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1、最新资料推荐赏析版2013年3月经济学人文章（英汉双语对照）汇集ContentsQuantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero12013.03.02 The workshop heroes 美国与二战：车里的英雄42013.03.02 Special report: Emerging Africa 崛起的非洲72013.3.2Lexington: The view from Maine streets132013.03.02 The penny drops 一美分硬币终将退出市场162013.03.02 Obsessions 那些痴狂182013.03.02 Cuba
2、s leaders: The new man 古巴政坛新星212013.03.02 A hard pounding, this 军工行业遭受重击252013.03.07 Timed out 是时候和时代说分手了312013.03.09Net benefits 网络净收益332013.03.09 Now for the reckoning 下面，让咱们来算算总账吧372013.03.09 Fixing the fat cats 修理肥猫482013.03.09 Flights of fancy 从幻想到空中翱翔502013.03.13 To a war footing 朝鲜半岛正在走向战争532
3、013.03.16 Silicon Spring break 硅谷狂欢552013.03.16 Looking for Indias Zuckerberg 寻找印度的扎克伯格582013.03.16 Russia after Stalin 斯大林离去后的俄罗斯612013.03.16 High, wide or handsome?642013.03.16Credit watch 信贷观察682013-03-16 The economy 美国竞争力报道 经济712013.03.16 Immigration: Own goal 移民问题：美国自摆乌龙762013.03.23The Alibaba
4、phenomenon 阿里巴巴现象832013.03.23 Vape em if you got em 拿到手，吸两口872013.03.23 The joy of stats 玩转统计学892013.03.23 Here comes the cavalry 救兵来也922013.03.30Can India become a great power? 印度能成为大国吗？942013.03.23 The price of detachment 退居二线的代价972013.03.30Bottoms up 经济转型：基本面分析101Americas JOBS Act Still not worki
5、ng105最新精品资料整理推荐，更新于二二年十二月二十七日2020年12月27日星期日11:10:02Quantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero【导读】根据热力学原理，绝对零度是不可达到的；但最新研究结果表明，事实并非如此Quantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero量子气体的温度达到绝对零度以下时间:2013-01-14 15:17 来源:环球科学Ultracold atoms pave way for negative-Kelvin materials超冷原子为负绝对温度材料铺平了道路Temperature in a gas can
6、reach below absolute zero thanks to a quirk of quantum physics.Image: PHOTOCREO Michal Bednarek/Thinkstock量子物理的一种反常现象可以让某种气体的温度达到绝对零度以下照片来自PHOTOCREO Michal Bednarek/ThinkstockFrom Nature magazine本文选自自然杂志It may sound less likely than hell freezing over, but physicists have created an atomic gas with
7、a sub-absolute-zero temperature for the first time. Their technique opens the door to generating negative-Kelvin materials and new quantum devices, and it could even help to solve a cosmological mystery.这话听起来比地狱冰封了还不靠谱，但物理学家们已经史无前例地创造了一种温度低于绝对零度的原子气体。他们的方法为制造负开氏温度的材料和新型量子仪器打开了大门，而且还可能有助于解决一个宇宙学的千古谜团
8、。Lord Kelvin defined the absolute temperature scale in the mid-1800s in such a way that nothing could be colder than absolute zero. Physicists later realized that the absolute temperature of a gas is related to the average energy of its particles. Absolute zero corresponds to the theoretical state i
9、n which particles have no energy at all, and higher temperatures correspond to higher average energies.19世纪中叶，开尔文勋爵（Lord Kelvin）认为任何物体的温度都不可能达到绝对零度以下，并以此定义了绝对温标。物理学家们后来意识到，某种气体的绝对温度与其粒子的平均动能相关。绝对零度对应于粒子完全没有动能的理论状态；较高的温度对应于较高的平均动能。However, by the 1950s, physicists working with more exotic systems beg
10、an to realise that this isnt always true: Technically, you read off the temperature of a system from a graph that plots the probabilities of its particles being found with certain energies. Normally, most particles have average or near-average energies, with only a few particles zipping around at hi
11、gher energies. In theory, if the situation is reversed, with more particles having higher, rather than lower, energies, the plot would flip over and the sign of the temperature would change from a positive to a negative absolute temperature, explains Ulrich Schneider, a physicist at the Ludwig Maxim
12、ilian University in Munich, Germany.然而到了20世纪50年代，一些研究更不寻常的物质系统的物理学家开始认识到这种说法并非总是正确的：在具体操作时，人们根据某种曲线读出系统的温度，这种曲线描绘了该系统中粒子具有某些动能的几率。在正常情况下，大多数粒子的动能为平均动能或接近平均动能，只有少数粒子以较高动能运动。德国慕尼黑市的路德维希马克西米兰大学（Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany）的物理学家尤里奇施奈达（Ulrich Schneider）解释说：从理论上说，如果这种状况逆转，即如果较多粒子的动能不是较
13、低而是较高，这一曲线就会翻转，这会改变绝对温度的符号，由正绝对温度变为负绝对温度。Peaks and valleys山顶与山谷Schneider and his colleagues reached such sub-absolute-zero temperatures with an ultracold quantum gas made up of potassium atoms. Using lasers and magnetic fields, they kept the individual atoms in a lattice arrangement. At positive tem
14、peratures, the atoms repel, making the configuration stable. The team then quickly adjusted the magnetic fields, causing the atoms to attract rather than repel each other. “This suddenly shifts the atoms from their most stable, lowest-energy state to the highest possible energy state, before they ca
15、n react,” says Schneider. “Its like walking through a valley, then instantly finding yourself on the mountain peak.”施奈达和他的同事们是利用钾原子组成的超冷量子气体达到这一绝对零度以下温度的。利用激光与磁场，他们让单个原子保持点阵排列。在正绝对温度下原子相互排斥，这使该点阵稳定。然后研究小组迅速调整磁场，让原子之间由排斥转为吸引。“这便在原子有所反应之前突然把它们从能量最低的最稳定状态转变为可能达到的最高能量状态，”施奈达说。“这就像你正在山谷中行走，但顷刻之间发现自己来到了山顶
16、。”At positive temperatures, such a reversal would be unstable and the atoms would collapse inwards. But the team also adjusted the trapping laser field to make it more energetically favourable for the atoms to stick in their positions. This result, described today in Science, marks the gass transiti
17、on from just above absolute zero to a few billionths of a Kelvin below absolute zero.这样的逆转在正绝对温度下不稳定，会让原子向内坍塌。但该小组也调整了激光阱场，让原子停留在原处在能量上更为有利。今天的科学杂志是这样描述的：这样做的结果标志着气体的温度从刚好在绝对零度之上向绝对零度之下十亿分之几度转变。Wolfgang Ketterle, a physicist and Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridg
18、e, who has previously demonstrated negative absolute temperatures in a magnetic system, calls the latest work an “experimental tour de force”. Exotic high-energy states that are hard to generate in the laboratory at positive temperatures become stable at negative absolute temperatures “as though you
19、 can stand a pyramid on its head and not worry about it toppling over,” he notes and so such techniques can allow these states to be studied in detail. “This may be a way to create new forms of matter in the laboratory,” Ketterle adds.位于剑桥的麻省理工学院（Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge）物理
20、学家、诺贝尔奖金得主沃尔夫冈克特勒（Wolfgang Ketterle）曾在一种磁系统中证实了负绝对温度的存在，他称这一最新成果是一项“实验杰作”。在正绝对温度下很难在实验室产生的非寻常高能态在负绝对温度下变得稳定了，“这就像你可以把一座金字塔头朝下放又不必担心它会倾覆”，因此这种方法可以让人们得以详细地研究这些状态。“这或许会是在实验室中创造物质新形式的一种方法。”If built, such systems would behave in strange ways, says Achim Rosch, a theoretical physicist at the University of
21、 Cologne in Germany, who proposed the technique used by Schneider and his team. For instance, Rosch and his colleagues have calculated that whereas clouds of atoms would normally be pulled downwards by gravity, if part of the cloud is at a negative absolute temperature, some atoms will move upwards,
22、 apparently defying gravity.这种实验方法是德国科隆大学（University of Cologne in Germany）的理论物理学家阿齐姆洛什（Achim Rosch）建议施奈达和他的团队使用的；前者认为，一旦这样的系统建成，它们将会有异乎寻常的表现方式。例如，洛什与他的同事们所进行的计算说明，尽管原子云通常会受重力作用向下运动，但如果云的一部份处于负绝对温度下，有些原子就会明显地对抗引力向上运动。Another peculiarity of the sub-absolute-zero gas is that it mimics dark energy, the
23、 mysterious force that pushes the Universe to expand at an ever-faster rate against the inward pull of gravity. Schneider notes that the attractive atoms in the gas produced by the team also want to collapse inwards, but do not because the negative absolute temperature stabilises them. “Its interest
24、ing that this weird feature pops up in the Universe and also in the lab,” he says. “This may be something that cosmologists should look at more closely.”温度在绝对零度以下的气体的另一个奇异现象是它对“暗能量”的模仿；后者是推动宇宙对抗向心引力，并以日益增加的速率向外膨胀的神秘力量。施奈达强调，在该研究小组制造的气体中，互相吸引的原子也有向内坍塌的倾向，但负绝对温度对其稳定作用使这种情况没有发生。“有趣的是，这一出现在宇宙中的奇异特点也出现在实
25、验室中，”他如是说。“这或许是宇宙学家应该更仔细地研究的现象。”This article is reproduced with permission from the magazine Nature. The article was first published on January 3, 2012.本文于2012年1月3日首发，现经自然杂志允许在此重刊。By Zeeya Merali and Nature magazine兹亚米拉里，自然杂志原文地址：http:/www.scientificamerican.co . olute-zero#comments转载声明：本文来自环球科学（），转
26、载请注明出处http:/ecocn.org/thread-180977-1-1.html 译者：悠悠万事972013.03.02 The workshop heroes 美国与二战：车里的英雄【导读】同盟国之所以在二战中获胜，工程师功不可没America and the second world war美国与二战The workshop heroes车间里的英雄A tribute to the unsung workers向二战中的无名工作者致敬Mar 2nd 2013 |From the print editionEngineers of Victory: The Problem Solve
27、rs who Turned the Tide in the Second World War.By Paul Kennedy.Random House; 436 pages; $30.Allen Lane; 25. Buy fromA,Amazon.co.uk奠定胜局的工程师：扭转二战局势的灵丹妙药。保罗肯尼迪【注1】著，兰登书屋出版。全书436页，售价30美元。英国地区由艾伦莱恩出版社出版，售价25英镑。A、Amzaon.co.uk有售。NEARLY 70 years after the second world war and with most of the combatants now
28、 dead, a leading historian can praise the Wehrmacht. Not, of course, its evil racism but its military prowess. On the battlefields, writes Paul Kennedy of Yale University, Germanys soldiers earned universal respect for their “capacity to react swiftly and fiercely to an assault on any front”. His su
29、perlatives continue to flow. The Wehrmacht possessed a fabulous capacity to recover and strike back; Germanys paratroopers were ultra- competent; the Reich fought with astounding tenacity.第二次世界大战已经过去了将近七十年，大多数参战老兵也已经离开人世。今时今日，杰出的历史学家可以去赞扬德国国防军【注2】了。当然，不是去赞扬它那罪恶的种族歧视，而是去赞扬它那非凡的军事实力。耶鲁大学的保罗肯尼迪写道，德国将士“
30、无论在哪一条战线上都能迅猛地应对敌军的突袭”，因此在战场上赢得了广泛尊重。肯尼迪还赞赏道：德国国防军具备令人难以置信的恢复能力和反击能力；德军的伞兵极为优秀；德意志帝国的军人打起仗来出乎意料地顽强。How then did Germany come to lose the war? The British-born historian strives to avoid reductionism. Unlike others, he says, he does not claim that the Allies victory can be explained solely by brute f
31、orce or by a wonder weapon or by some magical decrypting system. There were multiple factors. Some have been exaggerated. Bletchley Park was “certainly far less important” than most of the popular literature about the codebreakers suggests. Sir Arthur “Bomber” Harriss determination not to target the
32、 enemys oil, transport and electricity grids but to blast cities instead was, he writes, a “weird panacea”.那么，为什么德国还是输掉了这场战争？在阐述这个问题时，肯尼迪这位生于英国的历史学家竭力避免了还原论【注3】。和别人不同，他不认为可以把同盟国的胜利单纯地归功于武力、新型兵器或是什么神奇的解码系统。这场胜利存在诸多因素，而有些因素被人为夸大了。在很多关于解码人员的通俗文学中，布莱切利园【注4】对同盟国在二战中的胜利起到了重要作用，“这显然言过其实了”。肯尼迪写道，阿瑟“轰炸机”哈里斯【
33、注5】当年决定不去攻击敌军的石油线路、运输系统和电网，而是去轰炸各大城市这是一种“兵行诡道的万能战术”。Against this, Mr Kennedy argues, some reasons for the Allies success deserve much greater emphasis. One of them, the stupendous might of Americas military-industrial complex, was recognised at last in Arthur Hermans “Freedoms Forge”, reviewed here
34、last year. Mr Kennedy celebrates another crucial component: the role of engineers. What they invented, improvised and improved had, by 1943, begun to turn the tide against Germany and Japan.相反，肯尼迪认为，有些因素让同盟国取得了胜利，却远未得到足够的重视。其一就是美国的军事工业复合体所发挥出的惊人威力事隔多年之后，这种威力终于在阿瑟赫尔曼的锻造自由的熔炉一书中得到了认可（去年本报曾经刊载过这部作品的书评）
35、。肯尼迪赞颂了另一个至关重要的胜利因素：那就是工程师们在二战中所扮演的角色。到1943年为止，他们的工作成果已经开始为同盟国扭转战局了，德国和日本的优势不复存在。By then long-range B-24 Liberator bombers protected convoys of merchant ships crossing the Atlantic; Hedgehog grenades destroyed Grand Admiral Karl Dnitzs U-boats; B-17 Flying Fortress bombers flew from airfields in Eng
36、land deep into Germany and drove the Japanese back in the Pacific; T-34 tanks led the blood-soaked Soviet counter-attack on the Eastern Front; Mustang fighter planes decimated Germanys flying aces.彼时彼刻， B-24“解放者”远程轰炸机保护着横跨大西洋的商船队伍；“刺猬弹”炸毁了德国海军元帅卡尔邓尼兹的 U 型潜艇；B-17“空中堡垒”轰炸机从英格兰的机场起飞，深入德国境内，并在太平洋战区击退了日军
37、；苏军在东方战线发动了浴血反攻，而前方开路的正是一架架 T-34 坦克；德军的制空王牌也被“野马”战斗机尽数歼灭【注6】。Mr Kennedy also rescues the engineers of the US Navy Construction Battalions from relative obscurity. Popularly known as the “Seabees”, these were the units that built the bases, the installations, the assembly points and the roads that ca
38、rried the Allied fight forward. Their achievements more than justify Mr Kennedys assertion that engineers are essential to military victory. Yet, as he rightly complains, historians of grand campaigns all too often take their work for granted and assume that troops, fleets and air squadrons can be m
39、oved long distances by the stroke of a pen on a large map.肯尼迪还让美国海军建设营的工程师从幕后走到了台前。这些人被公众称为“海蜂”【注7】，负责建造基地、集合点，并为同盟国军队铺设进军道路。肯尼迪坚称工程师在二战的军事胜利中功不可没，而“海蜂”取得的成就也充分证明了这一点。然而，肯尼迪也抱怨道（这种抱怨合情合理）：研究大型战争的历史学家往往不重视工程师的工作，认为只要在作战地图上大笔一挥，海陆空三军就能深入敌方腹地。Seabee statistics are still amazing. In the Pacific alone th
40、ey built, in the midst of war, 111 major airstrips and 441 piers, tanks for the storage of 100m gallons of fuel, housing for 1.5m men and hospitals for 70,000 patients. The famous photograph of General Douglas MacArthur (pictured) fulfilling his “I shall return” promise to the Philippines was possib
41、le only after skilful Seabees had managed the pontoon bridges and causeway units that brought the army ashorealong with the photographers, of course.今天看来，关于“海蜂”的统计数据仍然令人惊讶。在二战期间，他们仅在太平洋战区就铺设了111条大型飞机跑道、搭建了441个码头、制造了可贮存一亿加仑燃料的油桶、修建了可居住150万人的营房以及可接纳7万名病人的多家医院。上将道格拉斯麦克阿瑟（如图）离开菲律宾群岛时曾经承诺：“我还会回来的”。而如果没有技
42、术高超的“海蜂”来搭筑浮桥、修建堤道的话，美军也就无法登岸了，麦克阿瑟的诺言也将无法实现当然，假如没有“海蜂”，就连拍下这张著名照片的摄影记者都将无法到场。 Mr Kennedys best-known book is “The Rise and Fall of Great Powers” (1987) and his knowledge of earlier conflicts adds depth and colour to his history of the middle years of the war. Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, the
43、 Duke of Marlborough, Napoleon, William Tecumseh Sherman and others march across the pages as Mr Kennedy compares and contrasts their actions with those of their counterparts in 1943-44. And he is able to cite several instances of British-American-Soviet bickering to sustain the Duke of Wellingtons
44、grumble that having enemies is nothing like as bad as having allies.肯尼迪最为知名的作品当数1987年出版的大国的兴衰。他研究过历史上的军事冲突，这一点也使他笔下的二战中期历史颇具深度、姿彩纷呈。肯尼迪把1943到1944年间的二战将领和历史上的将领放在一起，比较他们的军事行动；读者在字里行间仿佛看到了亚历山大大帝、尤利乌斯凯撒、马尔堡公爵、拿破仑、威廉特库姆塞舍曼这些历史名将当年的英姿。威灵顿公爵曾经抱怨说，有盟友要比有敌人糟糕很多。而肯尼迪可以从英美苏三国之间的龃龉中找到例证来证明威灵顿公爵的这种说法。译者注：1.保罗肯尼
45、迪（Paul Kennedy，1945年 ），是英国出生的历史学家，专长于国际关系。他在牛津大学获得了博士学位，1970年到1983年期间在 East Anglia 大学担任历史学教授，后任耶鲁大学教授。他出版了很多关于英国皇家海军、大国争霸、太平洋战争等主题的书籍，其代表作大国的兴衰探讨了1500年至今国际舞台上大国兴替的历史。2.德国国防军（德语：Wehrmacht）是1935至1945年间纳粹德国的军事力量。第二次世界大战期间的国防军包括陆军、海军和空军。纳粹党的武装党卫队单位有时也配属于国防军。3.还原论或还原主义（Reductionism，又译化约论），是一种哲学思想，认为复杂的系统
46、、事务、现象可以通过将其化解为各部分之组合的方法，加以理解和描述。 还原论的思想在自然科学中有很大影响，例如认为化学是以物理学为基础，生物学是以化学为基础，等等。在社会科学中，围绕还原论的观点有很大争议，例如心理学是否能够归结于生物学，社会学是否能归结于心理学，政治学能否归结于社会学，等等。4.布莱切利园（Bletchley Park），又称X电台（Station X），是一座位于英格兰米尔顿凯恩斯（Milton Keynes）布莱切利镇内的宅第。在第二次世界大战期间，布莱切利园曾经是英国政府进行密码解读的主要地方，轴心国的密码与密码文件，如恩尼格玛密码机等，一般都会送到那里进行解码。自恩尼格
47、玛密码机被破译后，布莱切利园所收集到的军事情报一概被代号为ULTRA；尽管现今有部份人对这些情报的功用提出质疑，但普遍认为，ULTRA除帮助了盟军外，还提早结束战争。 布莱切利园已为一所向公众开放的博物馆。5.阿瑟特拉弗斯哈里斯（Arthur Trayes Harris，18921984），第二次世界大战时期先后担任英国皇家空军副参谋长和轰炸航空兵司令，成为皇家空军元帅，是“轰炸机致胜论”的倡导者。人称“轰炸机”哈里斯。因主张对平民无差别轰炸被称为“屠夫”。6.B-24“解放者”式轰炸机（B-24 Liberator）是美国于第二次世界大战投入使用的一种重型轰炸机，由共和飞机公司（Consol
48、idated Aircraft）研制，在战时活跃于西线、中缅印战区和太平洋战场。 B-17“空中堡垒”轰炸机(B-17 Flying Fortress) 是美国波音在1930年代为美国陆军航空队所发展的的四引擎重型轰炸机。 T-34坦克是苏联于1940年到1958年生产的中型坦克，分别是装上76.2毫米炮的T-34/76和85毫米炮的T-34/85，两者的炮塔设计并不相同，其设计思路皆对后世的坦克发展有着深远及革命性的影响。 “野马”战斗机，即P-51战斗机，是美国陆军航空队在二次世界大战期间最有名的战斗机之一，也是美国海陆两军所使用的单引擎战斗机当中航程最长，对于欧洲与太平洋战区战略轰炸护航最重要的机种，并且一直使用到朝鲜战争为止。7.“海蜂”相关资料