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1、第04讲五种简单句型与句子种类句子是包含主语和谓语局部的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一个比拟完整 的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问号或叹号。五种基本句型结构一、句型1： Subject （主语）+ Vi （谓语）这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。 常见的动词有： work, sing, swim, fishjump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。 如： 1） Li Ming works very hard.2）Spring is coming.补
2、充：少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根 上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语。常见的能带同源宾语的动 词有 lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing 等。 如:1） Under the leadership of the Party we lead a happy life.2） I dreamed a terrible dream last night.3） Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight ag
3、ainst the floods last August.4） He died a glorious death.二、句型 2： Subject （主语）+ Link. V（系动词）+ Predicate俵语）这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为以下两类：（1）表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep 等。如：1） This kind of food tastes delicious.2） He looked worried just now.（2）表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get,
4、 grow, go等。如：1） Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.2） The tree has grown much taller than before.三、句型3： Subject（主语）+ Vt（谓语）+ Object （宾语）这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词，所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾 语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1） He took his bag and left.（名词）Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.（代词
5、）2） She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）He managed to escape suffering from the disease.（动名词）3） I dont know what I should do next.（从句）注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。如：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, grow, beat, operate, smell, play, hang,
6、 ring, speak 等。如：Everybody, our game begins.Lets begin our game.四、句型 4： Subject 住语）+Vt （谓语）+ Indirect object （间接宾语）+Direct object （直接 宾语）这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常 常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影 响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承当。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring,
7、 send 等。如：1） Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.2） The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：A.动词+直接宾语+ for sb.； B.动词+直接宾语+ to sb.o 上述句子还可以表达为：1） Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2） The old man a
8、lways tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型 5： Subject （主语）+Vt （动词）+Object （宾语）+Complement （补语）这种句型中的“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、 说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容 词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1） You should keep the room clean and tidy. 容词）We made him our monitor
9、.（名词）2） His father told him not to play in the street.（不定式）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.（现在分词）3） Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.（过去分词）We went to her house but found her out.（副词）4） I found him in trouble.（介词短语） 常见的动词有：tell, ask, advise, help, want, would li
10、ke, order, force, allow 等。注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时， 不带to。如：1） The boss made him do the work all day.2） I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.句子种类（句子种类有两种划分）（一）按照句子的功能，简单句可分为4类：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，和感叹句。一、陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法。1 .肯定式：主语+谓语+I came here
11、 last night.我是昨晚到这儿的。The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。We have many friends.我们有很多朋友。Zhang Hong likes dancing.张红喜欢跳舞。2 .否认式：如果句子的谓语动词是be / have或有助动词和情态动词，在它们之后加not构 成否认式。China is not a developed country.中国不是一个兴旺国家。He hasnt been to Hangzhou.他没去过杭州。We cant live without air.没有空气，我们就不能生存。They will n
12、ot （wont） go there.他们将不去那里。如果句子的谓语是行为动词，而又没有助动词或情态动词时，在谓语动词前加助动词do（第 三人称单数用does,过去式用did）再加not构成否认式。I dont want to go. 他不想去。He doesn 一般疑问句用yes或no来回答的疑问句。 Are you from England?你是英格兰人吗？ Do you speak English? 你讲英语吗？Will you be free tomorrow? 你明天有空吗？ 2.特殊疑问句用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用yes或no回答。Whose bike is the ne
13、west? 谁的自行车最新？ Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语？ Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁？ When will the meeting begin? 会议将在什么时候开始？ Why didnt you tell me earlier? 你为什么不早点告诉我呢？ 3.选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上的情况让对方选择。三.祈使句表示命令，请求或建议，主语通常省略说话对象是第二人称时，主语you一般省略。肯定式：谓语是动词原形（+宾语）否认式:Dorf t/N e ver+动词原形+例如：Be quiet, please.请安静Pleas
14、e come in. 请进Dont be afraid.别害怕说话对象式第一第三人称时,用“Let+宾语+动词原形”,否认式用“Let+宾语+not+动词原形”， 含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.2.并歹（J 句 Compound Sentences包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。t like English.他不喜欢英语。She didnt go to the party
15、 last night.昨晚她没有去参加晚会。二、疑问句英语中的疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。 选择疑问句由“一般疑问句+ or+一般疑问句”构成，其中后一个问句中与前一个句中的相同 局部被省略。不用yes或no回答，要用完整的句子回答。Is Kate5s hair long or short? It long.凯特的头发是长还是短？是长的。Shall we go by bus or walk? By bus.我们是乘车去还是步行呢？乘车去4.反意疑问句前一局部陈述一件事实，后一局部对前面的陈述提出相反的疑问。即前 一局部如果是肯定结构，后一局部用否认结构;如果前一
16、局部是否认结构，后一局部用肯定 结构。You are from England, arent you?你是英格兰人，对吗？He can swim, cant he ?他会游泳，对吗?Jim will go to England, wont he?吉姆将去英国，是吗？Tom tells you about it, doesnt he?汤姆告诉你那件事的，对吗？Jenny didnt come to school yesterday, did she? 珍妮昨天没来上学，对吗？They havent been to the Great Wall, have they? 他们没有去过万里长城，是吗？
17、Ifs not very cold today, is it? 今天天气不很冷，是吗？Exercises:1. The teacher had a word with you,?A. didnt he B. hadnt he C. didnt have he D. did not heYou wont take back what you said,?A. didnt you B. will you C. arent you D. were youLefs go to watch the football match,?A. do we B. dont we C. shall we D. wi
18、ll youYour family has no colour TV set,?A. hasnt it B. doesnt it C. is it D. does itMiss Liu doesnt like dancing, does she? A. No, she does B. No, she do C. Yes, she does D. Yes, she isThere9s something wrong with the radio, ?A. hasnt there B. doesnt there C. isnt there D. is there也可以“Dont +let +宾语+
19、动词原形例如：Lets go to school.我们去上学吧Let him not come in.=Don,t let him come in.别让他进来四.感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情感叹句有what和how开头的两种形式。What修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词, 句末用感叹号。例如：1. What+ （a） + 名词！What fun!多么有趣What+ （a） +形容词+名词主语+谓语！What a beautiful picture it is !这是多么美的一幅画啊！口语中，常省略主语和谓语。例如：What a good idea!多好的主意啊！2. How+形容词/副词
20、+主语+谓语！How interesting the film is!这电影真有趣！3. How+主语+谓语！How she works!她工作多努力啊！How I wanted to see you!我多么想见到你啊!Exercises:1. clever boy he is!A. How B. What C. How a D. What abeautiful the Darning Lake looks!A. What a B. How C. What D. How a, wonderful film it is !A. What B.How C. What a D. Sohappy li
21、fe we are living today !A. What B. What a C. How D. How aall these dustmen are working!A. How hard B. What hard C. How hardly D. What hardly（二）英语句子按结构可分为三类：简单句，并列句和复合句：L简单句 Simple Sentencese.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.3.复合句 Complex Sentences包含一个主句和一个从
22、句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用附属连词引导。定语 从句，状语从句，名词性从句都是复合句。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.学检测训练一、写出以下句子是什么简单句型。1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with youAll of us considered him honest.3. My grandfather bought me a pair of
23、 sports shoes.4. He broke a piece of glass.5. He made it clear that he would leave the city.6. At last he got home, tired and hungry.7. Trees turn green when spring comes.8. They pushed the door open.9. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.10. He wrote carefully some letters to his friend
24、s.11. All the students think highly of his teachingWe need a place twice larger than this one.12. He asked us to sing an English song.13. Dont get nervous. Help yourself to what you like.二、划分以下简单句的成分，并写出是什么句型。1. All my efforts will pay off.2. Senior high school is a time of learning and discovering.
25、3. All roads lead to Rome.4. Jack offered me some helpful advice.5. Setting goals makes you more confident.6. Teenagers9 physical changes may result in such family tensions.7. Modern technology has allowed rich people to accumulate wealth more easily.8. Population growth remains a serious problem in Bangladesh.三、用所学简单句句型翻译以下句子。1 .这个提议听起来很棒！（主+系+表）.天气很重要。（主+谓+状）2 .下周六我们将举办一场英语演讲比赛。（主+谓+宾+状）.全球气候一直在变化。（主+谓）3 .很多父母觉得和他们的孩子们经常沟通是很困难的。（find+形式宾语+宾补）.我无法想象没有互联网的生活。（主+谓+宾）4 .互联网有助于我们与我们的朋友保持联系。（主+谓+宾+宾补）.太阳给了我们光和热。（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语）