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1、十年（20102020）高考英语真题分项详解23阅读理解·任务型阅读1.（2020年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意:请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。HumorIf you see humor as an optional form of entertainment, youre missing some of its biggest benefits: Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people se
2、em entertaining. Studies show that a good sense of humor even makes you seem smarter.Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. The increase of energy will even make you more willing to exercise, and that will
3、 raise your overall energy even more.Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. Humor lets you better understand life and sometimes helps you laugh at even the worst of your problems.In my experience, most people think they have a sense of humor, and to some degree thats true. Bu
4、t not all senses of humor are created equal. So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.You dont have to be the joke teller in the group in order to show your sense of humor. You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to a
5、dd humor. Every party needs a straight person. Youll appear fun and funny by association.When it comes to in-person humor, effort counts a lot. When people see you trying to be funny, it frees them to try it themselves. So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, you might be freeing the long k
6、ept humor in others. People need permission to be funny in social settings because theres always a risk that comes with humor. For in-person humor, quality isnt as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.Some people-and I was one of them-believe that humorous complaints ab
7、out the little problems of life make humor, and sometimes that is the case. The problem comes when you start doing too much complaint-based humor. One funny observation about problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how smart you think you are. Funny complaints can
8、wear people out.Self-deprecating(自嘲式) humor is usually the safest type, but here again you dont want to overshoot the target. One self-deprecating comment is a generous and even confident form of humor. You have to be at least a bit self-assured to laugh at yourself in front of others. But if you do
9、 it too often, you can transform in the eyes of others from a confident joker to a Chihuahua dog.HumorBenefits of humorHumor is form of 1. Humor can improve ones2. and personality.Humor can make one 3. in his work, study, and life.Humor has a positive4. effect when we are in difficulties.5.to follow
10、6. others for a conversation of fun is as good as telling a joke yourself when showing your sense of humor.Quality counts 7. than attitude and effort-even stupid joke can 8. others of risk and embarrassment.Traps to 9.One humorous complaint makes funny person. But too many complaints will 10. your a
11、udience.Self-deprecating comments show ones assurance. But too much deprecation will make a Chihuahua dog.【答案】1.entertainment2.appearance/look3.energetic4.psychological5.Tips/Suggestions/Advice6.Preparing7.less8.relieve/free9.avoid/skip10.bore/tire/exhaust【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了幽默的好处，讲遵循的技巧以及所要避开的陷阱。1.原
12、词再现题。根据文章第一段“If you see humor as an optional form of entertainment, you're missing some of its biggest benefits( 如果你把幽默看作是一种可选的娱乐形式，你就错过了它的一些最大的好处)”可知，幽默是一种娱乐形式。故填entertainment。2.语意转化题。根据文章第一段“Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people seem entertaining. (幽默能让相貌平平的人看起来
13、可爱，让不感兴趣的人看起来很有趣。)”可知，幽默可以改善一个人的外表和个性。故填appearance/look。3.词性转换题。根据文章第二段“Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. (最重要的是，幽默能提升你的精力，这会对你在学校、工作或个人生活中所做的一切产生影响。)”可知，幽默能使人在工作、学习和生活中充满活力。句中名词energy转换成形容词energetic故
14、填energetic。4.语意转化题。根据文章第三段“Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. (幽默还能使你的思维从日常烦恼中解脱出来。)”可知，幽默让你理解生活，有时帮助你在最困难时能够大笑。可以推断出当我们遇到困难时，幽默会对我们的心理产生影响。故填psychological。5.原词再现题。根据文章第四段“So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.(所以我觉得在日常生活中加入一些幽默技巧会很有
15、用。)”可知，这里为幽默所要遵循的建议或技巧。故填Tips/Suggestions/Advice。6.语意转化题。根据文章第五段“You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. (你可以把谈话引向有趣的话题，而这些话题已经为其他人增添了幽默感。)”可知，这里指为他人准备一场有趣的对话。所填词中缺少主语，所以用动名词作主语。故填Preparing。7.语意转化题。根据文章第六段“When it comes to in-person humor,
16、 effort counts a lot. (说到个人幽默，努力是很重要的。)”和”For in-person humor, quality isnt as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.( 对于面对面的幽默，质量并不像你想象的那么重要。你的态度和努力很重要。)”可知，质量没有态度和努力重要。故填less。8.原词再现题。根据文章第六段“So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, you might be freeing the long
17、 kept humor in others. (所以，即使你自己的幽默努力失败了，你也可能释放了别人长期保持的幽默。)”可知，即使是一个愚蠢的笑话也能让别人免于风险和尴尬。短语relieve/freeof免于。故填relieve/free。9.归纳总结题。根据表格此栏后面的内容可知，这里是讲幽默所需要避开的陷阱。故填avoid/skip。10.语意转化题。根据文章倒数第二段”One funny observation about a problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how sm
18、art you think you are. Funny complaints can wear people out. (对生活中某个问题的一个有趣的观察可能很有趣，但五个就是只有抱怨了，不管你认为自己有多聪明。有趣的抱怨会让人筋疲力尽。)”可知，太多的抱怨只会让人厌烦或筋疲力尽。故填bore/tire/exhaust。2.（2019年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences, a
19、ll human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains
20、. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.The fact is that a huge b
21、rain is a huge drainconsumption of energyon the body. Its not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). Its even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the bodys energy when the body is at
22、rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿) require only 8% of rest-time energy. Early humans paid for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search of food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. Its hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to surviv
23、e. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) cant win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, its easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other
24、purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small hea
25、d. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made human
26、kind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating anima
27、ls.The Cost of ThinkingIntroduction Large brains for their bodies and the ability to walk upright are two 11. of human beings.The 12. of large human brains The larger brains may not be better because of the cost. The big brains make it harder for the body to move around and consume more energy. The
28、animal brain requires less 13. when the body is at rest. Large human brains consume more food, and weaken muscles.The 14. of walking upright Walking upright makes it easy to find food or 15. against enemies. Freed hands can serve some 16. purposes and perform complex tasks. Walking upright challenge
29、s the human bone structure, and 17. the size of brains. Walking upright results in 18. sufferings.Conclusion With a large brain, human beings 19. other beings in terms of intelligence. Weak and marginal, human beings remained 20. of meat-eating animals.【答案】11.characteristics12.disadvantages13.energy
30、14.impact(s)15.guard16.other17.limits18.physical19.beat20.fearful/afraid【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明人用大脑思考的代价。人类与动物相比有两大特点：大大的大脑和直立行走。超大的大脑使人类拥有更高的智商，但却消耗巨大的能量。直立行走让人类擅长寻找食物和抵御敌人，解放了的双手来更复杂的事。但却让人类遭受腰痛和颈部疼痛等。虽然有这些缺点，但仍然使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。11.考查信息归纳。根据第一段all human beings share several defining characteristics, such
31、 as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.可知，大脑袋和双腿直立行走的能力是人类共有的特点(characteristics)。故填characteristics。12.考查信息归纳。72题就是对第三段内容的总结。第三段主要叙述了人类的大脑长得比较大的缺点。因此本空格填写disadvantages。13.考查信息来源。根据第三段中的The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drainconsumption of energyon the body. Its not easy to
32、 carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). Its even harder to provide energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3% of total body weight, but it consumes 25% of the bodys energy when the body is at rest.可知，人类巨大的大脑是一个巨大的能量消耗。当身体处于休息时，大脑要消耗25%的身体能量。相比之下，类人猿的大脑只需要8%的休息时
33、间能量。人类与动物相比，动物需要的能量（energy）要比人类少。故填energy。14.考查信息归纳。分析空后的75-78小题所在的第五段和第六段的内容可知，此部分主要叙述了直立行走对人类的影响。故填impact(s)。15.考查信息转换。根据第五段的第一句Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, its easier to find food or enemies.可知，另一个独特的人类特征是我们直立行走。站起来更容易找到食物或发现敌人。发现敌人就是为了防御敌人。因为or为连词，在此句
34、中连结两个动词短语，故空格填动词。“guard against.”为固定搭配，意为“防御”，故本空填写guard。16.考查信息查找。根据第五段中的their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.可知，解放了的双手可以用于做其它的事，即有其它的目的。故填other。17.考查信息归
35、纳。根据第五段Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an ext
36、ra-large skull.可知，直立行走也有缺点。我们祖先进化了上百亿年，骼也只能支撑四肢行走和有一个相对较小的头。直立行走对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，限制了人的头脑的大小。故本空填limits。18.考查信息转换。根据第六段Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.可知，直立对人类的骨架是一个相当大的挑战，人类为其广阔的视野和灵巧的双手付出了代价，换来的是腰酸背痛和脖子疼痛。由此得出，直立导致身体方面的(physical)痛苦，故填physical。19.考查信
37、息归纳。根据最后一段We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth.可知，我们假设一个大脑袋会带来巨大的优势。很明显，这些使人类成为地球上最强大的动物。由此可推断出人类的大脑比其他动物大，在智力方面人类比其他动物更聪明，即在智力方面击败了(beat)其他动物。故本空填beat。20.考查信息查找。根据最后一段But humans enjoyed all of these adv
38、antages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.可知，尽管人类享受着所有这些优势，但也是弱小的生物。因此尽管拥有巨大的大脑和锋利的石器，但一百万年前的人类也时常生活在对食肉动物的恐惧中。因为空
39、前是系动词，故本空要填形容词(afraid/fearful)可知，此处要填名词，故填fearful/afraid。3.（2018年，江苏卷）请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填一个单词。How Arts Promote Our EconomyWhen most people think of the arts, they imagine the end product, the beautiful painting, a wonderful piece of music, or an award-
40、winning performance in the theater. But arts groups bring broader value to our communities. The economic impact of the arts is often overlooked and badly judged.The arts create jobs that help develop the economy. Any given performance takes a tour bus full of artists, technical experts, managers, mu
41、sicians, or writers to create an appealing piece of art. These people earn a living wage for their professional knowledge and skills.Another group of folks is needed to help market the event. “If you build it they will come” is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, photographers, boo
42、king agents and promoters are hired to sell tickets and promote the event. According to the Dallas Area Cultural Advocacy Coalition, arts agencies employ more than 10,000 people as full-or part-time employees or independent contractors.A successful arts neighborhood creates a ripple effect（连锁反应）thro
43、ughout a community. In 2005, when the Bishop Arts Theatre was donated to our town, the location was considered a poor area of town. After investing more than $1 million in reconstructing the building, we began producing a full season of theater performances, jazz concerts, and year-round arts educat
44、ion programs in 2008. Nearly 40 percent of jazz lovers live outside of the Dallas city limits and drive or fly in to enjoy an evening in the Bishop Arts District.No doubt the theater has contributed to the areas development and economic growth. Today, there are galleries, studios, restaurants and ne
45、wly built work spaces where neighbors share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture also serve as a public good.TeCo Theatrical Productions Inc. made use of Bloombergs investment of $35,000 to get nearly $400,000 in public and private sector support during
46、the two-year period. Further, Dallas arts and arts-based businesses produce $298 for every dollar the city spends on arts programming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metro area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an economic impact of almost $3 million and support 44,000 jobs, 80 percent of which
47、actually lie outside the arts industry, including accountants, marketers, construction workers, hotel managers, printers, and other kinds of art workers.The arts are efficient economic drivers and when they are supported, the entire small-business community benefits.It is wrong to assume arts groups
48、 cannot make a profit. But in order to stay in business, arts groups must produce returns. If you are a student studying the arts, chances are you have been ill-advised to have a plan B.But those who truly understand the economic impact and can work to change the patterns can create a wide range of
49、career possibilities.Arts as an economic driverOur communities 21. from arts in terms of economy.22. of arts promoting our economyArts activity demands a(n) 23. effort. It involves creation, performance, and 24.Artists make a living through their creative work.Others get paid by marketing the event.Arts have a gradual