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1、Unit FifteenContentsn nIntroductionn nText(A)analysisn nSomecommentsonwritingn nText(B)analysisn nFurtherreadingn nExercisesIntroductionn nTextAarguesnearlyallthesportsarecompetitiveandsportismimicwarfare.n nStartingfromtheliteraryneglect,TextBpointsoutswimmingisnotjustawayofbuildingourphysiques,but
2、alsopromptsself-reflectionsandasenseofelevation.About the authorn nEricArthurBlair,betterknownbyhispennameGeorge Orwell,wasanEnglishauthorandjournalist.n nHewasborninIndia(June25,1903HewasborninIndia(June25,1903January21,1950),toEnglishparentsandJanuary21,1950),toEnglishparentsandwastakentoEnglandas
3、achild.HewaswastakentoEnglandasachild.Hewasbroughtupinanupper-middleclassandbroughtupinanupper-middleclassandeducatedatEtonCollege.educatedatEtonCollege.n nOrwellsreputationrestsnotonlyonhisOrwellsreputationrestsnotonlyonhispoliticalshrewdnessandhissharpsatirespoliticalshrewdnessandhissharpsatiresbu
4、talsoonhismarvelouslyclearstyleandbutalsoonhismarvelouslyclearstyleandonhissuperbessays,whichrankwiththeonhissuperbessays,whichrankwiththebesteverwritten.besteverwritten.The Olympic Spiritn nMoregenerally,thetermOlympicspiritisanoft-referredtobutperhapsvaguely-definedconceptassociatedwiththeOlympicG
5、ames.SomemediaequateitwithPierredeCoubertinsstatementthatTheimportantthingisnottowin,buttotakepart,andviewathleteswhotrytheirbestbutfinishlastasepitomisingtheOlympicspirit.n nTheOlympicmottoisHigher,Faster,TheOlympicmottoisHigher,Faster,Stronger.Stronger.n n奥林匹克的格言是奥林匹克的格言是“更高，更快，更强更高，更快，更强”。n nTheO
6、lympicGameshelppromoteabetterTheOlympicGameshelppromoteabetterandmorepeacefulworld.andmorepeacefulworld.n n 奥林匹克运动会有助于实现一个更美好、更安宁奥林匹克运动会有助于实现一个更美好、更安宁的世界。的世界。n nThemostimportantthingintheGamesisThemostimportantthingintheGamesisnotthetriumphbutthestruggle;nottonotthetriumphbutthestruggle;nottohavecon
7、queredbuttohavefoughtwell.haveconqueredbuttohavefoughtwell.n n比赛中最重要的不是胜利，而是奋斗；不是征服，比赛中最重要的不是胜利，而是奋斗；不是征服，而是奋力拼搏。而是奋力拼搏。n nTheathletesmustlearntorespectandtoTheathletesmustlearntorespectandtocooperatewithpeoplefrommanynationscooperatewithpeoplefrommanynationsduringtheGames.duringtheGames.n n 在比赛中，运动
8、员必须学会尊重并与来自许多国在比赛中，运动员必须学会尊重并与来自许多国家的人们合作。家的人们合作。n nThefiveringsrepresentthecloseunityandfriendlymeetingattheOlympicsbetweenathletesfromfivecontinents.n n五环相连象征着五大洲的运动员紧密团结及在奥运会上友好相聚。Text AnalysisTextAThe Sporting SpiritPart I(para.12)n nSportisanunfailingcauseofillwill.Point 1n nNowthatthebriefvisi
9、toftheNowthatthebriefvisitoftheDynamoDynamofootballteamhascometoanend,itisfootballteamhascometoanend,itispossibletosaypubliclythatsportisanpossibletosaypubliclythatsportisanunfailingunfailingcauseofcauseofillwillillwill.n n19451945年苏联的年苏联的DynamoDynamo足球俱乐部（现在属于乌足球俱乐部（现在属于乌克兰）访问英国，和英国的足球俱乐部踢了四场克兰）访问英
10、国，和英国的足球俱乐部踢了四场比赛，乔治比赛，乔治 奥威尔就此事为奥威尔就此事为TribuneTribune周刊写了周刊写了这篇名为这篇名为“体育精神体育精神”的文章。的文章。n nunfailing:nevercomingtoanendunfailing:nevercomingtoanendn nillwill:unfriendlyfeelingillwill:unfriendlyfeelingPoint 2n nEventhenewspaperhavebeenunabletoconcealthefactthatatleasttwoofthefourmatchesplayedledtomuc
11、hbadfeeling.1)AttheArsenalmatch,aBritishandaRussianplayercametoblowsandthecrowdbooedthereferee.n n英超阿森纳足球俱乐部(seenote3)n nThenicknameofArsenal:theGunners(枪手)n n2)AttheGlasgowmatch,therewasthecontroversy,typicalofournationalisticage,aboutthecompositionoftheArsenalteam.n nTheimplicationisthatsportisbou
12、ndupwithnationalismn ncomposition:thepartsofwhichsomethingismadeupPoint 3n nMeanwhiletheresultoftheDynamostour,insofarasithashadanyresult,willhavebeentocreatefreshanimosityonbothsides.n ninsuchmeasureas,totheextentthatn n(anexampleof)powerful,oftenactivehatredPart II(para.35)n nInternationalsporting
13、contestsleadtoInternationalsportingcontestsleadtoorgiesofhatredorgiesofhatredbecausespectatorsandbecausespectatorsandnationsbelievethatrunning,jumpingandnationsbelievethatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.kickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.n nQuestions:Questions:n nDoyouagreew
14、iththeauthor?Andwhy?Doyouagreewiththeauthor?Andwhy?n nInyouropinion,whatisthesportingInyouropinion,whatisthesportingspirit?spirit?n norgy:anoccasiononwhichsomeonedoessomethinginanextremeanduncontrolledway极端放肆的状态或行为n norgiesofhatred:疯狂的仇恨Point 1n nIamalwaysamazedwhenIhearpeoplesayingthatsportcreatesg
15、oodwillbetweenthenations,andthatifonlythecommonpeoplesoftheworldcouldmeetoneanotheratfootballorcricket,theywouldhavenoinclinationtomeetonthebattlefield.n ngoodwill:afeelingofwantingtobefriendlyandhelpfultosomeone善意,友好n nshownodesirePoint 2n nthe1936Olympicsn nThe1936Olympicswereheldinatense,politica
16、llychargedatmosphere.TheNaziPartyhadrisentopowerin1933,twoyearsafterBerlinwasawardedtheGames.n nAdolfHitlersgovernmentplannedtousetheGamestopromoteNaziideology.n nNearly4,000athletescompetedin129Nearly4,000athletescompetedin129events.Thetrack-and-fieldcompetitionevents.Thetrack-and-fieldcompetitions
17、tarredAmericanstarredAmericanJesseOwensJesseOwens,whowon,whowonthreeindividualthreeindividualgoldmedalsgoldmedalsandafourthandafourthasamemberofthetriumphantU.S.4asamemberofthetriumphantU.S.4100-metrerelayteam.AltogetherOwens100-metrerelayteam.AltogetherOwensandhisteammateswon12menstrack-andhisteamm
18、ateswon12menstrack-and-fieldgoldmedals;thesuccessofand-fieldgoldmedals;thesuccessofOwensandtheotherOwensandtheotherAfricanAmericanAfricanAmerican athletes,referredtoas“blackauxiliaries”athletes,referredtoas“blackauxiliaries”bytheNazipress,wasconsideredabytheNazipress,wasconsideredaparticularblowtoHi
19、tlersAryanideals.particularblowtoHitlersAryanideals.n nJesseOwens,ablackathletefromtheUnitedStates,wasthestarofthe1936OlympicGames.Owens,theTanCyclone,broughthomefourgoldmedals:the100-meterdash,thelongjump(madeanOlympicrecord),the200-metersprintaroundaturn(madeaworldrecord),andpartoftheteamforthe400
20、-meterrelay.Point 3n nYouplaytowin,andthegamehaslittlemeaningunlessyoudoyourutmosttowin.n nTryyourbestton n如果不尽全力去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。Point 4n nAttheinternationallevelsportisfranklymimicwarfare.n n在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。Point 5n nButthesignificantthingisnotthebehavioroftheplayersbuttheattitudeofthespectators,a
21、nd,behindthespectators,(theattitude)ofthenationswhoworkthemselvesintofuriesovertheseabsurdcontest,and(who)seriouslybelieve-atanyrateforshortperiods-thatrunning,jumpingandkickingaballaretestsofnationalvirtue.(translate)n nworkoneselfinto:getoneselfintoadifferentpositionorstate使自己进入不同的状态n n使他们自己对荒唐的比赛
22、产生强烈的感情,以致到了如痴如醉的程度。n n跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。Point 6n nEverykindofgame,whetheritdemandsgraceofstrength,cancausemuchillwill.n n当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。一个人即使不能从具体的事例（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。n n现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。参加比赛就是为了取
23、胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。什么意义了。在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才可能是个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那才可能是单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一量涉单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一量涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因为及到荣誉问题，一旦你想到你和某一团体会因为你输而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会激发你输而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会激发起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这起来。即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这种体会。在国际比赛中，体
24、育简直是一场模拟战种体会。在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。但是争。但是,重要的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众重要的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着的态度，以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚至煞有介事地相信甚至煞有介事地相信至少在短期内如此至少在短期内如此跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。检验。Part III(para.69)n nThefiercepassionsforsportareboundupwithnati
25、onalism.Point 1n nInEngland,theobsessionwithsportisbadenough,butevenfiercerpassionsarearousedinyoungcountrieswheregamesplayingandnationalismarebothrecentdevelopments.n nobsess:fillsomeonesmindcontinuouslyPoint 2 n nAssoonasstrongfeelingsofrivalryarearoused,thenotionofplayingthegameaccordingtotherule
26、salwaysvanishes.n nAssoonasfiercepassionsofcompetitionarearoused,thenotionofplayingthegameaccordingtotherulesnolongerexists.Point 3n nInotherwords,sportiswarminustheshooting.n nwithoutPoint 4n nItismoreusefultoinquirehowandwhythismoderncultofsportarose.n ndevotiontoPoint 5n nTherecannotbemuchdoubtth
27、atthewholethingisboundupwiththeriseofnationalism-thatis,withthelunaticmodernhabitofidentifyingoneselfwithlargepowerunitsandseeingeverythingintermsofcompetitiveprestige.n niscloselyconnectedwithn nmadn nidentify(oneself)with:beassociatedwith,feelcloseton nseeingeverythingintermsofcompetitiveprestige:
28、perceivingeverythingintheperspectiveofcompetitiveprestigePoint 6n nAlso,organizedgamesaremorelikelytoflourishinurbancommunitieswheretheaveragehumanbeinglivesasedentaryoratleastaconfinedlife,anddoesnotgetmuchopportunityforcreativelabor.n ngrow,prospern nsedentary:seenote13Point 7n nBig-scalesportisit
29、self,Ithink,merelyanothereffectofthecausesthathaveproducednationalism.在我看来,大规模的体育运动本身，就是那些造成民族主义的诸多因素所引发的另一个结果。Writingn nInMay,2009,theChineseteamscoopedInMay,2009,theChineseteamscoopedalmostallthemedalsatthe49almostallthemedalsatthe49ththWorldWorldTableTennisChampionshipsinYokohama,TableTennisChamp
30、ionshipsinYokohama,Japan.WhilesomepeoplearecheeringJapan.Whilesomepeoplearecheeringthevictory,othersseethescoopingasathevictory,othersseethescoopingasabadthing.Walkingawaywithallthebadthing.Walkingawaywithallthemedalshurtstheconfidenceofothermedalshurtstheconfidenceofotherteamsandstuntsthegrowthofth
31、esport,teamsandstuntsthegrowthofthesport,saidaChinesecoach.PleasewriteansaidaChinesecoach.Pleasewriteanessayof300wordstobroodoverChinasessayof300wordstobroodoverChinasdominanceinthissport.dominanceinthissport.Text BReflections on Swimmingn nQuestionsforcomprehensionn n1.Whyisswimmingforgottenbythewr
32、itersafterthe19thcentury?n n2.Whatkindoffeelingdoesthewriterderivefromswimmingoutdoorsinthefall?n n3.Howdoesswimmingaffectthehumansenses?n n4.Accordingtothewriter,whatarethedifferencesbetweenswimmingandotheractivitiessuchasrunningorwalking?n n5.WhatdidKellermansayaboutswimming?n n6.Howdoyouunderstan
33、dreligiousaspectsinswimming?No.1n nBecauseitistheloneliestamongvarioussportsactivities.Itexcludeshusbandsandwives,lovers,everyoneelseintheworld,indeedeverythingelseexceptforonesthoughts.No.2n nHefeltasiftheentireworldbelongedtohimwhileswimming.Therewasnothingbuthimandthecosmos,together.No.3n nFirst,
34、swimmingdiminishesandalmostFirst,swimmingdiminishesandalmosteliminatesthesenseofsight,oureliminatesthesenseofsight,ourprimarymeansofengagementwiththeprimarymeansofengagementwiththephysicalworld.Second,hearingphysicalworld.Second,hearingundergoessomechangetoo.Whatweundergoessomechangetoo.Whatwehearar
35、etheconstantrushofthewaterheararetheconstantrushofthewaterandthesoundsofourownmovementandthesoundsofourownmovementandbreathing.Third,touchbecomesandbreathing.Third,touchbecomesvirtuallymetaphoricalaswepull,push,virtuallymetaphoricalaswepull,push,andotherwisemakeourwaythroughaandotherwisemakeourwayth
36、roughafluidmedium.fluidmedium.No.4n nSwimmingrequiresnotonlyinstructionbutalsoakindofcourage.Formostpeople,itisnotinnate.No.5n nTheexperienceofswimmingisbothsexualandspiritual.Thesensationofwaterflowingoverthebodyisdynamic,erotic,enlivening,andyetitawakens,ateverymoment,ourconsciousnessofthefragilit
37、yofourbreath.No.6n nWithitscleaning,purifyingpowers,swimmingcanexpandourmindthroughcontemplation.Buoyancykeepsourspirits,inthereligioussense,up.Further Readingn n1.geneticsn n2.identifiedn n3.powern n4.injuriesn n5.filmsn n6.mathematicaln n7.equipmentn n8.variablesE-Cn n想赢得比赛是一种强大的动力。不仅教练员、管理者，而想赢得比
38、赛是一种强大的动力。不仅教练员、管理者，而且运动员都研究过诸如最有效的领导模式和赛前压力状态且运动员都研究过诸如最有效的领导模式和赛前压力状态方面的问题。心理学家对此的看法也不同。但是部分专家方面的问题。心理学家对此的看法也不同。但是部分专家认为民主式的领导会让运动员感到满意，而绝对权威式的认为民主式的领导会让运动员感到满意，而绝对权威式的领导则能带来领导则能带来“结果结果”。许多心理研究表明，女性运动员。许多心理研究表明，女性运动员容易将失败归咎于自身的努力不足或者技能欠佳，而男性容易将失败归咎于自身的努力不足或者技能欠佳，而男性运动员则将失败归咎于运气不好或者对手太强大等外部因运动员则将失
39、败归咎于运气不好或者对手太强大等外部因素。人们同样认为，赛前理想的压力度是在过度放松和紧素。人们同样认为，赛前理想的压力度是在过度放松和紧张之间，而且还要部分取决于运动项目。比如，射箭要想张之间，而且还要部分取决于运动项目。比如，射箭要想出好成绩，就不需要有打橄榄球赛前那种咄咄逼人的气势。出好成绩，就不需要有打橄榄球赛前那种咄咄逼人的气势。而在诸如高尔夫球、网球、跳水和撑杆跳这些运动中，把而在诸如高尔夫球、网球、跳水和撑杆跳这些运动中，把握状态和时机则非常重要。运动员运用一种通常称作握状态和时机则非常重要。运动员运用一种通常称作“映映像像”或或“想象想象”的心理方法。这种方法注重赛前在大脑中的
40、心理方法。这种方法注重赛前在大脑中预演动作要领，做好充分准备，而不仅仅是一种咄咄逼人预演动作要领，做好充分准备，而不仅仅是一种咄咄逼人的气势。的气势。C-En nToparticipateandtowinthatistheOlympicToparticipateandtowinthatistheOlympicspirit.Itfindsexpressionintheweakdaringtospirit.Itfindsexpressionintheweakdaringtodefythestrong,andstrongstrivingforeverdefythestrong,andstrongst
41、rivingforeverbetterperformance.Evenbettertheidealbetterperformance.Evenbettertheidealalwaysluringasportsmanforward.Hewilldoalwaysluringasportsmanforward.Hewilldoeverythinghecanforit,neverrelax,nevergiveeverythinghecanforit,neverrelax,nevergiveup.Itissaidthatnoneofthecompetitioncanup.Itissaidthatnone
42、ofthecompetitioncanavoidbeingdefeatedeventhebestisboundtoavoidbeingdefeatedeventhebestisboundtobesurpassedbysomeonestillstronger.Thisisbesurpassedbysomeonestillstronger.Thisistheruleofsportsthousandsofloserstosetofftheruleofsportsthousandsofloserstosetoffonevictorwhointurnwilleventuallybereplacedone
43、victorwhointurnwilleventuallybereplacedbysomeoneonthehonorlist.However,bysomeoneonthehonorlist.However,undauntedbytheinevitablefailure,heisalwaysundauntedbytheinevitablefailure,heisalwaysstrivingtodothebesthecan.strivingtodothebesthecan.C-En nWhenthetimecomesandheknowsheWhenthetimecomesandheknowshec
44、ant,hewillstepdownhappilytogivecant,hewillstepdownhappilytogiveplacetotheyoungerwinner,awareplacetotheyoungerwinner,awarecontentedlyofthefactthathehasdonecontentedlyofthefactthathehasdonehisbitforthe“evenbetter”recordsofthehisbitforthe“evenbetter”recordsoftheOlympicGames.HewillsayproudlythatOlympicG
45、ames.Hewillsayproudlythathehasnotlivedhisyouthinvain.Chanceshehasnotlivedhisyouthinvain.Chancestocompeteforchampionshiparefewandtocompeteforchampionshiparefewandfarbetween.Lifeisshort.Stillshortisthefarbetween.Lifeisshort.Stillshortisthetimeforanathletetryingtowingames.timeforanathletetryingtowingames.NoneotherthananathleticcontestantNoneotherthananathleticcontestantfeelssokeenlyabouttherarityoffeelssokeenlyabouttherarityofopportunityandthefleetingoftime.opportunityandthefleetingoftime.Topics for research and presentationn n1.MyFavoriteSportn n2.GoldMedalTallyn n3.Anti-DopingProgram