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1、精品_精品资料_中考基础学问（ JUNIOR BOOK II UNIT 15-28一学问网络【重点内容概要】1应答与邀请2简洁句的五种基本句型 3情态动词can , may, must 的用法4 When, before , after等连词引导的时间状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句5 Have to的用法6系动词7不定式作宾语的用法8不定代词的用法9表示容量的词和食品名称连用,以说明食品的数量10交际项目：1）问路和指路2）禁止和警告3）看病11懂得并运用并列句12形容词和副词的比较级,以及它们之间等级的转换13冠词的用法14过去进行时用法可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_15
2、表示庆贺、希望、劝说和建议的交际用语,以及表示“确信”的基本句型常考题型：挑选题、句型转换及用所给词的适当形式填空【句型、词组精讲】1. Could you ask him to call me, please.请你让他给我回电话好吗？asksb.todo sth.请某人做某事,ask sb.not todo sth.请某人不要做某事.不定式在句中作宾语补足语 like, would like, teach等.如： The teacher asked Sam not to be late.老师叫萨姆不要迟到.Liu Ying英让我在家里等她.Mr. Zhang often teaches hi
3、s Japanese friends to cook Chinese food.张先生经常教2. But there were not enough people to pick them.但是他们没有足够多的人来摘苹果.enough 在此是形容词,意为“足够的”,它修饰名词时,通常放在名词之前,有时放在名词之后.enough 作副词修饰形容词和副词时,放在它们的后面.如：The boy is old enough to go to school.这个男孩到了上学的年龄了.He didn t run fast enough to catch the bus.他跑的不够快,没有赶上公共汽车.3.
4、 They needed to climb up the trees with ladders.他们需要梯子来爬上树.need在本句中为实义动词,其后可接不定式或名词.如：He needs to see a doctor.他需要去看医生.We need some more water. Could you get some for us.我们仍需要些水.你能为我们弄些吗？climb up意为“爬上”,up 在此为介词.如： Dont climb up the hill.不要爬山.with是“用,借助”的含义.如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_We see with our e
5、yes and hear with our ears.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听.4. Its best to wear cool clothes.最好穿凉快的衣服.It s best to do sth.意为“最好去做某事”.这里的it为形式主语,真正的主语为to do sth.如：It s best to get there before 8 oclock.最好八点钟以前赶到.5. The farmers are all busy getting ready for the next year.农夫们正忙着为下一年做预备.be busy doing sth.“忙于做某事”.如：The farm
6、ers are busy picking apples.（=The farmers a get ready for“为做预备”,类似的短语仍有：get ready to do“预备做”. get sth. ready“备好了”.如：I m getting ready for the new lesson.我正在为新课做预备.Get your books ready.预备备好了.6. “I m here. ” said Jim.“And so is Polly.” “我在这；”吉姆说.“波利也来了；”“so + be have,助动词+ 主语”结构为倒装语序,表示前句所述的情形也适合于另一个人或
7、事.如： He can speak English, so can I.他会讲英语,我也会. I watched the TV programme last night.昨天晚上我看了那个电视节目. So did I.我也看了.留意此结构中,前后两后的主语是两个人或物,后一句的时态必需和前一句保持一样,但人称和数就应与后句主比较： so+主语 +be 动词（助动词、情态动词）,此结构经常就前面提到的事实予以确认或赞同,意为“的确如It s your turn.轮到你了. So it is.是的,轮到我了.7. Im going to get it back.我预备把它取回来.可编辑资料 - -
8、 - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_getback为“动词+副词”类短语.代词作宾语时要放在动词与副词中间.类似的短语仍有：pick up,down等.如：The radio is too noisy, please turn it down.收音机太吵闹,请把它（声音）调低些.If you dont know the meaning of the word, please look it up in a dictionary.假如你不知道这个8. It takes sb. some time to do sth.这是一个重要句型,意思是“某人花费一些时间做某事”,可依据需要用不同的时态.如：It
9、took me half an hour to go to school by bike yesterday.有时这个句型可以和spend 句型转换.如hour in going to school by bike yesterday.9. It is nice +V-ing.这个句型也可以说成It is nice to do.意思是“做真好”.如：It was nice talking to you.（和ask me to your party.（感谢你请我参与你的晚会）.10. There s something wrong with.这个句型表示“出了毛病了”.就等于 Something
10、 is wrong with.句型.如将 something换为 nothing, something wrong with my nose. Theres nothing wrong with her.11. There he is.这是个倒装句型,把所强调部分there提到了句首.假如主语是代词就用There Here+ 代词 +谓语.假如名词.如： Here comes Li Lei.（李雷来了）.There goes the bell.（铃声响了.）Here it is.（它在12. until与 till同义,既可用作介词又可用作连词.它常用于以下两种句型：（1）用于确定句时,意思是
11、“直到为止”,句子谓语一般用连续性动词（如stay,live,work,study等可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_时间为止.如：He listened to the radio until his father came back.他听收音机,直到他父亲回来为止.He will be here until Sunday.他将在这儿始终呆到星期天.（2）用于否定句时,意思是“在以前（before ）”,“直到才”,句子谓语一般是短暂动词（如co到 until所表示的时间才发生.如：I didnt go to bed until eleven oclock last night.
12、昨晚我直到十一点才睡觉.The students will not begin the meeting until their teacher comes.同学们等老师到了才开会.until与 till可换用,不过,口语中常用till,正式文体中常用until.13. interest, interested, interesting.这三个词都与“爱好”有关.interest作动词时,要求“人”作宾语.如：This new invention will i趣.它作名词时,所构成的词组是placeof interest（名胜）. interested是过去分词表示人的感觉,现在常用intere
13、sted in”来表示主语“对感爱好”之意,要求主语是“人”.如：I am interested in English.能引起人们的某种感觉的才能.其意思是“好玩味的”,常用作形容词, 可作定语和表语. 其主语通常是事或物.children happy.（好玩味的嬉戏总能使孩子们欢乐.）The story is interesting.14. instead, instead ofinstead是副词,含“代替.更换”之意,可懂得为instead of的省略,防止不必要的重复,省略的部分 Mr. Black is ill, so Miss Green is talking his class
14、instead of him. instead of是个复合介词,它后 I ll go to bed instead of watching TV.我将睡觉,而不看电视.【口语回忆】1. Could I speak to,please.电话术语,意为“我可以和通话吗？找接电话好吗？”句中Could仍可替换为Can 或 May.如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_ Hello, could can/ may I speak to Mr. Brown, please.你好,请布朗先生接电话好吗？ Yes, just a minute, please.当然,请稍等一下.2. Im a
15、fraid.委婉用语.用于礼貌的拒绝某人或对其发生或将要发生的不幸表示惋惜.意为“愧疚,对不起,唯恐”.如I can t come to supper, Im afraid.唯恐我不能去吃晚饭了.Can you go with us now.你现在能同我们一起去吗？I m afraid not.对不起,我不能.Are we late.我们晚了吗？I m afraid so.唯恐是的.3. Its a pleasure.用于回答感谢之类的话的客套用语.意为“能帮上你的忙我很兴奋.不客气. 不用谢. ”它仍可表达为It s如：Thank you very much for passing the
16、message on to him.特别感谢你把口信传给了他；It s a pleasure.请别客气；Thanks for helping me yesterday.多谢你昨天帮忙我；My pleasure. Nice to see you again.不用谢；很兴奋又见到你；4. Can I take a message for you.询问对方是否情愿留下口信可用此句式.意为“我给你带个口信,好吗？”类似的表达仍有：May I take a leave a message.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_5. by the way.常用作插入语.用于提出一个新的话题或提起
17、一件已经遗忘的事,意为“顺便说一下,顺便问一下,且说, By the way, there was a telephone call for you.对啦,有你一个电话.6. What s the weather like？此句式用于询问某的或某时天气如何,意为：“的天气如何？”.仍可表达为How is the weatherWhats the weather like in Beijing now.现在北京天气如何？It s nice and cool.很凉快.7. I think so.有保留的同意或赞同别人的看法或看法时,可用此语.如： Can you mend the bike.你能修
18、理这辆自行车吗？ Yes, I think so.我想可以.直截了当的表达不同看法,可用I don t think so或 I think not.如： Can you mend a clock.Sorry, I dont think so.8. Would you like to？发出邀请的常见句式,带有商议、询问、摸索性的口气,意为“你情愿吗？”应答经常用：Yes,I d love to, but我很情愿,不过.如：Would you like to come for dinner tonight.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_Thank you, Id love to.
19、 Would you like to come to the party tonight.I d love to, but Im too busy.9. What can I do for you.商店售货员、 报务员等招呼顾客的礼貌用语,也用于表示主动关怀和情愿帮忙别人用语.不同场合可以有不同的 you. / Is there anything I can do for you.在向顾客打招呼时,后面仍可以加“sir ”或“ madam”.对它 like to/ Yes, Im looking for/ Yes, I want to.如： What can I do for you. I w
20、ant to buy a sweater for my son. Can I help you.I d like a new skirt. Please show me the red one.10. Help oneself to.这是款待客人经常用的交际用语.意思是“请任凭（吃）”.如：Xiao Wang, help yourself to some Children, help yourselves to some apples.（孩子们,请任凭吃些苹果吧.）11. 问路与指路(1) 问路：a. Where s the nearest,please.b. Is there anear t
21、here.c. Which is the way to, please.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_d. How can I get to.e. Do you tell methe way to.f. Can you tell me the way to.g. Can you tell me how to get to.h. I want to go to. Do you know the way.i. Im looking for. Where is it, do you know.(2) 指路：可依据详细情形,将以下有关句子组织起来.a. Its over there.
22、b. Its behind next to, in frontof, near, outside thec. Walk along the road street.d. Take the first second等 turning on the left. right.e. Its aboutmetres along on the right left.f. Walk on and turn right. left.g. Turn right left at the traffic lights. Youll find theon your right left.h. Go on until
23、you reach the end of the road. You will see thein front of you.i. Go down this road until you reach the first traffic lights. Turn left at the end of the road yo另外,在“问路”时,如对方不知道,问路人仍要向他表示谢意.如：Excuse me. Is there a post office near here.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_资料word 精心总结归纳 - - - - - - - - - - - -Sor
24、ry. I dont know. You d better ask a policeman.Thank you all the same.【语法 精讲】否定疑问句否定疑问句的结构一般为：助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）与not 的缩写形式 +主语 +其它成分 .也可写成：助动词（或情态动词、连系动词）+主语 + not +其它成分 .这种问句表达的含义主要有以下几种.一、表示惊奇或提出反问.译为：“莫非不吗？”说话人盼望对方作出确定回答,或深信自己所说的话,以Don t you believe me. Do you not believe me.你不信任我？Don t you hear of i
25、t. Do you not hear of it.莫非你没听说过它？二、表示摸索性的建议或有礼貌的邀请.如：Don t you think it s too noisy. Please turn it down.你不觉得它太吵闹了吗？请把声音调低些.Won t you have a cup of tea.请喝杯茶如何？三、表示提问人的怀疑.如：Isn t he going. Is he not going他不去了吗？四、表示称赞（相当于一个感叹句,朗读时一般用降调.）如：Isn t it a nice day. Is itnot a nice day.这天气多么好啊；Aren t the ba
26、bies lovely. Are the babies not lovely.这些婴儿真可爱啊；特别形式的反意疑问句可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_学习资料 名师精选 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 43 页 - - - - - - - - - -可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_一、当陈述部分为 am结构时,附加问句常用aren t.如：I am very busy , aren t I .二、当陈述句部分是there be句型时,附加部分需用there .如：There isn t any bread on the plates, is
27、 there.三、陈述句谓语动词为have 时,有以下三种情形：1. 当 have 作“有”解时,用have 或 do 的适当形式均可.He has a daughter, hasn t/doesn t he.2. 当 have 作“经受、遭受、得到、吃、喝”等解时,附加问句用do 的适当形式.如：They had noodles for lunch, didn t they.3. 当陈述句谓语动词含有have to, has to, had to时,附加问句用do 的适当形式.如：We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don t we.Alice h
28、as to finish her work now, doesn t she.四、当陈述部分有：few/little/never/hardly/nothing等表示否定意义的词时,附加问句通常用确定形式.如He hardly hurt himself in the accident, did he.The Canadian girl knows little Russian, does she.Kate is never later for class, is she.注：假如陈述部分带有否定意义的前、后缀如：un-/in-/im-/dis-/-less等构成的派生词,仍把该句看作确定The
29、girl is unhappy, isn t she.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_五、当陈述部分的主语是anybody,anyone,somebody, someone, everybody,everyone,no one,none,neithe有时也可用he.如：Everyone knows the answers, don t they. /doesn t he.六、当陈述句中主语是this, that, everything, anything, something, nothing等词时,附加问句的主语是Something is wrong, isn t it.No
30、thing can stop us now, can it.七、当陈述部分含有had better时,附加问句的助动词用had.陈述部分含有would like时,附加问句的助动You d better have a rest, hadn t you.He d like to go, wouldn t he.八、当陈述部分含有情态动词must 时,附加问句部分要视must 所表示的意义来定,有四种情形：1当 must 表示估计时,附加问句不用must,而是用must 后面相呼应的助动词形式.如：You must be very hungry, aren t you.2当 must 表示“应当“
31、时,附加问句用mustn t .如：We must work hard at Chinese, mustn t we.3当 must 表示“必需”时,附加问句用needn t .如：You must see the doctor, needn t you.4当 must 表示“禁止”时,附加问句用must .如：You mustn t do that again, must you.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_九、祈使句的附加问句主要有以下四种情形：以行为动词开头的祈使句,附加问句用will you或 won t you,有时也用would you, can you等.如G
32、ive me a hand, will you.2否定的祈使句,附加问句一般用will you.如：Don t play with the cat, will you？3以 Let s开头的祈使句,附加问句用shall we.如： Let s have a meeting, shall we. 4以 Let us或 Let me 开头的祈使句,附加句用will you.如：Let us help you, will you.Let me do it for you, will you. 或 may I.十、当陈述部分的主句是I think, I guess, I believe等结构时,附加问
33、句的主谓语一般要与陈述部分宾语从定的转移.如：I don t think he can finish the work, can he.I guess she taught herself Japanese, didn t she.十一、陈述部分是省略形式的感叹句,附加问句的主语与感叹句的主语保持一样.如：What fine weather, isn t it.What a clever boy, isn t he.How cool the water is, isn t it.十二、陈述部分主语是不定式、动名词或从句时,附加问句部分的主语用it .如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精
34、品资料_To learn English well is very important, isn t it.Doing morning exercises is good for your health, isn t it.感叹句1感叹句由what 或 how 引导,句末常用感叹号,用来表示喜、怒、哀、乐等剧烈情感.2 What 引导感叹句时,在句中作定语修饰句中的名词,名词前常有形容词修饰.其结构为：（1） What +aan +形容词 +单数名词 +主语 +谓语；（2） What + 形容词 +复数名词 / 不行数名词 +主语 +谓语；如： What a nice picture it i
35、s.多么好的一幅画啊； What beautiful flowers they are.多么美丽的花啊； What bad weather it is.多么糟糕的天气啊；3 How引导感叹句,在句中作状语修饰形容词、副词.其结构为：（ 1） How+形容词 / 副词 +主语 +谓语；（ 2） How+形容词 + aan+单数可数名词+主语 +谓语；如： How delicious they are.它们多么好吃啊；How well she is singing.她唱得多么好啊；How nice a day it is.多么好的天气啊；4感叹句中主语和谓语总是放在句末,且为陈述句语序,即主语在前
36、,谓语在后,放在前面的是强调的部分.可将句中的主语、谓语省略,甚至How后面的强调部分也可省略.如：可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_What a happy baby it is.多么欢乐的婴儿啊；How cold it is.多冷的天气啊；How fast time flies.时间过得真快啊；5陈述句变感叹句时可按以下步骤进行：（ 1）第一将陈述句在谓语后面断开.如：The tree is/ very tall.Lily is/ a good girl.（ 2）在后一部分前加how 或 what .判定的依据是：假如后一部分的中心词是形容词或副词就加how,假如后将前后两部
37、分位置进行调换,留意大小写及标点符号的调整.如：How tall the tree is.留意：假如陈述句中的形容词或副词前有very, quite, so, too等程度副词修饰,变成感叹句后肯定要去掉.简洁句并列句复合句分解1.简洁句由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简洁句.I go to school at 7:00 every day.（一个主语和一个谓语 Wang Nan and Wang Fan sing and dance.（二个主语和二个谓语）在中学阶段,我们应当把握简洁句的五种基本结构：（1）主语谓语（）We study hard for the
38、people.在这种结构中,谓语动词是不及物动词（vi.）,其后不跟宾语.（2）主语谓语宾语（）She speaks English.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料_They play basketball after class.（3）主语连系动词表语（）Wang Hongji is a good student.连系动词除be 外,仍有look （看上去）,get （逐步变得）,turn （变成）, feel （感觉）, become（变成）（4）主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语（In O+DO）She bought me a pen yesterday.He has taught
39、 us English for 3 years.这种结构可转化为“主语谓语直接宾语for 或 to +间接宾语”.如：She bought a pen for me yest（5）主语谓语宾语宾语补足语（OC）We can keep it warm. They call me Lao Wang.He asked me to help him with his English.留意：在此结构中,宾语与宾语补足语之间的关系是规律上的“主谓”关系.另外,有些简洁句结构比较特别,包含一个字或一个成份.如：Good morning. Hello. Thanks.Happy New2并列句由并列连词（an
40、d, but, so, or等）把两个（或两个以上）简洁句连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句He helps me and I help him.We bought granny a present, but she didn t like it.This is our first lesson, so I don t know all your names.3. 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子称复合句.所谓“从句”就是充当一个句子成份的中作什么成份,就叫什么从句.比如,这个“结构”在主句中做状语,我们就把它叫做状语从句.这个“结构”可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品_精品资料
41、_从句,等等.从句须有一个引导词来引导.如：You must see the doctor if you re ill.主句从句此句中含有if （假如）引导的从句,表示条件,由于它在主句中作状语,所以,我们就把它叫做“条件状语从句句和宾语从句.下面对状语从句作一归纳总结.（1）时间状语从句：由表示时间的连词引导：when 当时 , while（当时候,与同时）,before until（直到为止）,since （自从以来）,as soon as（一就）等.如：When she reached home, she had a short rest.（2）条件状语从句：由连词if引导.如：If you eat old food, you may be ill.