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1、模拟考研英语阅读模拟908多项选择Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap： the former being the product of heating a mixture of al
2、kali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glassor soapmaking either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of cer
3、tain Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of it
4、s first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passenge
5、rs experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron ket
6、tles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. So
7、me potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts
8、“to encourage the making of potash, “ beginning in 1707 in South caroliana, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.注释potassium(化学)钾alkali (化学)碱microcosm微观世界barrel圆桶，枪管adjunct附属物remote久远的antiquity古代；古玩，古物第1题：On what aspect of potash does this passage mainly focus?A. its
9、 componentsB. its importance in the North American coloniesC. how it is madeD. its differences from soda参考答案：B答案解析：B全文的中心句在前文我们曾概括过的常见位置首段末句Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.本文属于结构清晰的说明文本，大体呈总一一分结构，在简介钾碱 (Potash)的制成品及其历史后引出中心句，之后几段则从产地、历史、制作方法、 市场等
10、诸方面将其在北美殖民地的作用加以评述。第2题：In the making of potash, all of the following are needed Except.A. waterB. fireC. ironD. wood参考答案：C答案解析：C此题较易，见文章第四段对钾碱制作方法的介绍，木头(log)乃是原材料，利用水将木灰加以溶解，而火则更是两次用到，至于iron则并非材料，只是kettles 的质地而已。一般不会混淆。但考生必须做到“题易人易，我不大意。”第3题：Why was potash more familiar to the early European settler
11、 of the North American continent?A. Because Europeans were more familiar to potash.B. Because there was a series of acts “to encourage the making of potash. ”C. Because they didnt like the taste of soda.D. Because of the geological circumstances there.参考答案：D答案解析：D细节题，详阅第二段，苏打主要是产自某些地中海(Mediterranean
12、)地区海生植物的灰烬中，而钾碱则可得自内陆植物，因而北美的自然地理条件而不是其他因素决定了早期殖民对于易于获取原料的钾碱更为重要，而对原料难寻的苏打备感生疏。A项中错误认为欧洲人均对potash更为熟悉,B项则因果倒置,C项纯属干扰项。第4题：According to this passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. The invention of glass is earlier than that of soap.B. The colonial North America had a large abroad potish marke
13、t.C. Potash making made the clearing of land for agriculture lucrative to some extent.D. All of the colonial North America did not have a capability to produce a sufficient quantity of potash.参考答案：B答案解析：B细节题，难度较大。A项，由于玻璃制造始于remote antiquity,而肥皂业则是中世纪早期才开始的，因而前者历史更为悠久；C项，最后一段第一句话讲到借助于钾碱制造可以使农业中清理土地的费
14、用节省至少一半；因而从某种意义而言有利可图了(to some extent lucrative) ； D 项的关键在于 “all. not ” 的理解，意指“并非整个北美殖民地都拥有大量生产钾碱的能力”；B项错在与文末的“but the market turned out to be mainly domestic. (Line 4 Para 5) 相矛盾，由于木质偏软，南部殖民地不具生产能力。第5题：The word “adjunct” in the first line of the last paragraph is closest in meaning to.A. additionB.
15、 activationC. alternationD. association参考答案：A答案解析：A adjunct是“附加品，附属物，附件”的意思，根据上下文不难判断出“钾碱制造”与“清理土地”间的关系，从而不难选出A。Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called afootwear for yuppies” . They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the
16、 company offers basketball and children，s shoes for the under_18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwea
17、r to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the up-market(高档消费人群的)retailing network that helped push sales to $ 1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok sh
18、oes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company，s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based compa
19、ny has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores) , partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok，s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems se
20、em to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze , replacing aerobics shoes
21、the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research , Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics sh
22、oe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores. (331)L Reebok锐步国际公司，是一家国际大型体育用品公司2. stylish n.漂亮的，流行的3. footwear for yuppies雅皮士们穿的鞋子。雅皮土是美国城市职业阶层中的年轻人士，这个词由Young Urban Professional首字母缩拼加词尾而成。4. appeal to投合的心意；引起的兴趣5. aerobics n.有氧运动法，增氧健身法，多指跑步、游泳等增强心肺循环功
23、能的运动6. hiking boots 旅游鞋7. specialty n.特制品8. to impose limits on sth.限制第6题：One reason why Reeboks managerial personnel dont like their shoes to be called wfootwear for yuppiesw is thatA. they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groups.B. new production lines have been ad
24、ded to produce inexpensive shoes.C. ”yuppies“ usually evokes a negative image.D. the term makes people think of prohibitive prices.参考答案：A答案解析：A 事实辨认题。题意是:Reebok经理层不喜欢他们的鞋被称作雅皮士的鞋的一个原因是什么。文章第一段第二句说：“他们争辩道，Reebok的鞋适合于不同的消费者，尤其是现代公司生产出篮球鞋和适合于18岁以下孩子穿的鞋以及适合于对健身操和跑步不感兴趣的老年人的散步鞋。”故本题选A。B项侧重公司的生产策略，故不妥。第7题
25、：Reebok, s view that uconsumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution ” (Line 5, Para. 2)implies thatA. the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling it.B. the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors.C. the populari
26、ty of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it.D. consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high quality stores.参考答案：D答案解析：D 推断题。题意是:Reebok认为“消费者根据销售商的档次来判断品牌的质量” 是什么意思、。回答依据第二段最后一句话：“Reebok鞋将继续在上档次的专卖店、 体育用品店及百货公司销售，因为公司认为顾客会根据销售商的档次来判断某种品牌商品的质量。”故本题选D。第8题：Reebok once had
27、to limit the number of its distributors becauseA. its supply of products fell short of demand.B.too many distributors would cut into its profits.C. the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market.D. it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products.参考答案：A答窠解析：A 推断题。题意是:Re
28、ebok曾经不得不限制其分销商的数量是因为什么。正确回答本题的依据在第三段的前两句话：“在过去的几年中，设在麻省的公司总部对其分销商的数量采取了限制措施(另外对提供给商店的鞋的数量也进行了限制），这其中部分是因为需要的缘故。有时，对Reebok鞋出乎意料的需求会超过市场的供应，公司几乎满足不了原有分销商的订单要求。”据此，我们可知A 是本题的正确答案。第9题：Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, itA. does not want to further expand its r
29、etailing network.B.still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores.C. is still particular about who sells its products.D.still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products.参考答案：C答案解析：C 推断题。题意是“虽然Reebok公司已经解决了供不应求的问题，但是仍然怎么样”。文章第三段谈到公司仍然严格挑选着他们的分销商，因此正好与答案 C吻合。题干中的although与短文第三段倒数第二句的but相呼
30、应。选项C中的 is particular about 与原文第三段中的 is still selective about 意思相同，都意为“挑剔的”。第10题：What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike，s distribution problems?A. A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B. A company should not limit its distribution network.C. A company should do follo
31、w-up surveys of its products.D. A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.参考答案：D 答案解析：D 推断题。题意是:Reebok公司从Nike的分销问题上得到了什么教训。文章最后一段的后半部分指出：通过产品多样化和市场调查，Reebok希望避免Nike 公司几年以前出现的情况，当时Nike公司错误判断了健身鞋销售的狂热而导致最后不得不通过打折店来处理跑步鞋的大量存货。因此从Nike鞋的分销问题上可看出一个公司应该正确估计流行热点对市场的影响力。答案为D
32、oThe most easily recognizable meteorites are the iron variety, although they only represent about 5 percent of all meteorite falls. They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements. Their composition is thought to be similar to that of Earth, s iron core,
33、and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago. Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.One of the best hunting grounds for meteorites is on the gl
34、aciers of Antarctica, where the dark stones stand out in stark contrast to the white snow and ice. When meteorites fall on the continent, they are embedded in the moving ice sheets. At places where the glaciers move upward against mountain ranges, meteorites are left exposed on the surface. Some of
35、the meteorites that have landed in Antarctica are believed to have come from the Moon and even as far away as Mars, when large impacts blasted out chunks of material and hurled them toward Earth.Perhaps the world，s largest source of meteorites is the Null arbor Plain, an area of limestone that stret
36、ches for 400 miles along the southern coast of Western and South Australia. The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown of black. Since very little erosion takes place, the meteorites are well preserved and are found just where they
37、 landed. Over 1, 000 fragments from 150 meteorites that fell during the last 20000 years have been recovered. One large iron meteorite, called the Mundrabilla meteorite, weighed more than 11 tons.Stony meteorites, called chondrites, are the most common type and make up more than 90 percent of all fa
38、lls. But because they are similar to Earth materials and therefore erode easily, they are often difficult to find. Among the most ancient bodies in the solar system are the carbonaceous chondrites that also contain carbon compounds that might have been the precursors of life on Earth.注释recognizable可
39、辨认的nickel 银planetoid小行星glacier 冰川blast吹；摧毁hurl投，掷backdrop 背景erode侵蚀，腐蚀carbonaceous碳的；含碳的precursor先驱；前兆；前辈meteorite陨石；流星sulfur硫磺disintegrate 风化；瓦解 embed埋入，嵌于chunk厚木头；矮胖之人 limestone石灰石erosion侵蚀；腐蚀 solar太阳的compound使混合；增加第11题：what is the main point of this passage?A.The precursors of life on Earth.B. Fi
40、nding meteorites on Earth，s surface.C. The mysterious Antarctica and the Nullarbor Plain.D. The composition of Meteorites.参考答案：B答案解析：B考查主题，本文先讲到铁质陨石的有关情况，然后在二、三段分别论及地球上探研（铁质）陨石的两大理想去处一一南极洲与澳大利亚Nullarbor平原，最后提及石质陨石特质及其在生命起源研究中的意义。综观全文，可见B项精确地点出了文章主旨。第12题：Underlined in the second line, second paragrap
41、h, the word “stark” can best be replaced by.A. vividB. meaningfulC. interestingD. vague参考答案：A答案解析：A stark 指 clearly obvious to the eye or the mind,指“显而易见,鲜明的, 明摆着的，与vivid最为接近。in stark contrast为固定搭配“成鲜明对比”.这里指黝黑的陨石与白色的冰川、雪堆构成的对比，拥有一定词汇量并结合上下文则不难选出。第13题:According to the passage, which of the following
42、 is TRUE?A. Chondrites are less likely to be discovered than iron meteorites.B. The Mundrabilla meteorite is the heaviest meteorite ever fallen to the Earth.C. Maybe the world，s largest source of meteorites is the Nullarbor Plain, Antarctic.D. The iron variety are most easily recognizable meteorites
43、 because they make up the largest part of all falls.参考答案：A答案解析：A 细节题较难，A 项正确，见最后一段“But because they are similiar to Earth materials and therefore erode easily, they are often difficult to find. ” 而文章开门见山即指出铁质陨石虽仅占陨石总量约5%,都是the most easily recognizable meteorites, ”据此也不难排除D, B项，文中从未提及Mundrabilla 是世界上
44、现存最重的陨石。C项则错在最后一词Antarctic上。因而做细节题须倍加细心！ 第14题：Why does the author mention carbonaceous chondrites (Line 4, Para 4)?A. They are most likely to be found whole.B. They come from outer space, even out of the solar systerm.C. They maybe related to the origins of life on Earth.D. They might have made up t
45、he core of a planetoid.参考答案：C 答案解析：C 见文章最后一句话:“Among the most ancient bodies。 that might have been the precursors of life on Earth. w precursorw 指前驱、先驱、前辈”， 依构词法pre -及关键词life on Earth不难选出正确答案。第 15：According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned to be responsible for the poor perser
46、vation of meteorites that fall to Earth?A. ErosionB. ImpactC.Sunk into seaD. Temperature参考答案：D 答案解析：D细节题，较难。A项erosion实为陨石得以保存之最大敌人，绝大部分石质陨石因为腐蚀难以找寻（最后一段）；B项（撞击）见第一段第6行have the best chance of surviving an impactw若碎块太小则不易发现;C项最具干扰性， 事实上，降落到地球表面的绝大多数陨石均降入海洋（因为其面积的巨大优势， 在文中第三段南极洲一节也有过微弱暗示：“When meteorit
47、es fall on the continent . w ； D项“温度”全文未有提及。By the mid-nineteenth century, the term “icebox“ had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns
48、, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War （1861-1865）, as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had