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1、2020-2021学年高一英语外研版（2020）选择性必修第一册Unit5RevealingnatureSection导学讲义Unit 5Revealing nature 背景导学 你喜爱大自然吗?你对植物的世界了解吗?本文介绍了当多叶植物受到攻击时,它们不会坐以待毙,而是会释放出某种化学物质。这可能是对其他植物发出的一种预警信号,也可能是自我爱护的一种方式。When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,
2、reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,
3、 VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. Its a plants way of crying out. But is anyone listening?Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They
4、 pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations can help the neighbors. The damage is usuall
5、y more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists dont know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and
6、so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(密切的)than the world we can see and h
7、ear. Our senses are weak. Theres a whole lot going on. 当多叶植物受到攻击时,它不会坐以待毙。早在1983年,两位科学家杰克舒尔茨和伊恩鲍德温就在报告中说,被昆虫咬伤的小枫树会散发出一种邻近植物能感应到的特别气味。这些化学物质来自植物的受伤部位,好像是一个警报。植物通过空气排出来的是挥发性有机化合物的混合物,简称VOCs。科学家们发觉,全部种类的植物在受到攻击时都会释放出挥发性有机化合物。这是植物哭泣的一种方式。但是有人在听吗?明显有。因为我们可以看到“邻居”的反应。有些植物发出有臭味的化学物质以使昆虫远离它们。但也有些植物担当双倍的责任。
8、它们大量排出用来吸引对于攻击者来说是天敌的不同昆虫的香味。一旦它们到达,“餐桌”就会被反转,正享用午餐的攻击者现在变成别人的午餐了。一项又一项探讨之后,这些化学沟通看起来能够帮助它们的邻居。第一个被攻击的植物受到的损害通常较严峻,但四周的植物相对来说是更平安的,因为它们听到了警报,知道该怎么做。这是否意味着植物相互交谈?科学家们不知道。或许第一个植物只是因为难受哭了起来,或者正在向自己的枝条发送信息,所以,事实上是在跟自己说话。或许四周的植物只是碰巧“无意中听到”了哭泣,所以信息被交换。但这并不是一个真实的,有意识的信息来往。早在150多年前,查尔斯达尔文设想了一个比我们可以看到和听到的更加繁
9、忙、嘈杂和密切的世界。我们的知觉很弱,有相当多的事情正在发生。Section Starting out Understanding ideas .课标单词 1.单词拼法 sample /smp()l/n.样本 suspect /sspekt/v.猜想,怀疑,觉得 evolution /ivlu()n/n.进化(论) 2.依据英文释义选词填空 finchdisgraceancestorbeakseed beak:the hard pointed or curved outer part of a birds mouth finch:a small bird with a short strong
10、 beak disgrace:the loss of other peoples respect and approval because of the bad way sb. has behaved seed:the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new plant can grow ancestor:a person in your family who lived a long time ago 3.词汇拓展 distant /dstnt/adj.遥远的distance/dstns/n.距离 geologist /di
11、ldst/n.地质学家geology/dildi/n.地质学geological/dildkl/adj.地质(学)的 evolve /vlv/v.进化evolution/ivlu()n/n.演化;进化(论) generate/denret/v. 产生;创建generation/denren/n.(能源的)产生;一代人 .情境词块 1.answer the call响应号召 2.first choice最佳选择 3.be a disgrace是耻辱,是丢脸的事 4.lead to导致 5.of all time有史以来 6.in question探讨中的;不确定 7.be crowded wit
12、h充溢,满是 e to exist起先存在 9.at the same time同时 10.adapt to适应 11.inspire sb. to do sth.激励某人做某事 12.a variety of多种多样的 13.according to依据 14.be regarded as被看作 15.begin with以起先 .情境佳句 1. 句型公式 who引导的定语从句 教材原句 It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree. 尝试翻译 这个年轻人从医学院肄业。2. 句型公式
13、现在分词短语作后置定语 教材原句 Whats more, he had recently received a letter from his father predicting that he would be “a disgrace to yourself and all your family”. 尝试翻译 而且,在他刚收到的父亲的来信中,父亲预言他将会成为“自己和全家人的耻辱”。 3. 句型公式 形容词短语作状语 教材原句 The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascina
14、ted by rocks, plants and animals. 尝试翻译 我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯达尔文,他对岩石和动植物有着深厚的爱好。 4. 句型公式 so.that.引导结果状语从句 教材原句 But Darwins scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory. 尝试翻译 但是达尔文的科学探讨很有劝服力,以至于越来越多的人起先接受他的理论。 .文本理解 Step 1Reading for the main idea.
15、What is the main idea of the text? A.Introduce how On the Origin of Species was written. B.Tell why Charles Darwin travelled on the Beagle. C.Share who was Charles Darwin with readers. D.Introduce how a theory of evolution was discovered. 答案D Step 2Reading for the structure. Fill in the following bl
16、anks with proper words. Step 3Reading for the details. Choose the best answer according to the text. 1.When did Charles Darwin begin his journey of discovery? A.In 1831.B.In 1835. C.In 1836.D.In 1859. 答案A 2.What interested Darwin the most on the Galpagos Islands? A.Fishes.B.Birds.C.Forests.D.Islands
17、. 答案B 3.According to Darwin, how did new species of plants and animals come to exist? A.They came from the same place. B.They appeared on Earth together. C.They evolved from their ancestors. D.They often changed themselves. 答案C 4.What caused the theory of evolution to appear? A.Darwins journey on th
18、e Beagle. B.The writing of On the Origin of Species. C.The remarks from Darwins father. D.The captain of the ship, the Beagle. 答案A .难句突破 1.图解难句 自我分析这是一个主从复合句,其中who引导定语从句,主句部分为主谓宾结构,the Beagle是the ship的同位语,过去分词短语yet little known是后置定语,修饰countries。 尝试翻译贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员,这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。2.
19、图解难句 自我分析这是一个并列复合句,第一分句中When引导时间状语从句;其次分句为强调句,强调主语。尝试翻译1835年,当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛时,达尔文发觉了各种各样的新物种,但最令他感爱好的是鸟类。 .文本复述 Step 1Question Answering 依据课文内容回答下列问题。 1.How and when did Charles Darwin go aboard on the Beagle? Charles Darwin answered the call of the captain of the ship, the Beagle, and in 1831 he lef
20、t England on the ship. 2.What did the journey give him? The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. 3.On the Galpagos Islands in 1835, what interested him the most? When the Beagle reached the Galpagos Islands, the birds interested him the most. 4.By
21、 studying, what was the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist? They evolved from earlier ancestors. 5.What was put forward by Darwin? He put forward a theory of evolution. 6.When was his book On the Origin of Species published? It was not published until 1859 and immediately
22、caused a storm. Step 2Text Retelling 将以上句子连成一篇语言流畅、用词精确、逻辑严密的60词左右的短文。Charles Darwin answered the call of the captain of the ship, the Beagle, and in 1831 he left England on the ship. The journey gave him the chance to study various living things in their natural environments. When the Beagle reache
23、d the Galpagos Islands, the birds interested him the most. By studying, he got the answer to how new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors. Later, he put forward a theory of evolution. His book On the Origin of Species was not published until 1859 and immed
24、iately caused a storm. 板块一语言学问 1.The captain of the ship, the Beagle, wanted someone who would “profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”.贝格尔号的船长想要招募这样一名船员,这名船员将能“借此机会访问遥远而鲜为人知的国家并从中受益”。(教材P50) Paraphrase: The captain of the ship, the Beagle, needed someone who would
25、benefit from the chance to visit countries that were far away and unknown. 语言点1 distant adj.遥远的;远亲的;疏远的 情境探究 It was difficult to get to know her because she always kept everyone at a distance. 很难去了解她,因为她总是与每个人保持距离。Shes always very distant and cold, so I have to keep her at a distance. 她总是很冷淡和疏远,所以我不
26、得不与她保持距离。The picture where a girl is staring at the mountain in the distance looks more beautiful at a distance. 那幅一个女孩凝视远山的画,从远处看会更美丽。归纳拓展 distance n.距离 in the distance在远处 at a distance隔一段距离;从远处 at a distance of.在远的地方 keep sb. at a distance与某人保持距离 keep ones distance from.与保持距离,疏远 学以致用 (1)单句填空 He wa
27、nted to get away from everything, so he moved to a distant (distance) land. Travelers should not feed the wild animals in a close distance because they may attack people. The railway station is at a distance of two miles from our school. (2)单句写作 往更远处看,我可以观赏白雪皑皑的群山。Farther in the distance, I could en
28、joy the view of snowy mountains. 2.The person who answered the call was not the captains first choice.来应聘的人并不是船长心中的志向人选。(教材P50) 语言点2 answer the call响应号召 情境探究 I cant answer the telephone. I am having a bath. 我不能接电话,我正在洗澡。You will have to answer for your behaviour one day. 总有一天你要为你的行为担当责任。I wish I kne
29、w the answer to your question. 但愿我知道你的问题的答案。I dont quite know what to say in answer to your question. 我不太清晰如何回答你的问题。归纳拓展 (1)answer v.答复;回答;应答;适合;符合 answer to sb.(for sth.)向某人(为某事)负责 (2)answer n.回答;答案;回应;足以媲美的人 the answer to.的答案(to为介词) in answer to回答,应答,响应 温馨提示 answer for后可接名词或代词,一般不接 that 从句,若要接这类从句
30、,通常应先接it作形式宾语。学以致用 (1)单句填空 The answer to this question is now under exploration. Knowing her well, I can certainly answer for her honesty. The doctor came at once in answer to our telephone call. (2)单句写作 我不能保证他是诚恳的。I cant answer for his honesty. 3.Despite all this, his adventures on this ship would
31、lead to one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time.尽管如此,他的这次乘船探险之旅将带来有史以来最重要的一项科学发觉。(教材P50) 语言点3 of all time 有史以来 情境探究 At one time I used to go skiing every winter. 曾经有一段时间,我每年冬天都去滑雪。She ran up the stairs two at a time. 她一步两阶地跑上楼梯。He finished off two bowls of noodles in no time. 他很
32、快就吃完了两碗面条。The letter was in my pocket all the time. 这封信始终在我的口袋里。At no time could I have said such a thing. 我决不会讲出这种话。归纳拓展 all the time始终at a time依次;每次 at all times总是at one time曾经,一度 on time准时in no time立即 in time刚好 at no time永不;在任何时候都不(该短语位于句首时,句子要用部分倒装) from time to time有时,间或,间或 学以致用 (1)单句填空 We shal
33、l be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes, exactly on time. The worst tornado of all time occurred in 1925, affecting three US states: Missouri, Illinois and Indiana. Keep your head up, and look around you from time to time. (2)一句多译 在任何时候你都不应当放弃读书。At no time should you give up studying. You should no
34、t give up studying at any time. 4.The young man in question, Charles Darwin, was a geologist and naturalist, fascinated by rocks, plants and animals.我们提到的这个年轻人就是地质学家和博物学家查尔斯达尔文,他对岩石和动植物有着深厚的爱好。(教材P50) 语言点4 in question探讨中的;有疑问;不确定 情境探究 The lady in question is not in the office now. 谈到的那位女士现在没在办公室。Chi
35、ldrens lives are in danger every time they cross this road. 孩子们每次过这条公路都面临着生命危急。We must try to live in peace and harmony with ourselves and those around us. 我们必需努力和我们自己及四周的人和谐相处。We looked at each other in silence. 我们相顾无言。Even though you are in power, you cant just do whatever you want. 即使你当权, 你也不能为所欲
36、为。归纳拓展 “in+名词”短语,in 表示“(目前状态、形势)处于中”。in danger处于危急中in debt负债 in doubt怀疑 in peace和平地;安静地 in silence缄默地in power当权 in surprise惊异地in trouble处于麻烦中 学以致用 (1)单句填空 The dam was in danger because of the rising flood. The existence of global warming is in question. (2)单句写作 我总是很怀疑他对这个问题的说明。Im rather in doubt abo
37、ut his explanation for this question. 5.After Darwin had spent some time in South America, his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected. 在南美洲度过一段时间后,他的船舱里堆满了收集到的动植物样本。(教材P51) 语言点5 be crowded with 充溢;挤满 情境探究 The band played and the crowd cheered. 乐队表演,观众欢呼。
38、Thousands of people have crowded into the small town. 成千上万的人涌入了这个小镇。I easily spotted him in the crowd because he was very tall. 因为他个子特别高,所以我在人群中很简单就认出了他。归纳拓展 (1)be crowded with=be filled with=be full of挤满 (2)crowd n.人群 a crowd of一群 crowds of成群的 (3)crowd v.聚集,拥挤 crowd into涌入 学以致用 (1)单句填空 Hotels are f
39、ully booked and the narrow streets are crowded with wonderful customers. He lost his wallet yesterday when he was in a crowded (crowd) bus. (2)单句写作 这家餐馆在用餐时间总是客满。The restaurant is always crowded with customers at meal times. 6.As he studied these, he asked himself the question: how did different spe
40、cies come to exist?当他探讨这些样本时,他产生了疑问:这些不同的物种是如何产生的?(教材P51) 语言点6 come to exist 起先存在 情境探究 Nothing exists on the moon as there is no water and no air. 月球上没有东西生存,因为没有水和空气。No one knows when such a custom first came into existence. 没有人知道这种风俗是什么时候起先有的。Do you believe in the existence of ghosts? Perhaps they
41、only exist in the minds of some people. 你信任鬼魂的存在吗?或许它们只存在于一些人的想象中。Steven wrote him a note asking him to come to his apartment. 斯蒂芬给他写了张便条,请他去自己的公寓。归纳拓展 (1)exist vi.存在;生存;生活 exist in存在于 exist on依靠生存,依靠生活 (2)existence n.存在;生存 come into existence起先存在;产生;成立 in existence现存的;现有的 (3)come to 醒悟;到达;共计;被想起;谈到
42、 误区警示 exist是不及物动词,不用于被动语态,通常不用进行时。 学以致用 (1)赏句猜义 I never expected those few items to come to so much. 共计 When he came to and raised his head he saw Barney. 醒悟 Im beyond my depth when it comes to natural sciences. 谈到 (2)单句填空 They cant exist on the money hes earned. This house has been in existence (ex
43、ist) for many years. 7.Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments?或许动物在适应不断改变的环境时进化了?(教材P51) 语言点7 adapt to 适应 情境探究 It was the culture, rather than the language, that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad. 是文化而不是语言使得他很难适应国外的新环境。 The author is going to a
44、dapt his novel for TV series. 这位作者准备把他的小说改编成电视剧。This TV play was adapted from a historical novel. 这部电视剧改编自一部历史小说。The adaptation of the play for a radio manuscript was easy. 把剧本改编成广播稿很简单。归纳拓展 (1)adapt v.(使)适应 adapt (oneself) to使(某人自己)适应 (2)adapt v.改编 adapt from依据改编 adapt.for.把改编(改装)为 (3)adaptation n.
45、适应;改编;改编的作品 (4)adaptable adj.可适应的;有适应实力的 易混辨析 adopt采纳,接受;收养;正式通过 adapt改写;改编;适应;适合 词汇助记 The young couple had no children of their own and adopted a boy after the earthquake. After a few months, the boy came to adapt himself to the life in the new home.这对年轻夫妻没有他们自己的孩子,在地震后收养了一个男孩。几个月后,这个男孩适应了新家庭的生活。学以
46、致用 (1)单句填空 Three of her novels have been adapted for television. This new film is said to be adapted from a novel by Jane Austen. The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change. (2)单句写作 随着时间的推移,我渐渐适应了学校的生活。As time went by, I gradually adapted myself to the school
47、 life. 8.When the Beagle reached the Galpagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most.1835年,当贝格尔号抵达加拉帕戈斯群岛时,达尔文发觉了各种各样的新物种,但最令他感爱好的是鸟类。(教材P51) 语言点8 a variety of 各种各样的 情境探究 Some experts believe that the two language varieties are moving
48、closer and closer. 一些专家认为这两种语言变体正越来越接近。A wide variety of flowers were on show in the street. 街上展出了各种各样的花。I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer. 供应的菜肴之丰富让我印象深刻。Opinions on this matter vary from person to person.对于这件事,人们看法不一。The menu varies with the season. 菜单随季节而变动。归纳拓展 (1)variety n.种类;变体,变种;改变,多样化 the variety of.的种类 a (wide) variety of./varieties of.各种各样的 (2)vary v.相异;变更 var