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1、十年（20102020）高考英语真题分项详解19阅读理解·议论文体类1.（2020年，天津卷，第一次高考）Studying a subject that you feel pointless is never a fun or easy task. If you're studying history, asking yourself the question "why is history important "is a very good first step. History is an essential part of human civiliz
2、ation. You will find something here that will arouse your interest, or get you thinking about the significance of history. History grounds us in our roots. History is an important and interesting field of study, and learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimp
3、se（一瞥）into our ancestral pasts, and how we got to where we are today. Many people feel like they need a sense of cultural belonging, which is something that studying your roots and being open-minded to the evolution of your culture can provide. History enriches our experience. Reading history is an
4、amazing experience because it enables us to reflect on the social and economic life of the people living long time ago According to the experts, problems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in hand
5、ling challenges of life.History makes us more empathetic（具有共情能力的）, Studying history can give us insight （洞察力）into why our culture does certain things, and how the past has shaped it into what we know now. It also provides a rather strong foundation for empathy across cultures. Fear and hate for othe
6、rs is usually caused by ignorance （无知）. We're scared of the things that we don't understand. History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.History can inspire us to learn more. what's fantastic abo
7、ut history is the way it broadens our horizons. It's almost impossible to learn about one historical period without having dozens of questions about related concepts. Study the 19th century England, and you might catch a glimpse of Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Look up Charles Dickens, and
8、you might learn a thing or two about realism. Or maybe you end up switching your attention away from novels, and discover the history of romantic poets in England. It can go anywhere, and there is something in there for absolutely anybody. The value of history cannot be underestimated. We don't
9、have to live in the past, but we can definitely do better by learning from it and using the lessons learnt to lead more meaningful lives.1.The underlined part "where we are today" in Para. 2 probably means _.A.the turning point in our historyB.the present state of our nationC.the location
10、of our homelandD.the total area of our country2.According to the experts, why is history useful for people to handle challenges of life?A.The problems at present are similar to those in the past.B.Ancient people laid economic foundations for people today.C.The current challenges of life were predict
11、ed by the ancestors.D.People living long time ago knew more about how to solve problems.3.What can be concluded from Para.4?A.It is difficult to get rid of cultural barriers.B.People are willing to accept foreign cultures.C.Cultural conflicts in history are difficult to ignore.D.History helps us imp
12、rove our cross-cultural awareness.4.With the example in Para.5, the writer intends to show that_.A.Charles Dickens contributes much to British literature.B.Oliver Twist can satisfy our curiosity for romantic poets.C.reading novels is a way to learn about a historical period.D.studying history can ar
13、ouse people's interest in other fields.5.What could be the best title for the passage?A.How to Build Cultural IdentityB.Why Studying History MattersC.Know the Past, Know the PresentD.History: a Way to Broaden Horizons【答案】1.B 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.B【解析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义历史
14、的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。1.猜测词义题。根据上句learning the history of our home country can give us a deeper, more meaningful glimpse(一瞥 )into our ancestral pasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的where we are today指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。2.细节理解题。根据第三段According to the experts, probl
15、ems faced by people regardless of the past and present are the same. With the information about the ancestors, one can become more experienced in handling challenges of life.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。3.推理判断题。根据第四段中It also provides a rather strong foundation for empath
16、y across cultures和History has the potential to break down those boundaries by offering us insight into entire worlds that would otherwise be foreign to us.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。4.推理判断题。根据第五段标题是 History can inspire us to learn more:(历史可以激励我们学
17、习更多),下面列举了阅读Oliver Twist的例子,通过Oliver Twist我们能去了解作者 Charles Dickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段If you're studying history, asking yourself the question" why is history important" is a very good first step.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学
18、历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故Why Studying History Matters?能概括全文内容。故选B。2.（2020年，天津卷，第二次高考）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent.
19、I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning
20、Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”Fortunately, curiosity and discontent dont have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “
21、is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.Most of
22、 us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.How should you start? Modestly, so as not to
23、 become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldnt arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You havent any special ability? Most people dont
24、; there are only a few geniuses. You havent any time? Thats good, because its always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Toms Cabin while cooking. Youre too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and tha
25、t Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for youll never be more alive than you are at this moment.6.In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to _.A.propose a definitionB.make a comparisonC.reach a conclusio
26、nD.present an argument7.What does the example of Galileo tell us?A.Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.B.Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.C.Creativity results from challenging authority.D.Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.8.What can you do to recapture curiosity a
27、nd discontent?A.Observe the unknown around you.B.Develop a questioning mind.C.Lead a life of adventure.D.Follow the fashion.9.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?A.Gaining success helps you become an expert.B.The genius tends to get things done creatively.C.Lack of talent and time is no reason
28、 for taking no action.D.You should remain modest when approaching perfection.10.What could be the best tile or the passage?A.Curious Minds Never Feel ContentedB.Reflections on Human NatureC.The Keys to AchievementD.Never Too Late to Learn【答案】6.D 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素好奇心和不满足。6
29、.推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had
30、both. The two belong together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。7.推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。
31、8.细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his childs heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the
32、crowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。9.推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中的You havent any special ability? Most people dont; there are only a f
33、ew geniuses. You havent any time? Thats good, because its always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。10.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities m
34、ake the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The Keys to Achie
35、vement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。3.（2017年6月，浙江卷）Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Fou
36、ndation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most sch
37、ool-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there ar
38、e more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say p
39、art of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to st
40、art high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.11.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?A.American kids sleeping habits.B.Teenager
41、s sleep-related diseases.C.Activities to prevent sleeplessness.D.Learning problems and lack of sleep.12.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?A.7 hours.B.8 hours.C.10 hours.D.18 hours.13.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?A.They are affected by certain body che
42、micals.B.They tend to do things that excite them.C.They follow their parents examples.D.They dont need to go to school early.【答案】11.A 12.C 13.B【解析】这是一篇议论文。首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄段需要不同的睡眠时间，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时间而推迟了上课的时间。11.细节理解题，根据第一段“According to a new survey(调查) by the Nat
43、ional Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.”可知，第一段向我们
44、说明美国有51%的10到18岁的孩子上床睡觉的时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7到12岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的。故选A项。12.细节理解题，根据第二段“For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal”可知，11岁的上学小孩子的睡眠时间需要10个小时，故选C项。13.细节理解题，根据第三段“She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down
45、 and sleep”,可知， Carskadon说，睡前的这些活动会让孩子们兴奋不已，让他们难以平静下来入睡。所以 Carskadon认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动。故选B项。4.（2016年6月，浙江卷）Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday? Lindsey whispers to Tori.With her eyes shining, Tori brags, You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.Who are Lindsey and Tori talking
46、about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori arent very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed
47、three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic breakups, troubl
48、e at home, even dropping out that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.If we know that gos
49、sip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor(传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others dont. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the in group. In other words, gossip is satisfying beca