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1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（上）综合教程（上）INTEGRATED COURSEUnit 7 Exploring Human Nature Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final ProjectTask 1 What distinguishes human beings from other animals?Work with your partner to list the behavior that is unique to human b
2、eings,that is unique to other animals and that they have in common.(P191)Starting outStarting outBasedonwhatyouvelistedabove,discusswithyourpartnerthedifferencesbetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimalsintermsoftheirnatureandinstincts.(P191)Starting out-Task 1Starting out-Task 1Reference:Animalinstinctisrul
3、edbydesires,emotionsandneedsthathavetobefulfilledregardlessofthetimeandplace.Whilehumannature,whichisalsodrivenbythoseneeds,emotionsanddesires,ismostlycontrolledbybrain,whichisrelatedtologic,morals,backgrounds,religions,etc.Whencontrolisnotpresent,ournatureisbasicallynothingbutanimalinstinct.Task 2
4、ThefollowingviewpointsconcerninghumannaturewerecontendedbythreeprominentphilosophersinancientChina.Whodoyouagreewith?Doyouagreecompletelyorpartly?Givespecificexamplestosupportyouropinion.(P191)Starting outTask 2Starting outTask 2 Confucius:humans(or at least male humans)possess the capacity for perf
5、ection,although they must consciously strive to actualize it.Mencius:human nature is good,and people are naturally inclined toward virtue.Unfortunately,the negative elements of society tend to corrupt many people,and only a few are able to overcome them.Laozi:humans at birth are like uncarved blocks
6、 of wood(pu)and as they get older,society molds and shapes them.Education brutalizes people and creates the seeds of social turmoil and negative behavior.Starting outTask 2Starting outTask 2Task 3ReadthefollowingstoryaboutJimmyanddiscusswithyourpartnerthequestionsthatfollowthestory.(P192)Starting ou
7、t-Task 3Starting out-Task 3Questionsfordiscussion:1.WhatmadeJimmybecomeathiefbeforehisarrest?2.Wasithisdestiny,hisnature,hislifeexperience,livingenvironmentorsomethingelsethatshapedhisbehavior?Sad MoviesListento“SadMovies”,asongwhichtellsasentimentalstory,anddothefollowingtasks:Starting outStarting
8、out1.Completethelyricsbyfillingintheblankswithmissingwords;2.Describethecharactersof“I”,“mydarling”and“mybestfriend”;3.Tellwhichofthesecharactersareuniversaltohumanbeings,orinotherwords,areinthenatureofallhumanbeings.Sad MoviesSadmoviesalwaysmakemecryHesaidhehadtoworksoIwenttothe_aloneTheyturneddown
9、the_andturnedtheprojectoronAndjustasthenewsoftheworldstartedtobeginIsawmydarlingandmybestfriend_in_IwassittingtheretheydidntseeAndsotheysatrightdowninfrontofmeWhenhekissedherlipsIalmost_Andinthemiddleofthecolor_IstartedtocryOh-oh-ohsa-a-a-dmoviesalwaysmakemecryOh-oh-ohsa-a-a-dmoviesalwaysmakemecrysh
10、owlightswalkThoughdiedcartoonStarting outStarting outAndsoI_upandslowlywalkedonhomeAndmamasawthe_andsaid,Whatswrong?Andsotokeepfromtellinghera_Ijustsaidsa-a-a-dmoviesmakemecryOh-oh-ohsa-a-a-dmoviesalwaysmakemecryOh-oh-ohsa-a-a-dmoviesalwaysmakemecryOoh,ooh,ooh,ooh,oohOoh,ooh,ooh,oohSa-a-a-dmoviesmak
11、emecrygottearslieStarting outStarting outOn Human NatureReading FocusReading Focus Global Understanding2Detailed Information3Critical Thinking4Language Points5Reading FocusReading FocusVocabulary in Action6Background Information1Watch a video clip from the American hit TV drama series Prison Break,a
12、nd discuss with the group:MichaelScofieldsaidattheendoftheclip:“The man youre talking about died the moment I stepped into these walls.”DoyouthinkSara,theprisondoctor,wouldtakehiswordforit?Background InformationBackground InformationReading FocusReading Focus Global Understanding1Introduction2Body3C
13、onclusion(Para.1)(Paras.2-9)(Para.10)Introduction_Reading FocusReading Focus Global UnderstandingHumannatureisthebasisofcharacter,the temperament anddisposition;itisthatindestructiblematrix uponwhichthecharacterisbuilt,andwhoseshapeitmusttakeandkeepthroughoutlife._H.Mansinherentgoodnessisrevealedbyh
14、iscountlessactsofheroism,unselfishnessandsacrifice.Reading FocusReading Focus Global Understanding_ of human natureA.Thebasicnatureofhumanbeingsdoesnotandcannotchange.B.Noonewisheshisnaturetochange.C.Humannatureisevertruetoitself,nottosystemsoffaithoreducation.D.Theconstancyofhumannatureisproverbial
15、.E.Humannaturecanbestudied,controlledanddirected.F.Mansspiritisperfect,onlythepersonalityandthephysicalbody BodyG.Mansmajestyandnobilityaretakenforgranted.Onlybehaviorsbecomeimperfect.deviatedfromthenormalattractattention.CharacteristicsConclusion_Reading FocusReading Focus Global Understandingonlye
16、ndeavortounderstandmanasheis.Humannaturedoesnotandcannotchange;wecanTask 2Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text.(P198)Key:1 2 3 4 5 26 7 8 ADCCDBBAReading FocusReading Focus Detailed InformationCritical ThinkingReading FocusThefollowingaretwosentencesfromt
17、hetext(P200):1.Theconstancyofhumannatureisproverbial,asnoonebelievesthatamancanfundamentallychangehisnature.2.Astudyofhistoryrevealsthatthepeoplewhowalkedthisearthinantiquityweremovedbythesamefundamentalforces,wereswayedbythesamepassions,andhadthesameaspirationsasthemenandwomenoftoday.Reading FocusC
18、ritical ThinkingStep One Interpretthesentencesinyourownwordsandtellyourpartnerwhetheryouagreewiththeauthorornot.Givespecificexamplestosupportyouropinions.Step TwoDiscussingroupsthefollowingquestions(P200):Reading FocusCritical Thinking1.Asfarasschoolsareconcerned,whatdoyouthinktheycandotomakehumanna
19、tureclosertoperfection?2.Accordingtotheauthor,wecantrytounderstandhumannature.Howdoyouthinkwecandothis?1.Eachmanseeshimselfasunique,andsofarasheisconcernedthehuboftheuniverse,differentfromanyotherindividual.(Para.3)Inthissentence,thestempartis“eachmanseeshimselfasuniqueandthehuboftheuniverse”.so/asf
20、arassb.beconcerned:intheopinionofsb.e.g.1)_(在美国人眼里在美国人眼里),a lot of our hotels are below average.2)_(在我看来在我看来),you can forget about it.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point As far as Americans are concernedAs far as Im concernedasfarassth.beconcernedorwheresth.isconcerned:underthecircumstancestha
21、tconcernsth.e.g.1)As far as traffic is concerned,there are no delays at the moment.2)Where work is concerned,I always try to do my best.翻译：翻译：每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他每个人都把自己看成是独特个体，而且，就他 而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。而言，他就是宇宙的中心，有别于其他任何人。Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 2.Apologies are in order when Mr.
22、Smith is mistaken for Mr.Jones.(Para.3)beinorder:1)beinasituationinwhicheverythingisconrolled,well-organisedorcorrectlyarrangede.g.(1)Please see that this room is in order when the visiors arrive.(2)I want you to arrange these in order,putting the largest first,then the next,and so on.2)tobeasuitabl
23、ethingtodoorsayonaparticularoccasione.g.(1)Is it in order to ask the speaker questions at the meeting?(2)At the end of a program,applause for the performers is in order.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 3)(anofficialdocument)tobelegalandcorrecte.g.(1)Is your immigration papers in order?(2)I
24、have examined the account books,and found them in order.4)Somethingonedoestobeallowedbytherulesinacommittee,courtparliamentetc.e.g.Is it in order for me to park my car outside the building?Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point mistakefor:towronglythinkthatsomeoneorsomethingissomeoneorsomethingel
25、see.g.1)A woman mistook him for a well-known actor,and asked him for his autograph.2)The doctor mistook the symptoms for blood poisoning.took/mistookformistake/takefor/tobetookfortakeforReading FocusReading Focus Language Point 辨析:mistakefor和take.for/tobe.I _ him _ his brother.They are extremely ali
26、ke.Did you _ the margarine _ butter?We _ him _ a coward,but we soon found out our mistake.Do you _ me _ a fool?3.No two people will ever draw the same conclusions from the same experiences,but each must interpret events and fit them into the mosaic of his own lifes pattern.(Para.4)fit into 1)to be p
27、art of a group or systeme.g.1)Most film locations broadly fit into two categories;those on private property and those in a public place.2)Unless the item is a very short one,I am afraid we can not fit it into the programme.2)to be accepted by the people in a group or organizatione.g.She fitted into
28、the team very well.翻译翻译:两个人从相同的经历中不会得出相同的结论，但是两两个人从相同的经历中不会得出相同的结论，但是两 个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的个人会各自分析这些事件并将它们融合到自己丰富的 生活模式中去。生活模式中去。Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 4.Humannatureisevertruetoitself,nottosystemsoffaithoreducation.(Para.4)Paraphrase:Humannatureisloyaltoitself,insteadoftoanysys
29、temsoffaithorexternalteachings.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 5.Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast at the time of its individualization.(Para.4)Paraphrase:Eachhumannaturestickstothecharacteristicsandlimitationsofthemoldwherethesoulisformedanddevelopsitsin
30、dividualities.辨析辨析 hold to vs.hold on toholdto:tobelieveorbehaveaccordingtoabelief,principle,promiseetc.holdonto:tokeepsomethingratherthanlosingit,sellingitorgivingittosomeoneelseReading FocusReading Focus Language Point Do you still _ your intention of going to Australia?Whatever your argument,I st
31、ill _ my decision.The soldiers _ the bridge for three more days.I think I will _ these old records for now.holdtoholdtoheldontoholdontoReading FocusReading Focus Language Point hold to vs.hold on to6.People know from experience that an individual who in one year displays knavish characteristics seld
32、om in the next becomes any different.Nor does a thief become a trustworthy employee,or a miser a philanthropist.Nor does a man change and become a liar,coward or traitor at fifty or sixty;if he is one then,he has been one ever since his character was formed.(Para.5)In this sentence group,negative wo
33、rds“seldom nor nor”connect three negative sentences.And sentences beginning with the negative word“nor”are partially inverted:Nordoesathiefbecomeatrustworthyemployee,oramiseraphilanthropist.Nordoesamanchangeandbecomealiar,cowardortraitor atfiftyorsixty;Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point Other
34、 negatives that require partial inversion when they begina sentence as an adverbial element include:neverseldomrarelynowherelittlebarelywhenscarcelywhennottillhardlywhen(before)nosoonerthanunder/innocircumstancesinnowayinnocaseonnoaccountbynomeansnotasingleworde.g.Rarely _(我看到过)such a beautiful suns
35、et.In no case _(你可以离开)the post.By no means_(应该让他单独呆着).No sooner _(他去睡觉)than the telephone rang once more.haveIseenareyoutoleaveshouldhebeleftalonehadhegonetosleepReading FocusReading Focus Language Point 代词代词 one 在这里替代的是上文提到的在这里替代的是上文提到的“a liar,coward or traitor”。One 当代词替代刚提到的可数名词的用法还有：当代词替代刚提到的可数名词
36、的用法还有：I want a photograph of you-would you give me one?My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday.The first question is one which Jason has anticipated.Notes:one 可以替代中心词为可数名词的名词短语，中心词为不可可以替代中心词为可数名词的名词短语，中心词为不可数名词的话，用数名词的话，用some 来代替。来代替。e.g.If you want a drink,Ill get you one.Shall I pass
37、 the butter?Or have you got some already?Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 当中心词为复数名词，前面无形容词等修饰语限定，只具有当中心词为复数名词，前面无形容词等修饰语限定，只具有泛指意义时，要用泛指意义时，要用some不能用不能用ones。e.g.If you like grapes,I will get you some.如果可数名词前面有形容词等修饰语限定，用如果可数名词前面有形容词等修饰语限定，用ones.e.g.At home in the United States his responses
38、 would have been normal ones.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 7.Thespiritisperfect,butwhenitinhabitshumanstructures,itparticipatesintheimperfectionsofthelatter;andduringitsassociationwithmattertakesonthemortalweaknesses,desiresandlimitations.(Para.7)“Thelatter”meansthesecondorthelastpeopleo
39、rthingsjustmentioned,hererefersto“humanstructure”.e.g.Of the two choices,I prefer the latter.Theformerthelatter:oftenusedtorefertothefirstandthesecondpeopleorthingsthatarejustmentioned e.g.Where unemployment and crime are high,it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.翻译：翻译：精神是完美的，但它栖居到
40、人类肉体结构中后，便参与其中，表现出后者的不完美。在它与物质的联系过程中呈现出凡人的弱点、欲望和局限。Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point takeon1)tobegintohaveaparticularqualityofappearancee.g.Her face took on a fierce expression.After the students put up christmas decorations,the classroom took on a holiday appearance.2)tostarttoemploysomeone
41、e.g.Is the supermarket taking on any more assistants?3)toagreetodoworkorberesponsibleforsomethinge.g.Dont take on too much work-the extra cash isnt worth it.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 8.Mansmajestyandnobilityaretakenforgranted,althoughhisfaultsandweaknessesareconstantlyparadedbeforeou
42、reyes.(Para.8)Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point Paraphrase:Humanbeingsareundoubtedlyseenasgreatandnoblebynature,althoughtheirbadbehaviorsoftenremindusthattheyareimperfectandhaveweaknesses.take sth./sb.for granted:1)toexpectthatsomeoneorsomethingwillalwaysbetherewhenyouneedthemandneverthinkho
43、wimportantorusefultheyaree.g.People took electricity for granted until their supply is cut off.She knew that she was in danger of taking him too much for granted.2)believethatsomethingistruewithoutmakingsuree.g.He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.Mr.Harper took for granted that t
44、he invitation included his wife.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point 9.Dailyonereadsofmensavingothersattheperiloftheirownlives.(Para.8)Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point ParaphraseEverydaypeoplereadfromnewspapersormagzinesofthestoriesofhowmensaveothersattheriskoflosingtheirownlives.thepe
45、rilofsth./doingsth.:adangerorprobleminaparticularactivityorsituatione.g.the perils of starring in a television commercial Does he understand the perils of mountain climbing?dosth.atonesperil:dosth.dangerousandthatcouldcauseproblemse.g.These regulations are made for your safety;if you disobey them,yo
46、u do so at your own peril.Reading FocusReading Focus Language Point Task 1Choose the answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence.(P201)Reading FocusReading Focus Vocabulary in Action Key:1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-ACBB C ABCACTask 2Form new words by combining affixes and the ro
47、ot words given in the box,then choose a word in its appropriate form to complete each of the sentences below.(P202)Reading FocusReading Focus Vocabulary in Action in-un-mis-de-im-tion -or -ible -ar -ee -ness dis-er -st -al -ly -ment -ially -ial -inal -ation -ist -ablepart_fold_selfish/selfish_perfec
48、temploy_proverb_refine_destr_crim_takealter_li_consider_trait_philanthrop_iallyununness imee ment uctibleialininalmisationarableorist Task 2Reading FocusReading Focus Vocabulary in Action 1.Thereislittlepointputtinga(n)_doorinaframethatwillrotin10years.2.Awoman_himforawell-knownactor,andaskedhimforh
49、isautograph.3.Intheirlessonsatschool,boysandgirlsmaylearnaboutsuchvirtuesas_,courage,disciplineandloveofonescountry.4.Democracy,nomatter_,isstillthebestmethodofgovernment.5.Maxwalkedpasther,withoutacknowledgingherpresencebytheslightest_inhisexpression.6.Whethersheisvictimor_remainsunknown.indestruct
50、ible mistookunselfishnessimperfectalterationtraitorReading FocusReading Focus Vocabulary in Action 7.A(n)_amountofresearchwasdoneherebyoursciencedepartment.8.Shemaybestupid,butshesnota(n)_.9.Weareamulti-nationalcorporationwith140,000_worldwide.10.Asthestory_,welearnmoreaboutMaxschildhood.11.Thenewth