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1、备战2021届高考英语二轮复习题型专练（新高考）12自然环保类阅读理解【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 "人与自然和谐发展”是时代的主题，生态环保的话题也越来越多地出现在新试题中。在命题方面有以下趋势：|1.题材：强调人与自然和谐发展。2.选材：关注人、自然的生存现状和未来发展。3.命题：形式多样，突出整体理解，合理推断。【得分要点】 1.应试生态环保类题目时，在理解文章的基础上，要重点突破归纳主旨大意技能，因为推断是以整体理解为基础的推断能力。那么，怎样归纳主旨大意？（1）寻找具体段落的中
2、心思想的方法是：找出每小段的主题句。主题句通常有这样的特点：有一个话题（topic）；有阐述控制性概念（controlling idea）偶尔也可在一段中间；有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中。这就需要读者进一步加工概括了。（2）寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。应观察全文的结构安排，理解文章浓墨重笔写的“重心”，考虑文章组织材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么的，分析故事的发展结局都是围绕什么中心大意来安排的。（3）典型错误：忽视文章的结构；混淆了中心与支撑细节或材料的区别；忽视文章表意的倾向性；漏掉了主要的特征词。2.怎样正确推理判断推理判断试题要求考生尽量考虑
3、文中全部信息或事实，在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意，并作出正确的推理和判断。（1）数据推断题解答此类题，关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、推算，从而得出正确的结论。（2）知识推断题根据文章中所阐述的细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。（3）逻辑结论推断题根据事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料，不是根据自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。解答这类题的前提是要首先获得短文的主题思想或列举的具体事实，然后按题意要求进行推断。（4）对作者态度、倾向的推断题作者的倾向和感
4、情往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中，因此，在推断过星中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞。【真题再现】【2020·全国卷I，D】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city
5、experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perfor
6、m diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,
7、explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Stranos team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amoun
8、t needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would l
9、ast the plants lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and offswitchwhere the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from
10、a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from va
11、rious workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing
12、 plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How
13、 do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown,
14、Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D
15、。33.细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing pla
16、nts could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。故选C。35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power
17、 plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的
18、过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。【题型演练】1Greenland is the biggest island in the world. And the ice sheet that sits atop it is massive. “The pile of ice being so thick, it extends more than 10, 000 feet above the ocean. And if all that ice were to melt and go
19、 into the ocean, global sea levels would rise by 24 feet everywhere around the world,” said Jason Briner, a geologist at the University at Buffalo. The ice sheet is melting, of course. But just how much, compared to the past? Briners team did a computer simulation（模拟）of the southwest of the Greenlan
20、d ice sheet, which he says is a good proxy for ice melt across the entire ice sheet. The researchers plugged past climate data into that model to “ hindcast”, rather than forecast, the past activity of the ice sheet. They then checked the models predictions of the past shape and size of the ice shee
21、t by looking at piles of rocks and dirt on Greenland today, which outline the edges of ancient ice. And the simulation was in good agreement with the actual situation. Using that reconstruction of the ice sheet over time, the team could compare the ice sheets historic losses to those happening today
22、 under human-caused global warming. And they determined that Greenland is on track to lose more ice this century than during any century in the past 12, 000 years possibly four times as much. The results appear in the journal Nature. Ultimately its up to us how much ice actually melts. “Humanity has
23、 the button the carbon button and that button is going to influence the rates of ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet.” If the world goes net carbon zero by 2100, for example, Briner says ice loss could stop, entirely at the end of the century, according to one model. “That was what kept me from be
24、ing completely depressed about our study. ” Dozens of countries have already announced goals to go net carbon zero by the middle of this century so far the U. S. is not one of them.1. What does the underlined word “proxy” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A. Example.B. Recommendation.C. Combination.D. Interpr
25、etation.2. What do we learn from the computer simulation done by Briners team?A. It is conducted by predicting the activity of the ice sheet.B. It centers on ice melt throughout the entire ice sheet.C. It consists with the ice sheets actual circumstance.D. It shows the ice sheets losses are in decli
26、ne.3. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To arouse peoples interest in Greenland.B. To point out the importance of computer simulation.C. To emphasize the accuracy of the simulation.D. To appeal to America to go net carbon zero.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
27、A. America Causes the Ice Sheet to MeltB. Global Sea Levels Are RisingC. Greenland Is Melting FasterD. Man Can Conquer Nature2While orcas are known for their well-designed joint attacks on unsuspecting oceanic animals, they have never posed a threat to humans. However, since July 2020, the normally
28、social animals have been intentionally attacking sailboats off the coasts of Spain. The unusual hostility is puzzling scientists worldwide.The strange behavior first surfaced on July 29, when Victoria Morris, a biology graduate, noticed nine orcas circling the 46 foot boat she was crewing near the s
29、hores of the Strait of Gibraltar. She was initially cheerful to see the friendly animals, with which she had numerous encounters while teaching sailing in New Zealand. However, that changed when the orcas started striking the boat repeatedly for almost an hour. “They almost turned the boat over and
30、the deafening noise was terrifying,” she said.The continuous attacks broke the boat's automatic rudder, leaving the boat disabled. Spanish biologist Rocio Espada says, “It is crazy. I've seen these whales grow from babies. I know their life stories. I've never seen or heard of attacks.”S
31、ince then, over 30 more similar incidents have been reported. Some researchers believe the orcas' unusual behavior could be a result of the overfishing of tunaorcas' primary food sourcewhich has left the area's orcas starving and unable to feed their babies. “I saw orcas look at boats ca
32、rrying fish. The intelligent animals may know humans are somehow related to food shortages,” says Ken Balcomb, an American scientist.However, Alfredo Lopez a Spanish biology professor, thinks the attacks were preventative measures the orcas adopted to protect themselves against boat injuries. The re
33、searcher came to this conclusion after looking at the footage of a few incidents filmed on the scene and noticing that two of the young orcas involved had serious injuries. The scientist wasn't sure if the orcas were hurt during or before the recent boat encounters. Lopez said, “Our interpretati
34、on is that they don't have the slightest intention of attacking people.” Hopefully, the experts will find a way to restore the harmony between the animals and humans soon.5. What does the underlined word “hostility” in paragraph 1 mean?A. Unfriendliness.B. Defence.C. Cooperation.D. Impatience.6.
35、 What do we know about Victoria Morris?A. Her major led her to anticipate orcas' intense attacks.B. She rarely spotted orcas when working as a sailing coach.C. Her joy gave way to fear after the orcas began attacking the boat.D. She was doing research on the shore when she caught sight of nine o
36、rcas.7. What did Rocio Espada think of the orcas' behavior of attacking humans?A. Predictable.B. Abnormal.C. Unavoidable.D. Natural.8. Which of the following may Alfredo Lopez agree with?A. Orcas frequently get hurt by boats.B. Orcas enjoy playing tricks on humans.C. Orcas are punishing humans f
37、or overfishing.D. Orcas attack boats to safeguard against dangers.3The New South Wales government used planes to drop more than 4,000 pounds of carrots and sweet potatoes, to the forests which are damaged by the recent wildfires. The fires are reported to have killed more than a billion wild animals
38、 and destroyed a land of more than 84 thousand square kilometersabout twice the size of Maryland. What is worse, most Australians are worrying about when the wildfires will be fully put out.“The home of several important wallabies (沙袋鼠) was burnt in the recent fires,” New South Wales Environment Min
39、ister Matt Kean said on Sunday. Kean said the drops are what wallabies need. The plan is designed to help wallabies and allow them to recover.Fire seasons often take place in the country, but this year the fires have been quite devastating. The country experienced one of its hottest and driest years
40、, which made it harder to put out the fires. Besides wild animals, the fires have taken the lives of at least 25 people and destroyed more than 2,000 homes.“I think theres nothing to compare with the damage thats going on over such a large area so quickly. Its a big event in terms of geography and t
41、he number of wild animals,” Dickman, an animal protection expert, said in an interview with NPR last week.“We know that the number of Australian wild animals has been going down over the last several decades, and its probably fairly well known that Australias got the worlds highest rate of extinctio
42、n of animals,” he added. “Its events like this that may increase the speed of extinction of a lot of other animals. So, its very sad time. Everyone has to try their best to do something for them.”9. Why did the Australian government drop potatoes?A. To feed the animals.B. To trap the animals.C. To p
43、lant potatoes there.D. To help the people.10. What does the underlined word “devastating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Damaging.B. Interesting.C. Surprising.D. Tiring.11. What can we know about the recent Australian wildfires from the text?A. They have been under control.B. The weather is helpful
44、 in putting out them.C. They have killed a small amount of wildlife.D. They have greatly influenced both people and animals.12. What does Dickman want to stress in the last paragraph?A. Australia has a lot of wildlife.B. Australians have suffered a lot.C. Australians should protect the wildlife.D. T
45、he government is responsible for the wildfires.4Everybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world-Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey-rats will soon be man's new best friends.What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. The
46、y help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can't get into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.How does it work? First，the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat's brain gives a signal. This is
47、sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat's brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.Although there are already robots which can do this job, rats are better. Christian Linster at Cornell
48、University-New York says, “Robots' noses don't work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that.” Rats can also see in the dark.They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs, and unlike robots, they don't need electricity!The “rat project” is not finished, but Julie
49、Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says, “It would be fantastic. A rat could get into spaces we couldn't get to and a rat would get out if it wasn't safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).13. In the world earthquake capitals, rats will become man's best fri