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1、第02讲 语音知识+听力测试国际音标一、语音知识1 .英语共有48个音素，分为元音和辅音两大类。元音有20个，分为单元音和 双 元音。辅 音有28个，按声带振动情况分为浊辅音和清辅音。英语音素中半元音音素是/w/和/j/,鼻 音是 /m/ /n/、/n/o26个字母中有5个元音字母，分别为:a, e, i, o, u ,音标为ei i: ai eu Uu:o 一个半元音字母是y。元音字母在重读开音节中发字母的名称音，在重读闭音节中发 短音。二、国际音标兀音音标元音音标指发音时不受到发音器官的阻碍发出的声音，国际音标里，元音音标共20个：元音（20个）单兀音前元音/i： / /i / Id中元音
2、 /3 ： /。/ /A /后元音 /u： /u/ / ： /0/ /a: /双元音开合 双元音 /ei /ai / i / /au / /au /集中 双元音/i。/eg/ /u。/元音音标中单元音按发音时舌头位置的不同分为前元音、中元音和后元音，辅助音按发音时 口型的变化分为合双元音和集中双元音，如上表所示。元音（20个）单元音长元音 /i： / /u： /a：/ ：/3 ：/短元音/I / /u / /A / /D / 0Id/ae/双元音合口双元音/al / /el/ I/au /qu /集中双元音/l。/e3 /u。/兀音音标中单兀音按发音时音音长短的不同分为长兀音、短兀音，长兀音音
3、标符号包括 号，如上表所示。元音音标表单元音：/i:/、 /i/、 /3 :、/、 / :/ /0/ /u:/、/u/、 /a:/、/a /、/e/A. A parking place.B. A big store.42. What did the speaker find in the basket?A. A wallet.B. A mobile phone.43. What information did the speaker get about the woman?A. Her workplace.B. Her phone number.44. What did the woman o
4、ffer to the speaker?A. A postcard.B. A job.C, A womans house.C. A letter.C , Her home address.C. A meal.双元音：/ei /、 /ai /、 / i /、 /au/、/ou/、 /i。/、 /e。、/u。/ 注意，元音也可以分为：1)长元音：/a:/ / :/u:/ /i:/o:/2)短元音：/ A / /d / /o/ /i / /u/ /e/ /ae/10 对清浊辅音:清辅音：p t k f 0 s tr ts f tj 浊辅音：b d g v 口 z dr dz d其他辅音:清辅音:h浊
5、辅音：j20个元音音标发音单词例如1) /i： / sea, he, see, piece, ceiling/l / sit, build, miss, myth2) /e/ bed, desk, head/ae/ bad, land, bank, stamp (a 和 e 中间是连起来的)3) /a:/ car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt/D / hot, want4) / :/ door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught/u:/ good, who, blue, soup,5)
6、 /u / look, put, women, could/a / cup, come, blood, rough11)/3 :/ girl, work, serve, nurse0 cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 双元音8个如下：12) /ei / cake, they, play, eight, great/al / bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye13) /ou / phone, cold, boat, soul, grow/au /
7、 house, town17)/0 1 / boy, oil/i g/ dear, idea, deer, here, fierce18) /e?/ pear, care, there, fair/u o/ tour, poor辅音音标发音单词例如/p/ pay,put,cup,open,panda1) /b/ bread,club,lab,rabbit,garbage/t/ talk,taxi,tell,kitty,night2) /d/ duck,deep,dog,card,bed/k/ key,cold ,card,desk,cup,cat3) /g/ eagle,egg,lag,dig
8、,glass/f7 fish,finger,face,floor,frog4) /v/ very,dove,ever,leave,invite/s/ sit,say,sky,face,bus5) /z/ zebra,zoo,zero,seize/J / ship,sheep,fish,clash,shirt6) /3 / visual,version,vision,leisure/d3 / jar,jam,July,angel,cage14) /0/ south,path,mouth,math,path/d/ they,those,other,teethe15) /ts/ cats,boats
9、,meets,gifts/dz/ beds,cards,rides,friends16) /tr/ trade,trill,metric,tree/dr/ drink,dress,dream,draw17) /h/ home,hello,hand,happy/r/ rain,read,red,grass18) /I/ line,like,alive,meal,pool/m/ mud,move,swim,smart,animal19) /n/ no,winner,ant,brain/ ink,bank,sing,spring,pink20) /w/ swan,with,what,white,wo
10、rk/j/ yak,youth,yell,billion,unit三、读音方法在学习字母在单词中的读音时有三种方法：第一种：去尾法，有九个，b、d c、p t v、z、j、ko比方:能根据读音把b分成两个音标 /b/i/,去尾顾名思义，就是把最后一个音去掉，第一个音，就是在单词中的发音；第二种：掐头法，有六个，f、1 m、n、s、Xo比方f能根据读音把f分成两个音标/e/、/f/,把第一个音去掉就是在单词中发音；第三种：比照法，就是把字母在单词中的发音和在汉语拼音中的发音比照，有五个:g、h、y、 w、ro我们可以发现，这五个音和拼音中的音很相似，所以可以这样记。拼读规那么一、音节及音节的划分
11、1 .音节的定义：音节由音素组合而成。一个元音加上一个或几个辅音即可构成一个音节，一个元音也能构成 一个音节。某些辅音也能与其他辅音构成音节。2 .音节构成A:一个元音和一个或多个辅音可以构成一个音节，如:be/bi:/; big/bl g/B: 一个元音可以构成音节,如about/* /o bau t/, I /al /C:成音节即由辅音和成节音,/mA /n/, /n/构成的音节,如：button/ bA tn/3.音节的分类A:开音节：指以发音的元音字母结尾的音节或元辅e结构。如：go/gou /; photo / fbu tou /; cake /kei k/; like/lai k/
12、B:闭音节：以辅音字母结尾(r,w,v除外)，同时只有一个元音音素的音节，如:bag/bg/; stop /stD p/C: r音节：即ar /a/; er /o /; ir/o /; or/o /; ur /o/在非重读音节中一般发短音/0/.音节的划分口诀：一在后，二分手一在后：如果两个元音中有一个辅音，那么把这个辅音的发音划到后面。二分手：如果两个元音中有两个辅音，那么平分这两个辅音的发音，前后各一个。一般来说，一个单词的发音元音的总数决定了这个单词所包含的音节数目，也就是说有几个 元音音素就有几个音节，如一个音节:I; a; six; girl; one; how 两个音节：fa/th
13、er; re/move; peo/ple; ri/ver; rea/dy三个音节：cen/tu/ry; vi/ta/min; cer/tain/ly4 .不同音节中元音字母的发音(1)在闭音节中的元音字母一般发短元音，如：a/se/cat;e/e/bed;i/I/big;o/D /dog;u/a /bus在开音节中的元音字母一般发字母的名称音绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾。如:she/Ji/; hi/hai /相对开音节:元辅 e 结构。如:lake/le工 k/;like/lai k/; coke/kouk/二、不完全爆破音与浊化.不完全爆破音(incomplete plosion)带有不
14、完全爆破音的词或句子，听起来好像有些音被吞掉，但实际上并未完全被吞掉。当两 个辅音相邻时前面的辅音由于受后面辅音的影响，在发音时只需要作出这个音的口形，但不 需要把音发出来。这种要发而又不发出来的音就是我们所说的不完全爆破音，这种发音现象 叫做失去爆破。爆破音/p/b/t/d/k/g/.两个或两个以上的爆破音相连，只爆破最后一个爆破音，其他爆破音只需要作出口形即 可。如：act;two.爆破音后跟破擦音时，爆破音失去爆破。如pi(c)ture; tha(t) judge(1) .爆破音后跟摩擦音时只需做出口形，不爆破。如：brea(k)fast.爆破音后跟鼻音时，爆破音亦不爆破。如:goo(d
15、) morning1 .浊化(soft)浊化就是把清辅音发成与其相应的浊辅音。一般情况下，在音节开头如果有两个在一起的清 辅音，那么第二个清辅音就要浊化，即发成浊辅音。常见的有:/sp/sb /如:sport;/st/sd/ 如:stair;/sk/sg / 如:sky; scarf; school.连读(liaison)在英语的实际运用中，人们常将属于同一意群的词连在一起，一口气说出来。意群中词与词 之间不留空隙，这种读法叫连读。如：NotAatAall. Please takeAa lookAatAit. I findAa book inAit.(book 与 in 分别在两个不同的意群中
16、故 中不连读。三、重音、语调与节奏.重音(stress)。)单重音英语的每个词，至少有一个音节读得特别重而清楚，而其他的音节那么轻而含糊。读得重而清 楚的音节，叫做单词重音，又叫重读音节。读得轻而含糊的音节，叫做非重读音节或轻读音 节。如：interesting; dictionary; relay; forget; enough; dislike(2)句子重音实词如名词、实意动词、形容词、副词等，一般需重读，但在倒装句中实意动词要轻读。 如：She always 9made her class interestingUnder the tree stood an old man.代词以及虚词
17、如冠词、连词、介词等往往不重读，但作表语的介词短语中的介词需重读。 如：The ball is under the chair.Which grade are you in?1 .语调(intonation)英语语调，即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。(1)降调:主要用于陈述句、祈使句、特殊疑问句、感叹句句末，表示肯定、明确或意思表达 完整。如：Please open the door. What a fine day! I 升调:主要用于疑问句或表示请求的句子末尾，表示不太肯定、亲切和意思未完。如：Would you like a cup of tea?
18、IDo you often go to school by bike?(3)降升调先升后除常用于选择疑问句中或列举时。如:Is your friend a boy or a girl? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? There are eggplants, cucumbers, tomatoes and potatoes in the market.先降后升:常用于补充说明或反意疑问句中。如：We have to hurry up, Im afraid.He hasnt booked the room, has he? i .节奏(the rhythm
19、)读长句时，需要注意在意群之间换气，稍作停顿，而一个意群内部不可停顿，以便意思保持 完整。如：Our English teacher/told us/an interesting story.He and his brother/have already finished/doing their homework.父检测训练一、短对话1. What does the man like about the movie?A. Its funny plot.B. Its music.2. How much is a concert ticket for a child?A. $2.B. $4.3.
20、What does the woman suggest doing first?A. Having breakfast.B. Buying the medicine.4. What will Sam do tonight?A. Attend a party.B. Fly to Tokyo.5. Where is the man probably going now?A. A gift shop.B. His brothers house.6. What does the man say about the new film star?A. He is popular with young pe
21、ople.C. He is a good actor.7. What is the picture about?A. A city.B. A farm.C. Its actors.C. $8.C. Traveling to the town.C. Have a meeting.C. The Childrens Center.B. He is not handsome.C. A pet.8. How will the man go to park?A. By bus.B. By car.9. What is the woman doing now?A. Having a meeting.B. H
22、aving a meal.10. How does the man help the woman?A. By filling out the form for her.B. By telling her his personal information.C. By reading the information on the form.11. What are the speakers talking about?A. What the mans hobby is.B. Whether the man learned drawing.C. When the man went to high s
23、chool.【答案】A【原文】W: Tell me, what do you enjoy doing in your spare time?M: I enjoy drawing.W: I didnt know you could draw.M: I learned back in high school.12. When will the man arrive at the party?A. At 7:30.B. At 8:00.13. What is the relationship between the speakers?A. Teacher and student.B. Doctor
24、and patient.14. What is the woman going to do?A. Pay for the shoes.B. Go to the shoe shop.C. Borrow money from the man.15. Who is the girl talking to?A. Her dentist.B. The police.16. What will the man do next?A. Go to the movies.B. Keep on studying.17. What does the man usually do on Sunday afternoo
25、ns?A. He goes shopping.B. He works in the garden.C , He reads the newspaper.C. On foot.C. Working.C. At 8:30.C. Classmates.C. A guide.C. Check out some books.18. When will the match begin according to the man?A. At 2:30.B. At 3:00.19. What does the man like to drink?A. Tea.B. Coffee.20. How did the
26、speakers go to France?A. By train.B. By air.21. What does the woman want to borrow now?A. The dictionary.B. The eraser.22. Why does the woman call Jack?A. To ask him to close the window.B. To make a complaint.C. To get her notebook back.23. What does the woman mean?A. Matt might see the strong mouse
27、.B. Matt might know how to get more cheese.C. Matt might have eaten the cheese.24. How does the man probably feel now?A. Satisfied.B. Nervous.25. . What was the womans worry in her dream?A. Failing to finish the homework.C. At4:00.C. Water.C. By car.C. The scissors.C. Disappointed.B. Being late for
28、school.C. Her being laughed at.26. Why does the woman want to design the school uniforms?A. To make money.B. To wear what they like.C. To satisfy the schooPs need.27. What does the man mean?A. The question is not very clear.B. The woman is late for class again.C. The paper cant be put off to hand in
29、.28. What dictionaries can be used by students?A. English-English dictionaries.B. English-Chinese dictionaries.C. Oxford English dictionaries.29. What can we learn from the conversation?A. The students like school uniforms.B. The students want to wear their own clothes.C. The school rules will be ch
30、anged soon.30. What do we know about Peter?A. He isnt talkative.B. He studied very hard. C. He failed to get into college.二、长对话听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。31. Why does the man thank the woman?A. She offered him a jobB. She told him information on a job. C. She helped him withthe interview.32. What does the wom
31、an advise the man to do?A , Go out to celebrate. B. Take the job seriously. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。33. Whafs the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Friends.B. Neighbors.34. How will Bill and Mary go home?A. By bus.B. By taxi.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。35. What is the probable relationship between the spe
32、akers?A. Husband and wife.B. Boss and secretary.36. What do the speakers plan to do?A. See Martin.B. Have a car fixed.37. When will the speakers go to a car shop?A. This Saturday.B. This Sunday.听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。38. What is BilPs attitude toward his exam result?A, Greatly excited.B. A bit dissatisfie
33、d.39. What does the woman suggest Bill do?A. Be hard on himself.B. Go out for dinner.40. How soon will the speakers leave home?A. In about 15 minutes.B. In about 30 minutes.C. Rebuild his confidence.C. Customer and waitress.C. By subway.C. Salesman and customer.C. Buy a car.C. Next Sunday.C. Terribly disappointed.C. Go shopping with her.C. In about 45 minutes.三、短文 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。41. What is Big Lots?