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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 中考基础学问（JUNIOR BOOK II 下）一学问网络【重点内容概要】1应答与邀请2简洁句的五种基本句型3情态动词 can, may,must 的用法4When,before,after 等连词引导的时间状语从句和 5Have to 的用法 6系动词 7不定式作宾语的用法 8不定代词的用法 9表示容量的词和食品名称连用,以说明食品的数量if 引导的条件状语从句10交际项目： 1）问路和指路2）禁止和警告3）看病11懂得并运用并列句 12形容词和副词的比较级,以及它们之间等级的转换 13冠词的用法 14过去进行时用法 15表示庆贺、希望、劝说
2、和建议的交际用语,以及表示“ 确信” 的基本句型 常考题型：挑选题、句型转换及用所给词的适当形式填空【句型、词组精讲】1. Could you ask him to call me, please. 请你让他给我回电话好吗？ask sb. to do sth. 请某人做某事,ask sb. not to do sth.请某人不要做某事；不定式在句中作宾语补足语；适用于该句型的动词仍有 want, tell, like, would like, teach 等；如： The teacher asked Sam not to be late. 老师叫萨姆不要迟到；Liu Ying told me
3、to wait for her at home. 刘英让我在家里等她；Mr. Zhang often teaches his Japanese friends to cook Chinese food. 张先生常常教他的日本伴侣做中国菜；2. But there were not enough people to pick them. 但是他们没有足够多的人来摘苹果；enough 在此是形容词,意为“ 足够的”词之后；,它修饰名词时,通常放在名词之前,有时放在名enough 作副词修饰形容词和副词时,放在它们的后面；如：The boy is old enough to go to school
4、. 这个男孩到了上学的年龄了；He didn t run fast enough to catch the bus. 他跑的不够快,没有赶上公共汽车；3. They needed to climb up the trees with ladders. 他们需要梯子来爬上树；need 在本句中为实义动词,其后可接不定式或名词；如：He needs to see a doctor. 他需要去看医生；We need some more water. Could you get some for us. 吗？climb up 意为“ 爬上”,up 在此为介词；如：Don t climb up the
5、hill. 不要爬山；with 是“ 用,借助” 的含义；如：我们仍需要些水；你能为我们弄些We see with our eyes and hear with our ears. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听；名师归纳总结 4. Its best to wear cool clothes. 最好穿凉快的衣服；to do sth. 第 1 页,共 21 页It s best to do sth. 意为“ 最好去做某事”；这里的 it 为形式主语,真正的主语为- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 如：It s best to get there before 8
6、oclock. 最好八点钟以前赶到；5. The farmers are all busy getting ready for the next year. 农夫们正忙着为下一年做预备；be busy doing sth. “ 忙于做某事”are busy with the apple harvest.）；如：The farmers are busy picking apples. （=The farmers get ready for“ 为 做预备”,类似的短语仍有： get ready to do“ 预备做 ”；get sth. ready“ 把某事预备好”； be ready “ 预备好
7、了”；如：I m getting ready for the new lesson. 我正在为新课做预备；Get your books ready. 预备好你们的书；Supper is ready. 晚饭预备好了；6. “ Im here.”said Jim. “ And so is Polly. ”“ 我在这！” 吉姆说；“ 波利也来了！ ”“so + be have ,助动词 +主语” 结构为倒装语序,表示前句所述的情形也适合于另一个人或事；如：He can speak English, so can I. 他会讲英语,我也会；I watched the TV programme last
8、 night. So did I. 我也看了；昨天晚上我看了那个电视节目；留意此结构中, 前后两后的主语是两个人或物,后一句的时态必需和前一句保持一样,但人称和数就应与后句主语保持一样；比较： so+主语 +be 动词（助动词、情态动词）同,意为“ 的确如此”、“ 是呀” 等；如：Its your turn. 轮到你了；So it is. 是的,轮到我了；,此结构经常就前面提到的事实予以确认或赞7. Im going to get it back. 我预备把它取回来；get back 为“ 动词 +副词” 类短语；代词作宾语时要放在动词与副词中间；类似的短语仍有： pick up, ring
9、up, find out, turn on off, up, down 等；如：The radio is too noisy, please turn it down. 收音机太吵闹,请把它（声音）调低些；If you don t know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary. 假如你不知道这个单词的含义,请在辞典里查一下；8. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 这是一个重要句型,意思是“ 某人花费一些时间做某事”,可依据需要用不同的时态；如：It took me half an
10、 hour to go to school by bike yesterday. 有时这个句型可以和 spend句型转换；如上面这一句也可以说：9. It is nice +V-ing. I spent half an hour in going to school by bike yesterday. 这个句型也可以说成 It is nice to do. 意思是“ 做 真好”；如： It was nice talking to you. （和你谈话真兴奋； ）Its nice of you to ask me to your party. （感谢你请我参与你的晚会）. 10. Theres
11、 something wrong with . 这个句型表示 “ 出了毛病了”；就等于 Something is wrong with . 句型；如将 something换为 nothing, 就表示“ 没出什么事儿”；如： Theres something wrong with my nose. There s nothing wrong with her. 11. There he is. 这是个倒装句型, 把所强调部分there 提到了句首； 假如主语是代词就用There Here + 代词+谓语；假如主语是名词,就用There Here +谓语 +名词；如： Here comes Li
12、 Lei. （李雷来了）；There goes the bell. （铃声响了； ）Here it is. （它在这儿； ）12. until 与 till 同义,既可用作介词又可用作连词；它常用于以下两种句型：名师归纳总结 （1）用于确定句时, 意思是“ 直到 为止”,句子谓语一般用连续性动词（如 stay, live, work, 第 2 页,共 21 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - study 等）,表示动作始终连续到until 所表示的时间为止；如：He listened to the radio until his father came
13、 back. 他听收音机,直到他父亲回来为止；He will be here until Sunday. 他将在这儿始终呆到星期天；（2）用于否定句时,意思是“ 在 以前（before）” ,“ 直到 才”,句子谓语一般是短暂动词（如 come, die, leave 等）,它所表示的动作直到 until 所表示的时间才发生；如：I didn t go to bed until eleven o clock last night. 昨晚我直到十一点才睡觉；The students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes. 同学们
14、等老师到了才开会；until 与 till 可换用,不过,口语中常用till ,正式文体中常用until ；13. interest, interested, interesting. 这三个词都与 “ 爱好”有关；interest 作动词时, 要求“ 人” 作宾语； 如：This new invention will interest you. 这项新创造会引起你的爱好；它作名词时, 所构成的词组是 place of interest（名胜）；interested 是过去分词表示人的感觉,现在常用作形容词, 构成的句式是“ be become interested in” 来表示主语“ 对
15、感爱好”之意,要求主语是“ 人” ；如：I am interested in English. interesting 是现在分词, 表示事物具有能引起人们的某种感觉的才能；其意思是“ 好玩味的”,常用作形容词, 可作定语和表语； 其主语通常是事或物； 如：interesting games can always make children happy.（好玩味的嬉戏总能使孩子们欢乐；14. instead, instead of ）The story is interesting. instead 是副词, 含“ 代替； 更换”之意, 可懂得为 instead of 的省略, 防止不必要的重
16、复,省略的部分是介词 of 及其宾语, 常放在句末； 如：Mr. Black is ill, so Miss Green is talking his class instead of him. instead of 是个复合介词,它后面可接名词、代词、V-ing 形式等；如：Ill go to bed instead of watching TV . 我将睡觉,而不看电视；【口语回忆】1. Could I speak to , please. 电话术语,意为“ 我可以和 通话吗？找 接电话好吗？” 句中 Could 仍可替换为Can 或 May；如： Hello, could can/ ma
17、y I speak to Mr. Brown, please. Yes, just a minute, please. 当然,请稍等一下；2. Im afraid. 你好,请布朗先生接电话好吗？委婉用语；用于礼貌地拒绝某人或对其发生或将要发生的不幸表示惋惜；意为“ 愧疚,对不起,唯恐”；如：I cant come to supper, Im afraid. 唯恐我不能去吃晚饭了；Can you go with us now. 你现在能同我们一起去吗？Im afraid not. 对不起,我不能；Are we late. 我们晚了吗？Im afraid so. 唯恐是的；3. Its a ple
18、asure. 用于回答感谢之类的话的客套用语；意为“ 能帮上你的忙我很兴奋；不客气；不用谢；”它仍可表达为 It s my pleasure/ My pleasure / A pleasure. 如：Thank you very much for passing the message on to him. 特别感谢你把口信传给了他！It s a pleasure. 请别客气！Thanks for helping me yesterday. 多谢你昨天帮忙我！My pleasure. Nice to see you again. 不用谢！很兴奋又见到你！4. Can I take a mess
19、age for you. 询问对方是否情愿留下口信可用此句式；意为“ 我给你带个口信,好吗？” 类似的表达仍名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 有： May I take a message for you. / Would you like to leave a message. 5. by the way. 常用作插入语；用于提出一个新的话题或提起一件已经遗忘的事,意为“ 顺便说一下,顺便问一下,且说,另外” 等；如： By the way, there was a telephone call for you.
20、 对啦,有你一个电话；6. Whats the weather like ？意为：“ 的天气如何？”；仍可表达为How is the 此句式用于询问某地或某时天气如何,weather ？如： Whats the weather like in Beijing now. 现在北京天气如何？ Its nice and cool. 很凉快；7. I think so. 有保留地同意或赞同别人的看法或看法时,可用此语；如： Can you mend the bike. 你能修理这辆自行车吗？ Yes, I think so. 我想可以；直截了当地表达不同看法,可用I dont think so 或 I
21、 think not ；如： Can you mend a clock. Sorry, I dont think so. 8. Would you like to ？发出邀请的常见句式,带有商议、询问、摸索性的口气,意为“ 你情愿 吗？” 应答时常用： Yes, Id love like to. 是的,我很愿意；Id love to, but 我很情愿,不过 ；如：Would you like to come for dinner tonight. Thank you, Id love to. Would you like to come to the party tonight. I d l
22、ove to, but Ibusy. m too 9. What can I do for you. 商店售货员、 报务员等招呼顾客的礼貌用语,也用于表示主动关怀和情愿帮忙别人用语；不同场合可以有不同的译法；类似的表达仍有： Can May I help you. / Is there anything I can do for you. 在向顾客打招呼时, 后面仍可以加 “ sir” 或“ madam” ；对它的应答可以说： Yes, please/ Yes, Id like to / Yes, Im looking for / Yes, I want to ；如： What can I d
23、o for you. I want to buy a sweater for my son. Can I help you. I d like a new skirt. Please show me the red one. 10. Help oneself to . 这是款待客人经常用的交际用语；意思是“ 请任凭 （吃 ）” ；如：Xiao Wang, help yourself to some bananas.（小王,请任凭吃香蕉吧； ）Children, help yourselves to some apples.（孩子们,请任凭吃些苹果吧； ）11. 问路与指路1 问路：名师归纳总结
24、 a. Wheres the nearest , please. 第 4 页,共 21 页b. Is there a near there. c. Which is the way to , please. d. How can I get to . - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - e. Do you tell me the way to. f. Can you tell me the way to . g. Can you tell me how to get to . h. I want to go to . Do you know the wa
25、y. i. Im looking for . Where is it, do you know. 2 指路：可依据详细情形,将以下有关句子组织起来；a. Its over there. b. Its behind next to, in front of, near, outside thec. Walk along the road street. d. Take the first second 等 turning on the left. right. e. Its about metres along on the right left. f. Walk on and turn rig
26、ht. left. g. Turn right left at the traffic lights. Youour right left. on yh. Go on until you reach the end of the road. You will see the in front of you. i. Go down this road until you reach the first traffic lights. Turn left at the end of the road yousee the . You cant miss it. 另外,在“ 问路” 时,如对方不知道
27、,问路人仍要向他表示谢意；如：Excuse me. Is there a post office near here. Sorry. I dont know. You d better ask a policeman. Thank you all the same. 【语法精讲】否定疑问句否定疑问句的结构一般为：助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）与 成分 .也可写成：not 的缩写形式 +主语 +其它助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）+主语 + not + 其它成分 .这种问句表达的含义主要有以下几种；一、表示惊奇或提出反问；译为：“ 莫非不 吗？” 说话人盼望对方作出确定回答,或深信自己所说的话,以
28、致不需要对方作出答复；如：Don t you believe me. Do you not believe me. 你不信任我？Don t you hear of it. Do you not hear of it. 莫非你没听说过它？二、表示摸索性的建议或有礼貌的邀请；如：Don t you think it s too noisy. Please turn it down. Won t you have a cup of tea. 请喝杯茶如何？三、表示提问人的怀疑；如：Isn t he going. Is he not going 他不去了吗？你不觉得它太吵闹了吗？请把声音调低些；四、表
29、示称赞（相当于一个感叹句,朗读时一般用降调；）如：Isnt it a nice day. Is it not a nice day. 这天气多么好啊！Aren t the babies lovely. Are the babies not lovely. 这些婴儿真可爱啊！特别形式的反意疑问句一、当陈述部分为am 结构时,附加问句常用aren t. 如：I am very busy , aren t I . 二、当陈述句部分是there be 句型时,附加部分需用there；如：There isn t any bread on the plates, is there. 名师归纳总结 三、陈述
30、句谓语动词为have 时,有以下三种情形：第 5 页,共 21 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1.当 have 作“ 有” 解时,用have 或 do 的适当形式均可；He has a daughter, hasn t/doesn t he. 2.当 have 作“ 经受、遭受、得到、吃、喝” 等解时,附加问句用 They had noodles for lunch, didn t they. do 的适当形式；如：3.当陈述句谓语动词含有have to, has to, had to 时,附加问句用do 的适当形式；如：We have to g
31、et there at eight tomorrow, don t we. Alice has to finish her work now, doesn t she. 四、当陈述部分有：few/little/never/hardly/nothing等表示否定意义的词时,附加问句通常用确定形式；如：He hardly hurt himself in the accident, did he. The Canadian girl knows little Russian, does she. Kate is never later for class, is she. 注：假如陈述部分带有否定意
32、义的前、后缀如：un-/in-/im-/dis-/-less等构成的派生词,仍把该句看作确定句,附加问句用否定形式；如：The girl is unhappy, isn t she. 五、当陈述部分的主语是 anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, none, neither 等词时,附加问句的主语一般用 they, 有时也可用 he；如：Everyone knows the answers, don t they. /doesn t he. 六、当陈述句中主语是this, that, everything
33、, anything, something, nothing等词时, 附加问句的主语是 it；如：Something is wrong, isn t it. Nothing can stop us now, can it. 七、当陈述部分含有had better 时,附加问句的助动词用had；陈述部分含有would like 时,附加问句的助动词用would ；如：You d better have a rest, hadn t you. He d like to go, wouldn t he. 八、当陈述部分含有情态动词must 时,附加问句部分要视must 所表示的意义来定,有四种情形：
34、1当 must 表示估计时,附加问句不用 You must be very hungry, aren t you. must,而是用 must 后面相呼应的助动词形式；如：2当 must 表示“ 应当“ 时,附加问句用 mustn t；如：We must work hard at Chinese, mustn t we. 3当 must 表示“ 必需” 时,附加问句用 needn t；如：You must see the doctor, needn t you. 4当 must 表示“ 禁止” 时,附加问句用 must；如：You mustn t do that again, must you
35、. 九、祈使句的附加问句主要有以下四种情形：以行为动词开头的祈使句,附加问句用will you 或 won t you ,有时也用would you, can you 等；如Give me a hand, will you. 2否定的祈使句,附加问句一般用 will you ；如：Don t play with the cat, will you？3以 Let s 开头的祈使句,附加问句用shall we；如： Let s have a meeting, shall we. 名师归纳总结 4以 Let us 或 Let me 开头的祈使句,附加句用will you ；如：第 6 页,共 21
36、页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Let us help you, will you. Let me do it for you, will you. 或 may I. 十、当陈述部分的主句是 I think, I guess, I believe 等结构时,附加问句的主谓语一般要与陈述部分宾语从句中的主谓语保持一样,并且要留意否定的转移；如：I don t think he can finish the work, can he.I guess she taught herself Japanese, didn t she. 十一、陈述部分是省略形
37、式的感叹句,附加问句的主语与感叹句的主语保持一样；如：What fine weather, isn t it. What a clever boy, isn t he. How cool the water is, isn t it. 十二、陈述部分主语是不定式、动名词或从句时,附加问句部分的主语用 it ；如：To learn English well is very important, isn t it. Doing morning exercises is good for your health, isn t it. 感叹句1感叹句由 what 或 how 引导,句末常用感叹号,用来
38、表示喜、怒、哀、乐等剧烈情感；2What 引导感叹句时, 在句中作定语修饰句中的名词,名词前常有形容词修饰；其结构为：（1）What +aan + 形容词 +单数名词 +主语 +谓语！（2）What + 形容词 +复数名词 /不行数名词 +主语 +谓语！如：What a nice picture it is. 多么好的一幅画啊！What beautiful flowers they are. 多么美丽的花啊！What bad weather it is. 多么糟糕的天气啊！3How 引导感叹句,在句中作状语修饰形容词、副词；其结构为：（1）How+ 形容词 /副词 +主语 +谓语！（2）How
39、+ 形容词 + aan+单数可数名词 +主语 +谓语！如：How delicious they are. 它们多么好吃啊！How well she is singing. 她唱得多么好啊！How nice a day it is. 多么好的天气啊！4感叹句中主语和谓语总是放在句末,且为陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后,放在前 面的是强调的部分；在口语中,只要能将句意表达清晰明白,可将句中的主语、谓语省略,甚至 How 后面的强调部分也可省略；如：What a happy baby it is. 多么欢乐的婴儿啊！How cold it is. 多冷的天气啊！How fast time flie
40、s. 时间过得真快啊！5陈述句变感叹句时可按以下步骤进行：（1）第一将陈述句在谓语后面断开；如：The tree is/ very tall. Lily is/ a good girl. （2）在后一部分前加 how 或 what；判定的依据是：假如后一部分的中心词是形容词或副词就加 how,假如后一部分的中心词是名词要加 what；然后将前后两部分位置进行调换,留意大小写及标点符号的调整；如：How tall the tree is. What a good girl Lily is. 留意： 假如陈述句中的形容词或副词前有 肯定要去掉；简洁句并列句复合句分解very, quite, so,
41、 too 等程度副词修饰, 变成感叹句后1. 简洁句 由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简洁句；I go to school at 7:00 every day. （一个主语和一个谓语 Wang Nan and Wang Fan sing and dance.（二个主语和二个谓语）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 在中学阶段,我们应当把握简洁句的五种基本结构：（1）主语谓语（）We study hard for the people. 在这种结构中,谓语动词是不及物动词（vi.）,其后不
42、跟宾语；（2）主语谓语宾语（）She speaks English. They play basketball after class. （3）主语连系动词表语（）Wang Hongji is a good student. 连系动词除 be 外,仍有 look（看上去）,get（逐步变得）,turn（变成）,feel（感觉）,become（变成）等等；In O+DO ）（4）主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语（She bought me a pen yesterday. He has taught us English for 3 years. 这种结构可转化为 “ 主语谓语直接宾语me yester
43、day. for 或 to +间接宾语” ；如：She bought a pen for （5）主语谓语宾语宾语补足语（OC）We can keep it warm. They call me Lao Wang. He asked me to help him with his English. 留意：在此结构中,宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系是规律上的“ 主谓” 关系；另外,有些简洁句结构比较特别,包含一个字或一个成份； 如：Good morning. Hello. Thanks. Happy New Year.等；2并列句 由并列连词（ and, but, so, or 等）把两个（或两个以上
44、）简洁句连在一起而构成 的句子叫并列句；He helps me and I help him. We bought granny a present, but she didn t like it. This is our first lesson, so I don t know all your names. 3.复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子称复合句；所谓“ 从句” 就是 充当一个句子成份的“ 主谓结构”；这个“ 主谓结构” 在主句中作什么成份,就叫什么从句；比如,这个“ 结构” 在主句中做状语,我们就把它叫做状语从句；这个“ 结构” 在主句中做 宾语,我们就把它叫做宾语从句,等等；从句须有一个引导词来引导；如：You must see the doctor if you re ill. 主句 从句 此句中含有 if （假如）引导的从句,表示条件,由于它在主