as cesium 137 and cobalt 60. These materials are not there for r
40、isky purposes, though. They play a part in cancer treatment, blood irradiation, medical and food sterilization, structure and equipment testing, geologic exploration, etc.The radioactive material is not always bad in a black and-white way: it can be a useful tool. The rays given off by cesium and co
41、balt can kill germs multiplying in your meat and make your apples last longer. Radiographic instruments can detect, say, cracks in a citys pipes in a similar way to an x-ray picking up a hairline fracture in your knee. A practice called “well logging“ uses sealed radioactive sources to map the geolo
42、gy of holes oil seekers drill into the earth. And of course, radiation is key to cancer treatment.The risk arises because the same radioactive material that is beneficial could also be stolen or misplaced and find its way into trafficking rings or dirty bombs. It might also barn workers if something
43、 accidentally goes wrong during a normal nine-to-five day. Tn 2017 alone, according to a report from the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, there were 171 incidents of nuclear or other radioactive materials outside of regulatory control“ based on open source reports, 104 of which happ
44、ened in the U.S.An initiative called RadSecure 100 was launched to remove and better secure energetic material in 100 U.S. cities. Where is the most high-risk material located around the most people? says Emily Adams, deputy director of a domestic program in the Office of Radiological Security. And
45、thats how we got our 100.” 17. What message does the author seem to convey in paragraph 1 ?A. Radioactive substances can warm our planet.B. Food processing does harm to workers in plants.C. The radioactive material is basically everywhere.D. Its hard to remove scary-sounding elements in buildings.18
46、. Why does the author mention “well logging“ in paragraph 2?A.To make a summary.B.To raise a question.C.To provide a contrast.D.To support an idea.19. What is RadSecure 100 intended for?A.Making use of energeticsubstances.B.Ensuring safety of the radioactive material.C. Warning people of the most hi
47、gh-risk material D. Protecting the Office of Radiological Security.20. What is the writers attitude towards the radioactive material?A. Pessimistic. B. Objective.C. Disapproval. D. Carefree.Passage 6（2022陕西宝鸡中学模拟预测）For thousands of years, mankind has bred plants and animals to create more desired an
48、d useful plants and animals. For instance, modern corn has been bred to such a large size that it is no longer able to reproduce without mans assistance. Modem dairy cows produce too much milk; and if they are not often drained of milk, they could leak, burst, become infected, and possibly die. Furthermore, most domesticated dogs can not survive in the wild even with special training. Since natural evolution is extremely slow and mankinds selective breeding programs only take a few generations to produce a completely new species, natural evolution has alread