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1、中考基础知识 (JUNIOR BOOK I) 一知识网络【重点内容概要】1元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读音。2常用的日常交际用语。3人称代词，物主代词、指示代词及基数词。4动词 be(am， is， ，are)的用法及人称代词，名词的数的一致性，5一些表示方位、地点介词的用法6名词所有格。My father s watch the pic of Billy billys pictures 7，冠词 a，an，the 的基本用法。8以What、Where、 Who、Whose、Which 、How 等引导的疑问句和一般疑问句以及它们的回答9能灵活运用人称代词的主格和宾格10掌握可数名词和不可
2、数名词的用法，以及与其搭配使用的相关修饰词11There be 句型以及与have(has)的运用及区别。12动词的现在进行时和一般现在时的运用。13祈使句的肯定、否定形式14常用的句型及交际用语。15人称代词主格和宾格的使用。16可数名词和不可数名词的运用17常用的句型。18现在进行时和一般现在时的使用。【句型、词组精讲】Words and Expressions 1. Excuse, me. / I m sorry. 这两个句子是会话时常用客套语。1）Excuse me. 表示“劳驾”， “请问”， “请原谅”， “对不起”， “打扰一下”等意思，多用于句首，主要用于在请求别人帮忙时用。如
3、：Excuse me, is this watch yours? Excuse me. How can I get to the station? 2）Im sorry. 或 Sorry. 一般用于听到别人的不幸或做了对不起别人的事情表示遗憾或向其道歉，或不能够给对方提供信息或帮助时的场合。如：Im sorry Im late. I m sorry to hear your mother is ill. Sorry, I can t go with you. Sorry, I won t do that again. 2. it s / its 1）its 是 it is 的缩写形式，意思是“
4、那是”。2) its 是 it 的物主代词，具有形容词的性质，作定语，意思是“它的”。如： This is a bird. Its name is Polly. 这是一只鸟， 它的名字叫波莉。 Its a cat. Can you spell its name? 那是一只猫，你能拼出它的名字吗？3. listen/ hear 1）listen 意为“听”，强调听的动作，当后接听的对象时要加to。如： Listen! Who is talking? 听！谁在讲话？Were listening to the teacher. 我们正在听老师讲课。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名
5、师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 10 页2）hear意为“听到” ，强调听的结果。如：Im listening to the teacher, but I can t hear him. 我正在听老师讲课，但我听不见他讲的话。4. not at all/ Not at all 1) notat all 意为“根本不， 一点也不” ，not 放在助动词之后。 如：He doesnt study hard at all. 他学习一点也不认真。2) Not at all. 意为“不用谢”、 “没关系”，回答对方的感谢、 道歉时用语。 如： “Thank you very muc
6、h.” “Not at all. ” “非常感谢。 ” “不用谢。”5. speak/ say / tell/ talk 这四个词都有“说”之意。1）speak强调说话的能力和方式，后常接说的某种语言。如：Do you speak English? 你讲英语？2）say 强调说的内容。如：What is he saying? 他在说什么？3）tell 意为“告诉” ，后常接双宾语或复合宾语。如：Let me tell you a story. 让我给你们讲个故事吧。The teacher often tells us to study hard. 老师经常叫我们努力学习。4） talk 为不及
7、物动词， 构成短语talk with, talk to, talk about等。 如： What are they talking about? 他们正在谈论什么？6. old/ age old（指年龄），表示“岁的” 意思， 常和 how 一起构成疑问句。如：How old are you? 你多大？age是“年龄”的意思，通常和what 一起构成特殊疑问句。如：What age is he? 或 Whats his age? 他多大了？Old people aged people 介词 +名词归纳1in+语言：表示用什么语言或用什么语言说（或写）。如： Whats this in Eng
8、lish? He is writing a letter to his father in Chinese. 2in pairs 意为“成双地” ， “成对地”， “两人一组” 。如： Please ask and answer in pairs. 3in the wall 表示在墙里面。如：There is a hole in the wall. 如果表示在墙的表面或墙上，用 on the wall 。如： She put a map of China on the wall. 4at work 意为“在工作”，work 前不加 the。类似这样的词组还有at home （在家），at sc
9、hool（上学），at table（就餐）等。5by+交通工具：表示“乘”。如：by bike= on the bike by train= on the train, by boat= on the boat by plane / air = on the plane, by ship/sea= on the ship by car = in the car, by bus =in the bus 等。但：步行则用on foot 来表达。6on ones way表示“在去的途中”。如：He found a dog walking in the street on his way home.
10、on one s way to school 在某人上学的途中on one s way back 在某人返回的途中7on duty 表示“值日” 。如： Whos on duty today? 今天谁值日？ I am on duty. 我值日。动词 +介词 &副词结构1动词 +介词结构。这类词组无论其宾语是名词还是代词，都要放在介词之后。如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 10 页look after= take care of 照看，照料look like 看上去像look at看be worried about 对担
11、忧come from =be from 来自get to 到达work on 从事，操作turn on(off) 打开，（关掉）come into进入2动词 +副词结构这类词组后接宾语时，宾语如果是名词既可放在动词与副词之间，也可放在副词之后；如果是人称代词，多放在动词和副词之间。如：hand up 举起手来put on 穿上；挂上（贴上）take off 脱掉put away 把放好；把收起来There be 和 to have 句型这两个句型都表示“有”的意思。There be 表示“存在”的关系，to have 侧重“所属关系” 。如：There are forty students i
12、n our class. We have a happy family. 使用 There be 和 to have 句型时还应注意以下几点：1There be 句型中的就近一致原则。即be 的形式与靠近它的主语一致。如：There is a table and two chairs in the room. There are four chairs and a table in the room. 2就 There be 句型中的主语提问时，往往把there 这个引导词省掉。如：There is a book on the desk. （就划线部分提问）What s on the desk
13、? 3当表示某物属于另一物中不可分割的一部分时，往往用 to have 句型。如：桌子有四条腿。The table has four legs. 4美国英语常用have got 表示“有”。如： They have got an English-Chinese dictionary. 二考试热点1人称代词和物主代词的运用2疑问词的正确运用。3be 与主语的数的一致性4介词的常见用法5人称代词的主格和宾格6现在进行时和一般现在时。主要题型有用所给词的适当形式填空、交际运用。7交际运用三重、难点突破1代词的正确运用， 疑问词的运用及be 的使用。 在运用代词时， 我们应从所替代名词的数、性别着手，
14、 并根据它在句中的位置来确定是主格还是宾格，是用名词性物主代词还是形容词性物主代词 具体来说，在主语的位置用主格；在动词、介词或副词后作宾语时，要用宾格 而形容词性物主代词后面要带名词2疑问词的使用则要根据疑问词能作什么成分，是问时间、地点，颜色，人还是物等以及其答语来做出选择3be的使用要看主语是单数名词、不可数名词、还是复数名词来确定。主要题型有用所给词的适当形式填空、交际运用。4正确区分可数名词和不可数名词十分重要。不可数名词作主语时，谓语要用单数，而可数名词又有单复数之分。一般地，many、a fewfew 只修饰可数名词，much、a little little精选学习资料 - -
15、- - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 10 页只修饰不可数名词，而some、 any、a lot of、lots“两者均可修饰。5现在进行时的使用关键在于其构成和依其常用的时态标志词，如look、listen，now 等来判断一般现在时的难点在其疑问、否定的变化和当主语为单数第三人称时其谓语动词的变化。现在以work 为例来看看一般现在时的句式变化规律。He works every day He doesnt work every day Does he work every day? 即一般变化规律(注意：谓语动词为行为动词或连系动词时；be型不
16、在此例 ) 主语 +谓语十其他否定，主语 +dontdoesnt+谓语动词原形 +其他疑问： DoDoes 主语 +谓语动词原形 +其他 ? 总之，这两种时态的正确使用关键在于用法和常用时间状语。四典型例题【考题导析】例 1 语音题：选出划线部分的读音与其他三个划线部分读音不同的单词。(1)A. lake B. cat C. take D. cake (2)A. bed B. desk C. she D. let (3)A. fish B. fine C. nice D.time (4)A. box B. hot C. shop D. home 分析：此题考查元音字母在重读开音节、闭音节中的读
17、音。关键之处是学生对重读开音节、闭音节要了解。(1)小题的 A、B、C、D 中只有 B 是闭音节， a 发 音，其余都是开音节，a发ei 音。(2)小题 C 为开音节， e发 i: 音，其余都是闭音节，e发e音。(3)小题 A 为闭音节，i 发i 音，其余都是开音节，i 发ai 音。 (4)小题 D 为开音节， o 发 音，其余都是闭音节， 。发 音。例 2 选择填空A. _ pencil-box is this, Patrick? B. It s _. A. Whose, mine B. Who s, mine C. Whose, my D. Who s my 分析：此题考查疑问词的正确使用
18、及两种物主代词的用法。首先要分清Whose 与 Whos的读音相同，但含义不同。Whose“谁的” Who“是谁”“谁是”根据题意，询问“铅笔盒是谁的？”那么答案从A 和 C 中选择。而形容词性的物主代词要用于名词之前，名词性物主代词相当于一个形容词性的物主代词和名词，故此题答案为A。例 3 I found the bottle in _ room. A. Sara and Kate B. Sara s and KatesC. Saras and Kate D. Sara and Kates 分析：此题考查名词所有格。英语中表示所属，在人名后加上s，但两人共有一物，只在最后一人名后加s。故此题
19、答案为D。例 4 Jack and Tom are _. A. good friends B .good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend 分析： 此题考查名词的数与be动词的一致性。 Jack 和 Tom 是两人，谓语是 are, 故朋友 “friend ”一词应加s，所以答案为A。例 5 1) Who s that? _. A. Im Tom speaking B. My name is Tom 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 10 页C. Tom speak D. T
20、his is Tom speaking 2)_? This is Mr. Smith speaking now. A. Who are you B. Whos that C. Who are you calling D. What do you want to say 分析：此两题考查英语打电话的交际用语。打电话中问对方是谁，要说“Whos that?” ，不能说 “Who are you?” 。 而回答“我是” 要说 This is, 不能说 I am。 故答案为1) D 2) B。例 6 Lily, its Lindas birthday tomorrow. Oh yes. I will
21、buy _ a big birthday cake. A. him B. you C. her D. it 分析：此题考查人称代词的正确使用。根据语境分析，准备给Linda 买蛋糕，由于Linda 是女孩的名字，故要用“她”一词来代替，而用于动词后的人称代词要用宾格，所以正确答案为 C。例 7 Is this cake for_? A. I B. my C. me D. mine 分析：此题同样考查人称代词用于介词之后应用宾格这一用法，所以C 答案为正确的。例 8 Listen! Someone_ in the next room. A. cry B. is crying C. are cry
22、ing D. crying 分析：此题有一关键词listen，提示此处应用现在进行时态填空。而Someone作主语时，谓语用单数形式，故答案为B。例 9 How many _ do you want? A. glasses of milk B. glass of milks C. glasses of milks D. milks 分析： 此题有两处应该注意：一是不可数名词无复数形式；二是 How many 与可数名词的复数形式搭配。所以此题正确答案为A。例 10 There _ pencil-box, two books and some flowers on the desk. A. is
23、 a B. are some C. has a D. have some 分析： 英语中 “有”可以用 there be结构和 have/has，但两者用法不同。there be表示存在有，即“某地有” ；而 have/ has表示所有，即“某人(物 )有”。此题的 on the desk 表明某地有， C、D 则不能选。而根据there be句型中主谓一致、就近的原则，pencil-box 没有用复数形式。故答案选A。例 11 (山东省淄博市，2002)Thats coat. Its A. yours，Toms B. your, Tom ，x C your，Tom D. yours ，Tom
24、 分析：此题考查代词和名词所有格的用法。名词性物主代词相当于一个形容词性物主代词加上一个名词，故由第一空可排除A、D 两项，又由句竟“它是汤姆的上衣”知，应选B解后反思根据句意和所处位置来确定代词是解题的关键。例 12 (兰州市， 2002) 一 This is a photo of when they were young 一 OK ， how happy they both looked Amy father and mother B. my mother and fathers Cmy mothers and fathers D. my fathers and my mother 分析：
25、此题考查名词的所有格，A、D 不合所有格用法，故可以排除。又由题意可知这张相片是共有的，故选B解后反思英语中名词表示所属，在人名后加s，如两人共有一物，则在最后一人名后加s，若为两人各自所有的，则在两人名后分别加s 例 13 (青岛市， 2003) - Where my money ？I cant find it. Look! some money 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 10 页under your chair A. There has B. There are C There is D lts 分析 : 此题
26、显然考查there be句型。 there be 句型中 be 的数要采取就近原则，即 be 的效由离它最近的主语来决定，本题主语some money 是不可数名词，故谓语要用单数，所以选C，解后反思在 there be句型中不会出现have的各种形式。例 14 (北京市海淀区，2002)Can I get you a drink? Thats very nice of you. Ive already got_. A. it B. one C. that D. this 分析：此题考查这四个指示代词的用法。当被替代的名词前有修饰语时，要用one 或 ones。当替代不可数名词时不能用one，
27、只用 that。而 it 替代同类事物中的同一件事物。this 是近指，往往替代即将要说的，且that，this，it 前均不带修饰语，故此题选B。例 15 (泉州市， 2002)Im thirsty I want to buy A. two bottles of oranges B. two bottles of orange C. two bottle of oranges Dtwo bottle of orange 分析：此题考查不可敷名词的计量表达法。oranges是橘子之意，显然与thirsty 不符，故 A、C 可排除， D 也不行，选B。解后反思orange 是多义词， 当“橘汁
28、” 讲时， 是不可数名词， 当“橘子” 讲是可数名词 不可数名词的量化常用“数词 +量词 +of+不可数名词” 结构，当数量超过一时，量词应用复数，如本题 B例 16 (北京市海淀区，2002) Look! The boys happily in the river A. swim B. swam C. will swim D. are swimming 分析：此题考查谓语的时态。由look 这一关键词可知，此处应用现在进行时，故答案为D解后反思谓语动词的时态是由时间状语、暗示词或上下文来确定的，它的数由主语决定。所以，做这种题，要纵观全局。例 17 (厦门市， 2003) Kate has
29、lost keys，so she asks for help A. her，mine B. hers，me C。hers，I D. her， me 分析：此题考查代词的用法。由前空所处位置知该空应填形容词性物主代词，而后句意为 “她向寻求帮助”即asks sb. for help。故后空应填代词宾格。故选D，解后反思作宾语的代词要用宾格，而作定语的代词要用形容词性物主代词。【正误例析】1那个男孩是谁？误： Whose that boy? 正： Whos that boy? 析： whose 和 whos 虽然发音一样，但在句子中的功能却大不相同。前者表示“谁的”，作定语用，后者表示“是谁”，是
30、系表结构。 （有时 whos 也可作主谓结构） 。如：Whose book is this? Who s that girl over there? Who s talking in the next room? 2这条裤子是我的。误： This trouser is mine. 正： This pair of trousers is mine. & The trousers are mine. 析：某物如果是由两个对称的部分组成的，该物应用复数形式。如 shoes, glasses, compasses（圆规）等。如果表示“一条，一双，一副”等时，往往用a(this, that)pair o
31、f+该物。这一结构作主语时谓语动词用单数。如果前面与物主代词或名词所有格连用作主语时，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 10 页谓语动词用复数。如：That pair of glasses is hers. My shoes are black. 3请把你的自行车借给我。误： Please borrow your bike to me. 正： Please lend your bike to me. & Please lend me your bike. 析： lend sth. to sb. / lend sb. sth
32、.意为“把某物借给某人” ，即从物主那儿借出去。borrow sth. from sb.意为“从某人那儿借来某物”。五强化训练I单词拼写A）按要求写出下列单词的适当形式。1. family （复数）_ 2. my（名词性物主代词）_ 3. swim（现在分词）_ 4. meet（同音词） _ 5. short（反义词） _ 6. study（第三人称单数）_ 7. friend ( 形容词 ) _ 8. question（同义词） _ 9. they（宾格） _ 10. boys（所有格形式）_ B）根据句意及首字母提示，补全单词11. The bottle is e_. I want a f
33、ull one. 12. In the classroom there are many pictures on the t _desk. 13. May I borrow your dictionary? Of c_. Here you are. 14. He likes t_ by train, because it s cheap and safe. 15. Tom is at the door of the c lassroom. But it is l_. He can t open it. C）用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。16. Li Ning can speak_(Engli
34、sh). 17. There are three _ (knife) on the table. 18. We re doing _ (we) homework at home. 19. The school gate is _ (close) now. 20. You can eat_ (difference) kinds of food in that restaurant. II选择填空21. _ girl has _ apple. _ apple is big and red. A. An, an, The B. The, an, The C. A, a, An D. The, an,
35、 An 22. These are _ cups. _ are over there. A. our, Yours B. yours, Mine C. his, Our D. Their, Your 23. I often go to school_. What about you? I often _ to school. A. by bus, ride a bike B. by a bus, ride a bike C. by a bus, by a bike D. by bus, ride bike 24. This is Lucy s pen. Please _. A. give he
36、r to it B. give her it C. give it to her D. give it her 25. _ that? I think _ Han Mei. A. Who s, it s B. Whose, its C. Who s, its D. Whose, it s 26. I have two pens. One is blue, _ is black. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 10 页A. other B. others C. the other D. another 27. Your
37、English is very good. _. A. Yes, you re right B. Thank you C. That s right D. No, it s not good 28. Your coat is here. Please _. A. put on them B. put them on C. put on it D. put it on 29. _ do you like about Beijing? The people, and the food. A. How B. Where C. Which D. What 30. _ she _ a computer?
38、 A. Is, have B. Is, has C. Does, has D. Does, have 31. Let s go and _. A. play football B. play the football C. play a football D. to play football 32. Nice to meet you. _. A. Nice to see you. B. Hello, how are you? C. Nice to meet you, too. D. Thank you very much. 33. What s wrong _ your bike? It s
39、 broken. A. with B. on C. for D. about 34. It s seven o clock. Kate _ supper now. A. have B. has C. are having D. is having 35. Who is the woman in the car? She is _ mother. A. Kate s and Mary s B. Kate and Mary s C. Kate and Mary D. Kate s and Mary 36. You like _ basketball. Would you like _ a new
40、one? A. play, buying B. to play, buy C. to play, buying D. playing, to buy 37. _ ? I d like a pair of shoes. Please show me the white pair. A. Can I help you B. What do you do C. What are you doing D. Will you please help me 38. Very nice _ to you. A. talk B. talking C. talks D. to talk 39. What doe
41、s he _ at the meeting? A. say B. tell C. talk D. speak 40. _? It s five o clock. A. What day is it, please B. What s the name, please C. What s the time, please D. What s this, please III 动词应用41. My father _ (get) up at 5:30 every morning. 42. It s time_ (have) classes. Let s go. 43. _ (not be) late
42、 for school again. 44. Would you like something _(eat)? 45. I can help you _ (carry) the heavy box. 46. Look! They _ (play) games over there. 47. What _ Wang Fang _ (do)? She is a teacher. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 10 页48. What about _ (watch) TV now? 49. There _ (be) an E
43、nglish book and two Chinese books on the desk. 50. How long _ it _ (take) you to get to your home? IV句型转换。51. She does her homework in the evening. （改为一般疑问句）_ she _ her homework in the evening? 52. There is some milk in the bottle. （改为否定句）There _ _ milk in the bottle. 53. Do they work in a factory?
44、（改为现在进行时）_ they _ in a factory? 54. She often goes to school by bike. （对划线部分提问）_ _ she often go to school? 55. You cant take off your coat. （改为祈使句）_ _ your coat off. 56. What s your father, Lucy? （改为同义句）What _ your father _, Lucy? 57. The girl behind the house is my sister. （对划线部分提问）_ _ the girl beh
45、ind the house? 58. I d like an apple.（用 an orange改为选择疑问句）_ you like an apple _ an orange? 59. There are some trees near the school. （对划线部分提问）_ _ near the school? 60. Why dont you get up at six in the morning? （改为同义句）_ _ get up at six in the morning? V补全对话A: What are you doing? B: I m looking for my
46、pen. But I _61_ find it. A: You can borrow mine. B: Thanks a lot. But I must _62_ one in the shop. A: _63_ shop? B: The one over there. Could you go with_64_? A: Certainly. B: _65_ can I do for you? A: I want a pen, please. B: OK. _66_ you _67_. A: Thank you. _68_ _69_ is it? B: It s four yuan. Is t
47、hat_70_? A: Yes. Thank you. Good-bye! B: Bye. VI完形填空。Mike and Jack are monks（和尚） . Mike is short and fat. Jack is tall and thin. They _71_ brothers but they live _72_ same room. Every morning they go out _73_ food. One day, they go out for food very _74_ . They are on a road to a village. There aren
48、 t any men on the road. They are walking _75_. Suddenly （突然） they stop. There is a comb（梳子）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 10 页on the road_76_ them. Both of them are running up to it. “I find it first. It s _77_ comb, ” one of them is saying. “ No, I find it before you,” _78_ is
49、 saying. “ It s not yours.” Mike and Jack are sitting _79_ the road. They are quarreling（争吵） about the comb. Morning is up and then comes the afternoon. They re still quarreling. A little boy comes up to them and says, “ You re monks. Monks have no hair. What s the use of the comb _80_ you?” 71.A. d
50、on t have B. are going to have C. have not D. aren t 72.A. in B. in the C. the D. on 73.A. to B. with C. in D. for 74.A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliest 75.A. to B. along C. on D. out 76.A. near B. after C. behind D. in front of 77.A. you B. mine C. my D. yours 78.A. other B. the other